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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Economic competition in health care: a moral assessment.

Economic competition threatens equity in the delivery of health care. This essay examines four of the various ways in which it does that: the reduction of charity care, increased patient cost-sharing, "cream-skimming" of healthy subscribers, and lack of information to patients about rationed care that is not prescribed. In all four cases, society must guard against distinct inequities and injustices, but also in all four, either the particular problem is not inherent in competition or, though inherent, it is not irremediable. Competition therefore cannot be finally morally accepted or rejected as an economic structure for delivering health care without knowing what among a wide range of supplementary things our society is actually going to do with it.

Cost Allocation↗
PubMed1992

Will Medicare beneficiaries switch physicians? A test of economic competition.

We assess the potential of increased economic competition by examining whether Medicare beneficiaries are willing to switch to physicians who agree to accept all services on assignment. Data come from a survey of Medicare beneficiaries conducted in November 1988. Our principal finding is that beneficiaries are not sensitive to price when making decisions about whether or not to switch physicians. Less than one-half of 1 percent of the sample had switched physicians for economic reasons in the year prior to the survey. Furthermore, willingness to switch was not correlated with ability to pay. We conclude that policies aimed at altering consumer demand may not be the most effective way to control Medicare costs.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clusters and the new economics of competition.

Economic geography in an era of global competition poses a paradox. In theory, location should no longer be a source of competitive advantage. Open global markets, rapid transportation, and high-speed communications should allow any company to source any thing from any place at any time. But in practice, Michael Porter demonstrates, location remains central to competition. Today's economic map of the world is characterized by what Porter calls clusters: critical masses in one place of linked industries and institutions--from suppliers to universities to government agencies--that enjoy unusual competitive success in a particular field. The most famous example are found in Silicon Valley and Hollywood, but clusters dot the world's landscape. Porter explains how clusters affect competition in three broad ways: first, by increasing the productivity of companies based in the area; second, by driving the direction and pace of innovation; and third, by stimulating the formation of new businesses within the cluster. Geographic, cultural, and institutional proximity provides companies with special access, closer relationships, better information, powerful incentives, and other advantages that are difficult to tap from a distance. The more complex, knowledge-based, and dynamic the world economy becomes, the more this is true. Competitive advantage lies increasingly in local things--knowledge, relationships, and motivation--that distant rivals cannot replicate. Porter challenges the conventional wisdom about how companies should be configured, how institutions such as universities can contribute to competitive success, and how governments can promote economic development and prosperity.

Commerce↗
PubMed2001

Economics, competition and the regulation of public health risks.

OBJECTIVE: The efficiency of regulation of public health risks has been questioned on the grounds that the costs of regulation may outweigh the benefits. There are strong arguments that risk management is best left to the market place, where individual consumers can make the trade-off between risk and the forgone benefits of reduced consumption of hazardous products. The paper reviews the economic arguments for the regulation of health risks and the use of safety standards. RESULTS: There are five key arguments for regulation of public health risks. Consumers misperceive the hazards of products and therefore take more risks than they would if fully informed. The provision of information has certain public goods characteristics (it is non-rival). There may be economies of scale in collecting, providing and disseminating information that is costly to acquire. The private decision maker may not be the person bearing the whole risk, exposing others to risk e.g. children. If public policy has chosen to provide public finance for health care it may be efficient to discourage risk taking by individuals even if that risk taking is optimal from the individual's perspective. CONCLUSION: There are arguments for public intervention to reduce private health risks and regulation of risk is a legitimate tool to achieve the socially optimal level of risk in certain circumstances. Private subjective assessment of risk may not capture the full social benefits of risk reduction. Regulation by safety standards however may fail to capture the full range of concerns about risk, including avoiding catastrophe, taking personal control of risk, and a distrust of expert opinion.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

Rx for health care economics: competition, not rigid NHI.

While competition may serve consumers well in the production of many goods and services, it does not function equally well in all of the nation's economic sectors. And the health services sector does not fit the competitive model at all well. The market for medical care services might be restructured, however, so competition might yield more of the benefits it yields in other markets.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed2004

A highly reproducible and economically competitive SNP analysis of several well characterized human mutations.

During the last years several genetic markers have appeared which were extensively studied for their clinical consequences and impact. Therefore, we developed 14 new genetic tests using the TaqMan technology. The new test systems detect the alpha1-antitrypsin, ACE, apolipoprotein B-100, apolipoprotein E, factor V Leiden, prothrombin, HFE, MTHFR, COL1A1, VDR and HLA-B27 mutations. These new kits were compared to the established endonuclease restriction digestion and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed, that the allelic discrimination assays (TaqMan method) were in 100% concordance with the formerly used digestion method. Flow cytometry revealed a lower specificity in contrast to the TaqMan PCR system. Thus, it could be demonstrated that the new TaqMan assays are robust, rapid and automated methods for high throughput applications which avoid time consuming (and therefore expensive) and difficult post-PCR steps.

Apolipoproteins B↗
PubMed1975

Ethanol fermentation and potential.

Ethyl alcohol is one of the United States and world's major chemicals. Beverage alcohol in the United States must be prepared from cereal grains or other natural products. The U.S. industrial alcohol market has remained relatively stable for several years at approximately 300 million gallons annually. Most of this has been produced synthetically from petroleum raw material (gas and oil). These raw materials are experiencing major price increases and are in short supply. The production of ethyl alcohol from cereal grains and cellulosic raw materials by fermentation is technically feasible and has been proven. Alcohol produced from all such materials is equal to synthetic alcohol in quality and performance. Competitive economics have controlled the basic raw materials used. The major potential new ethyl alcohol market is as a component of automobile fuels. A 10% alcohol-gasoline blend in the United States would annually require over 10 billion gallons of anhydrous alcohol. Use of alcohol for this purpose is technically feasible. However, alcohol has not been economically competitive to date.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1996

Effects of global competition on health care administration in Finland and the United States. What you can do to save your practice.

Global competition, a faltering Finnish economy, and deep recession are forcing difficult decisions on the health care administrators of this Nordic country known for its extensive social welfare safety net and socialized health care system. In the first part of this article the Finnish health care system and its problems, as well as possible solutions, are presented. Similarities to our own system are noted and discussed. In an interview, the director general for the Minister of Social Affairs and Health of Finland, Kimmo Leppo, expressed concern about future funding sources in his country for the same levels of social welfare and health care programs that presently exist. The Finns are considering managed competition among providers, increasing copayments, excess hospital beds, anticipated hospital closures in their country, block grants, and how to deal with rising physician unemployment. He was interested in the proposed US government health care plans, and especially the state of Tennessee's TennCare plan, a state plan that closely resembled the failed Clinton health care reform package. The second part of this article explores how global competition has brought the pressure of modern competitive economics into the US medical arena.

Cost Savings↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Industry-university collaborations: a necessity for the future.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this discussion document is to consider the potential benefits of collaborations between universities and industry. Universities and industry now exist in a harsh and competitive economic climate. Indeed, their very survival depends increasingly on their ability and willingness to adapt to an unprecedented pace of change. There are a number of compelling reasons for universities and industry to undertake collaborative research. The costs of research have escalated. Universities, of necessity, are increasingly seeking financial support from industry as conventional sources of funding have been systematically reduced. Companies can no longer be self sufficient in terms of the science and technology needed for success. The strength of universities is their science base, and industry recognizes that the rapid exploitation of scientific advances is the key to its survival. Both organizations can benefit from collaborative research programmes. Universities are able to make additional staff appointments which add to their intellectual resource and reputation. In addition the purchase of equipment enhances their infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS: Industry has the opportunity to recognize the potential relevance and value of funded research and must harness and commercially exploit new knowledge as rapidly as possible. Ultimately such collaboration will give rise to new approaches to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases with benefits to all concerned.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed1991

Coping with success: new challenges for nonprofit marketing.

In the tight, competitive economic climate of the 1990s, nonprofits are as concerned with marketing as are for-profit organizations. But nonprofit marketing is undoubtedly more complicated than conventional business marketing. Nonprofits have multiple, nonfinancial objectives; they can't rely on a risk cushion; they cater to multiple publics, including customers who are often not the ones who pay; they can collaborate as well as compete with competitors; and they garner more public attention, both positive and negative, than the average business. In this paper, Gallagher and Weinberg review the difficulties associated with introducing marketing into nonprofits and highlight the new challenges facing nonprofits that have successfully adopted a marketing orientation.

Canada↗