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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Molecular analysis of the echovirus 18 prototype: evidence of interserotypic recombination with echovirus 9.

Echovirus 18 (EV18) is one of the echovirus serotypes associated with human diseases and in particular aseptic meningitis. To facilitate studies of the molecular epidemiology of EV18 and the evolution of enteroviruses in general, the complete nucleotide (nt) sequence was determined for the echovirus 18 prototype strain (Metcalf, EV18M). Excluding the poly A sequence, the genome consists of 7410 nt divided into a 740 nt 5' untranslated region (5' UTR), a 6567 nt long open reading frame coding for a 2189 amino acid (aa) polyprotein and a 103 nt 3' UTR. Molecular analysis of the EV18M genome showed a typical enterovirus-like organization. Phylogenetic analysis of the structural and non-structural genes revealed a pattern of different relationships to other echo- and coxsackieviruses. Similarity analysis demonstrated that the Hill strain of echovirus 9 is most likely the result of a previous recombination event between ancestors of the echovirus 9 strain Barty (5' half of the genome) and EV18M (3' half). Using a maximum likelihood approach, the recombination point was mapped to the 2C gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Biochemistry and pathogenicity of echovirus 9. II. Mutants of echovirus 9, strain Hill, with altered capsid surface properties.

The two echovirus 9 strains Hill and Barty have been shown previously not only to differ in pathogenicity for newborn mice but also in a number of in vitro characteristics which depend on viral capsid structure. Three spontaneously occurring mutants of the mouse-apathogenic echovirus 9 prototype strain Hill being resistant to an inhibitor of plaque formation present in agar were isolated and compared biochemically and biophysically to their parent strain and to the mouse-pathogenic echovirus 9 strain Barty, which is resistant to this inhibitor. The mutants differ from their apathogenic parent strain Hill in most of the same in vitro characteristics as strain Barty, namely adsorption to cells in culture, sedimentation behavior in low salt sucrose gradients, distribution of mutant virus particles in isoelectric focusing, and antigenic determinants inducing neutralizing antibodies. For two of the three mutants, Ag2 and Ag3, evidence was obtained from fingerprinting that they differ from their parent strain Hill in VP1; thus, the observed in vitro properties may be caused by the change in this capsid protein. All mutants, however, were found to be apathogenic for newborn mice and do not replicate in the tissues of these animals. It is concluded that the observed changes in capsid structure do not covary with virulence.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1988

Biochemistry and pathogenicity of echovirus 9. III. Thermosensitive mutants of echovirus 9, strain Barty, with reduced pathogenicity for newborn mice.

Different clinical isolates of echovirus 9 are known to vary strikingly with regard to pathogenicity. Prototype strain Hill and strain Barty have previously been shown to differ not only in paralytogenic potency for newborn mice but also in a number of in vitro characteristics related to virus capsid structures. A series of mutants of strain Barty, thermosensitive for replication at 40 degrees C, was isolated after mutagenization with 5-fluorouracil. For all mutants the virus dose required to paralyze 50% of the infected animals was significantly higher than of the parent strain Barty. This reduced pathogenicity was observed at normal room temperature where the baby mice had a body temperature of 32.5 degrees C, which is even below the permissive temperature for growth of the mutants. The paralytogenic potencies did not further decrease when the mice where kept at elevated room temperature and had a body temperature of 35.1 degrees C. Thus, the reduced pathogenicity is apparently not a direct consequence of thermosensitivity of growth. Biochemical and biophysical characterization indicated that at least two of the eight mutants have an alteration in capsid protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Complete nucleotide sequence and biological properties of an infectious clone of prototype echovirus 9.

The prototype Hill of echovirus 9, a human enterovirus, exhibits no pathogenicity for newborn mice in contrast to some other echovirus 9 strains isolated subsequently during epidemics. In this communication we report the first complete nucleotide sequence and construction of an infectious clone of echovirus 9. Aside from the 3' poly(A)-tract, the RNA genome is 7420 nucleotides (nt) in length and encodes a single polyprotein of 2193 amino acids (aa). The open reading frame extends from position 740 to position 7318 of the genome. Sequence comparisons to other enteroviruses reveal a strong overall amino acid identity to echovirus types 11 and 12 (in each case 76%). The proteolytic cleavage sites of the three major capsid proteins were determined after purification by HPLC and protein sequencing. A full-length clone coding for an infectious RNA transcript was constructed, and recombinant echovirus 9 particles could be isolated from the supernatant of transfected cell culture. It is shown that the recombinant virus, like the original prototype, is non-pathogenic for newborn mice and does not multiply in skeletal muscles.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intrathecal synthesis pattern of immunoglobulins in meningoencephalitis epidemic due to echovirus 9].

INTRODUCTION: Epidemics of meningoencephalitis due to echovirus 9 were commonly occurred when a children population become susceptible for the first time in front the virus. OBJECTIVE: To present the intrathecal synthesis pattern of immunoglobulins of the epidemic that affected Cuba in 1999 and to probe the usefulness of reibergram and antibody index in the diagnostic and characterization of the outbreak. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 23 pediatric patients suffering from viral meningoencephalitis due to echovirus 9 were studied in the income moment. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgA, IgM, IgG, albumin and glucose were quantified. Cerebrospinal fluid total protein content and lactate were quantified. Titles of antibodies against echo 9 and Coxsackie A9 and differential cell count were performed. RESULTS: A mean of 555 cells/10 6 L mainly lymphocytes were obtained. Glucose in cerebrospinal fluid was over 50%, serum glucose and lactate levels below 2.1 mmol/L. In the reibergram an absence of intrathecal synthesis was predominant (15/23), IgM synthesis (6/23) and IgM+IgA (2/23). Blood cerebrospinal fluid dysfunction was observed in 15 patients. The mean antibody index was 1,8 for echo 9 and 0,9 for Coxsackie A9. CONCLUSIONS: The intrathecal synthesis pattern of immunoglobulins was different from other enterovirus and from echovirus 9 in non epidemic situations before this epidemic, probably with alteration of viral genome.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1999

Integrin alpha(v)beta3 (vitronectin receptor) is a candidate receptor for the virulent echovirus 9 strain Barty.

The enterovirus echovirus 9 strain Barty (E9/Barty) is pathogenic for newborn mice as well as for humans. In contrast to the apathogenic prototype strain Hill, strain Barty encodes an RGD motif in the C-terminal part of the structural protein VP1. Data are presented that show that E9/Barty binds its target cells via contact of the RGD motif to the alpha(v)beta3 integrin (vitronectin receptor), whereas prototype Hill uses a different, still unidentified receptor site. Furthermore, virus titres of murine muscle tissue were compared after infection of newborn and 1-, 2-, 3- and 12-week-old mice. The replication capacity of the virus decreased dramatically with age of the infected mice. Since E9/Barty does not replicate or replicates only poorly in mice older than about 5 days, and expression of the vitronectin receptor is reported to be down-regulated in striated muscle tissue during development, it is suggested that susceptibility of mice to this echovirus infection is controlled by the availability of alpha(v)beta3 integrin.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Molecular cloning and sequence determination of the complete genome of the virulent echovirus 9 strain barty.

As part of a study of the molecular basis of pathogenicity of echovirus 9, the complete nucleotide sequence of the mouse-virulent echovirus 9 strain Barty was determined. Excluding the poly(A) tail, the complete RNA genome is composed of 7451 bases. The postulated open reading frame extends from nucleotide (nt) 741 to 7349 and predicts a polyprotein of 2203 amino acids (aa). As compared with the sequence of the echovirus 9 prototype strain Hill, which is apathogenic for newborn mice, 1492 nt are exchanged, leading to 9% divergence of the deduced amino acid sequence. The foremost difference between both strains is located at the C-terminus of the capsid protein VP1. In the case of strain Barty, an additional 10 aa fragment, including an RGD motif, is inserted.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Cell attachment and mouse virulence of echovirus 9 correlate with an RGD motif in the capsid protein VP1.

The recently analyzed sequences of the nonpathogenic prototype strain Hill and the mouse-virulent strain Barty of the human echovirus 9 differ particularly in an insertion coding for an RGD motif at the C-terminus of the capsid protein VP1 in the genome of strain Barty. To investigate molecular determinants of virulence, we generated a panel of recombinant viruses derived from cDNA clones of strains Hill and Barty. In this communication, we show that the mouse-pathogenic character of strain Barty correlates with a 310-aa segment including the RGD motif. By mutating the RGD to an RGE tripeptide, the infectivity of the resulting echovirus 9 clones for GMK cells is lost. Furthermore, we could show that synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence influence binding of mouse-virulent echovirus 9 strains to GMK cells, whereas binding of apathogenic strains is not affected. These results suggest that the RGD motif is a significant factor affecting pathogenicity of echovirus 9 strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular and biological analysis of echovirus 9 strain isolated from a diabetic child.

The full-length infectious cDNA clone was constructed and sequenced from the strain DM of echovirus 9, which was recently isolated from a 6-week-old child at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. Parallel with the isolate DM, the full-length infectious cDNA clone of the prototype strain echovirus 9 Barty (Barty-INF), was constructed and sequenced. Genetic relationships of the sequenced echo 9 viruses to the other members of the human enterovirus type B species were studied by phylogenetic analyses. Comparison of capsid protein sequences showed that the isolate DM was closely related to both prototype strains: Hill and Barty-INF. The only exception was the inner capsid protein VP4 where serotype specificity was not evident and the isolate DM clustered with the strain Hill and the strain Barty-INF with echovirus 30 Bastianni. Likewise, the nonstructural protein coding region, P2P3, of isolate DM was more similar to strain Hill than to strain Barty-INF. However, like echovirus 9 Barty, the isolate DM contained the RGD-motif in the carboxy terminus of capsid protein VP1. By blocking experiments using an RGD-containing peptide and a polyclonal rabbit antiserum to the alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin, it was shown that this molecule works as a cellular receptor for isolate DM. By using primary human islets, it was shown that the isolate DM is capable of infecting insulin-producing beta-cells like the corresponding prototype strains did. However, only isolate DM was clearly cytolytic for beta-cells. The infectious clones that were made allow further investigations of the molecular features responsible for the diabetogenicity of the isolate DM.

Capsid Proteins↗
PubMed1999

Determinants of pathogenicity of echovirus 9 in men: significance of a functional RGD-motif.

In this study, we investigated nine independent echovirus 9 isolates obtained from sick children in 1995. It is discovered that these isolates differ in respect to their pathogenicity for newborn mice indicating that the degree of human pathogenicity of an echovirus 9 variant does not necessarily correlate with mouse pathogenicity. Nevertheless, all virus variants are found to code for an RGD-motif within their VP1 protein. Hence, the RGD-motif and its highly conserved flanking regions are the conditio sine qua non, but, as expected, not sufficient for the mouse-pathogenic character.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Outbreaks of aseptic meningitis associated with echoviruses 9 and 30 and preliminary surveillance reports on enterovirus activity--United States, 2003.

Aseptic or viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis and is associated with an estimated 26,000--42,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. Enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Echovirus 9 (E9) and echovirus 30 (E30) have been associated frequently with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis. During March 2003, several state public health departments noted increased reports of aseptic meningitis and, as of August 7, seven states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, Oregon, South Carolina, and Texas) had reported outbreaks associated with either E9 or E30. This report summarizes the epidemiologic features of the aseptic meningitis outbreaks in five states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, and South Carolina) and provides an overview of enterovirus activity in the United States during January 1--August 7. Enteroviruses, E9 and E30 in particular, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persons with aseptic meningitis.

Arizona↗
PubMed1980

Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with an echovirus 9 infection.

A 28-year-old long-distance runner experienced fever, chills, and brown urine 24 hours after a six-mile run. This was accompanied by a large rise in the creatine phosphokinase level and a rise in echovirus 9 titers from 1:16 to greater than 1:256 during a two-week period. A muscle biopsy specimen showed acute rhabdomyolysis, but no viral inclusion particles. Muscle energy metabolism analysis demonstrated no abnormalities. The patient was treated with forced saline diuresis, and he maintained normal renal function. He subsequently returned to long-distance running and has remained well for one year after the episode. This represents the first reported case, to our knowledge, of acute rhabdomyolysis associated with an echovirus 9 infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Molecular evolution of human echovirus 9 isolated from patients with aseptic meningitis in northern Kyushu during the summer of 1997.

An epidemic of aseptic meningitis caused by human echovirus 9 (E-9) occurred in the summer of 1997 in northern Kyushu, Japan. Sequences of genome position 2504-3358, which encoded a part of VP1, of the nine isolated viruses were determined. An RGD motif and B-C loop were found in all. They were almost identical and closely related to the virulent strain Barty.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis associated with echovirus 9 infection: a case report and review of literature.

The occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with viral infections is uncommon. We report a case of a 17-year-old female suffering from rhabdomyolysis caused by echovirus 9 in which the patient recovered after being treated for acute renal failure with hemodialysis. Among 42 cases of virus-induced rhabdomyolysis review in Japanese and English literatures, influenza virus is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis, coxsackie virus tends to be next most common cause. Renal failure was recognized in 31 of the cases.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2004

Buthionine sulfoximine inhibits cytopathic effect and apoptosis induced by infection with human echovirus 9.

We studied the effect of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) on the replication of an isolate of human echovirus 9 (EV9) and the apoptosis induced by it in GMK cells. One hundred microM BSO markedly inhibited the cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by EV9. BSO also significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by EV9. BSO did not influence replication of EV9 genome, but inhibited virion formation. These results suggest that the inhibition by BSO of CPE and apoptosis induced by EV9 may be associated with the impairment of virion formation. Moreover, apoptosis induced by infections of human poliovirus 3, human coxsackievirus B5, A10 and A16, which, like EV9, belong to the genus Enterovirus, was markedly abolished by BSO. This finding suggests that enteroviral infections cause apoptosis through the activation of a common pathway that can be inhibited by BSO.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Acute onset of type I diabetes mellitus after severe echovirus 9 infection: putative pathogenic pathways.

Enterovirus infections have been implicated in the development of type I diabetes mellitus. They may cause beta cell destruction either by cytolytic infection in the pancreas or indirectly by contributing to autoimmune reactivity. We sought evidence for these 2 mechanisms in a case of acute-onset diabetes mellitus that occurred during severe echovirus 9 infection. The virus was isolated and administered to cultured human beta cells. No viral proliferation was observed, and no beta cell death was induced, while parallel exposure to Coxsackie B virus serotype 3 resulted in viral proliferation and massive beta cell death. Although the viral protein 2C exhibited a sequence similar to that of the beta cell autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65)), no cross-reactive T cell responses were detected. The patient did not develop antibodies to GAD(65) either. Absence of evidence for direct cytolytic action or an indirect effect through molecular mimicry with GAD(65) in the present case raises the possibility of another indirect pathway through which enteroviruses can cause diabetes mellitus.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Echovirus 9 strain barty non-structural protein 2C has NTPase activity.

Non-structural protein 2C is known to play a fundamental role in the replication of picornaviruses. Sequence analyses revealed that 2C belongs to a rapidly expanding group of proteins containing a consensus sequence for nucleotide binding (NTB). We report that echovirus 9 polypeptide 2C displays NTPase activity in vitro. In our experiments, several P2 genes were expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins linked to glutathione S-transferase (GST) prior to purification close to homogeneity. In contrast to GST-2B, both GST-2C and GST-2BC showed ATPase as well as GTPase activity indicating that the site for NTB binding and splitting is located in 2C.

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases↗