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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Kala-azar in Ethiopia: survey of south-west Ethiopia. The Leishmanin skin test and epidemiological studies.

The Leishmanin skin test was performed on 1353 people in a kala-azar endemic region of south-west Ethiopia. Physical examinations were also carried out on 2723. Two of these individuals, both males, had active visceral leishmaniasis with Leishmania organisms demonstrated by spleen puncture. Two other males, including one member of the research team, had parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis. Because there was negligible migration and little movement of individuals outside of their tribal territories, the geographical distribution of skin test positivity and clinical findings could be determined and correlated with environmental parameters. The level of positive skin tests for the groups tested ranged from over 64% for the three tribes collectively inhabiting the lower regions of the Omo Valley (altitude approx. 500 m) to 6.4% for the Suri tribe, which lives at 1400 m. Skin test positivity was highest in areas of deeply fissuring montmorillonite soils and where Phlebotomus langeroni orientalis have been collected. Termite mounds of the pipe-organ type seemed to occur independently of the proportion of positive skin tests, possibly because alternative resting and breeding sites for sandflies were available in the cotton clay soil or because of the cultural patterns of the people. Almost always, males had a markedly higher prevalence of positive skin tests than did females. The degree of positivity was strongly correlated with increasing age, most positive conversions occurring in the ten to 20 year olds, the age at which males join cattle camps as part of their herding activities. Splenomegaly reached a prevalence of nearly 50% among the Hamar speaking people to the east of the Omo River, where the pattern of disease suggests malaria as the principal cause. Hepatomegaly, however, was highest in the lower Omo Basin among the Nyangatom, Dassanetch and Kerre, where hydatid disease was a major cause of liver enlargement, but seemed unrelated to the proportion of positive Leishmanin skin tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Report of experience during 1-year at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences in Ethiopia. 2. Frequency of caries and periodontitis in Ethiopia].

On the basis of a clinical epidemiological study of 312 patients are made biostatistical investigations about prevalence and Severity of dental caries and marginal periodontitis. The situation of oral hygiene is evaluated by means of the PI of Løe and Silness and the OHI-S of Greene and Vermillion. The DMF/T-Index is used for the evaluation of the set of teeth and the GI of Løe and Silness like the PDI of Ramfjord for the evaluation of the periodontal state. It is shown that caries and marginal periodontitis are more seldom and of less severity in comparison with the situation in the population of industrialized countries. Causitive seems to be possible besides special habits the smaller consumption of sugar. With the increasing socio-economic standard a changing of the situation in the direction of industrialized countries is visible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A status report of veterinary education in Ethiopia: perceived needs, past history, recent changes, and current and future concerns.

Ethiopia, which owns the most important livestock resources in Africa, opened its first faculty of veterinary medicine in 1979. In 2003, in response to a government mandate to increase the number of veterinarians, four new veterinary faculties were founded, but these facilities still have very limited resources. Currently, quality standards and controls for veterinary studies are not established in Ethiopia, and the country does not have any type of veterinary council or oversight body to establish such standards or the essential evaluation and credentialing procedures. The veterinary degree, as currently obtained in Ethiopia, is not internationally recognized. A second specific concern for veterinary education in Ethiopia is that it is not well adapted to the special needs of the country. Clearly, quality control of veterinary education needs to be established, and teaching methods and materials need to be adapted to the special needs of the country. So far, the veterinary faculty in Ethiopia has been more interested in partnerships with universities from developed countries than in partnerships and cooperation with other African universities. In 2002, after six years of cooperation with a German university, the Veterinary Faculty at Addis Ababa started its own post-graduate program, with some key contributions from foreign instructors and some foreign funding. While this has been a service to Ethiopian veterinary medicine, the cooperation of the Ethiopian veterinary schools with African universities must also be strengthened. Overall, the good efforts to date in Ethiopian veterinary medicine have only barely scratched the surface of its critical needs. In order to meet Ethiopia's needs for both a reliable and high-quality veterinary education and a trustworthy animal disease surveillance mechanism, it is important that veterinary education in Ethiopia be improved.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1990

An appraisal of the epidemiologic situation of onchocerciasis in Ethiopia.

The existence of onchocerciasis in Ethiopia has been known since 1939 as a result of investigation by Italians in south-western Ethiopia. In the last fifty years onchocerciasis has been spreading to previously non-endemic regions of Ethiopia. Although comprehensive epidemiological surveys are lacking, it is estimated that 7.3 million people or 17.4% of the population of Ethiopia is at risk from this disease. The principal vectors are S. damnosum complex and S. woodi ethiopiense. The clinical picture is mainly dermal and ocular manifestations are rare. In view of agricultural development projects and resettlement of millions of people from the highlands into endemic areas in southern and north-western parts of Ethiopia, further spread of onchocerciasis is expected. Experience gained in the control of the disease in west Africa by WHO and the introduction of effective mass chemotherapeutic agents as well as primary health care programmes and activities currently underway in Ethiopia indicate the feasibility of starting control programmes. A plea is therefore made to consider the control of onchocerciasis in Ethiopia urgently.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Ethiopia: between Sub-Saharan Africa and western Eurasia.

Ethiopia is central to population genetic studies investigating the out of Africa expansion of modern humans, as shown by Y chromosome and mtDNA studies. To address the level of genetic differentiation within Ethiopia, and its relationship to Sub-Saharan Africa and Eurasia, we studied an 8 kb segment of the X-chromosome from 72 chromosomes from the Amhara, Oromo and Ethiopian Jews, and compared these results with 804 chromosomes from Middle Eastern, African, Asian and European populations, and 22 newly typed Saharawi. Within Ethiopia the two largest ethnic groups, the Amhara and Oromo, were not found to be statistically distinct, based on an exact test of haplotype frequencies. The Ethiopian Jews appear as an admixed population, possibly of Jewish origin, though the data remain equivocal. There is evidence of a close relationship between Ethiopian and Yemenite Jews, likely a result of indirect gene flow. Within an African and Eurasian context, the distribution of alleles of a variable T(n) repeat, and the spread of haplotypes containing Africa-specific alleles, provide evidence of a genetic continuity from Sub-Saharan Africa to the Near East, and furthermore suggest that a bottleneck occurred in Ethiopia associated with an out of Africa expansion. Ethiopian genetic heterogeneity, as evidenced by principal component analysis of haplotype frequencies, most likely resulted from periods of subsequent admixture. While these results are from the analysis of one locus, we feel that in association with data from other marker systems they add a complementary perspective on the history of Ethiopia.

Africa↗
PubMed2003

Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of cereal stemborers, and its host range expansion in Ethiopia.

Three lepidopteran cereal stemborers, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller, and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) were collected from maize and sorghum in Ethiopia. The noctuid stemborers are indigenous to Africa while C. partellus is an introduced species from Asia. In 1999, the Asian stemborer parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Braconidae) was found to be widespread in Ethiopia, even though it had never been released in the country. In addition to attacking Chilo partellus, Cotesia flavipes was reared from B. fusca and S. calamistis. The origin of C. flavipes in Ethiopia may have been Somalia where it was released in 1997 near the border with eastern Ethiopia. Percent parasitism of borers by C. flavipes was higher in eastern Ethiopia than other surveyed regions, and parasitism was higher in 2000 than 1999. Parasitism was higher when cereals were intercropped with other plants and when wild grass hosts of stemborers were present.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The political economy of complex emergency and recovery in northern Ethiopia.

During the 1980s Ethiopia experienced the effects of conflict, drought and famine on a scale far greater than many CPEs elsewhere. In May 1991, after the decisive defeat of the military dictatorship of Mengistu Haile Mariam by the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and after decades of civil war, drought and famine, Ethiopia faced the prospects of peace and of much needed development. This paper explores both Ethiopia's experience of conflict and humanitarian intervention in areas of Tigray held by the Tigray Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) during the 1980s, and its experience of post-conflict rehabilitation and reconstruction in the 1990s. It first deals with the roots of the conflicts within Ethiopia: political marginalisation, heavy state intervention and highly extractive relations between state and peasants, inappropriate and failed development policies, ethnic identity and the politicisation of ethnicity. The Mengistu regime's counter-insurgency measures are then contrasted with the policies and programmes of the TPLF, Ethiopia's most effective opposition movement and the leading element in the EPRDF, and its achievements in mobilising popular support: its establishment of democratically elected structures of local governance and its famine relief distribution programme.

Disasters↗
PubMed2006

HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: where is the epidemic heading?

OBJECTIVES: A possible decline in prevalence of HIV in some sub-Saharan African countries has been reported recently. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of HIV and behavioural data to investigate trends in HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. METHODS: A review was conducted of published reports and literature, raw and modelled (using Epidemic Projection Package and Spectrum software) surveillance data and estimates from antenatal clinics (ANCs) and data from voluntary counselling and testing centres. Observations were restricted to the adult population. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2003, more ANC sites showed a decline than a rise in HIV prevalence, but most lacked statistical significance. Modelled data suggested a rise in prevalence of HIV in rural areas (2003: 2.6%) and in all Ethiopia (2003: 4.4%), but a stable or declining prevalence in Addis Ababa (2003: 14.6%) and other urban areas (2003: 11.8%). Modelled HIV incidence, inferred from prevalence changes, showed a slowly rising trend in Addis Ababa (2003: 2.0%), other urban areas (2003: 1.7%), and rural Ethiopia (2003: 0.46%). The total burden of HIV/AIDS is expected also to rise substantially due to population growth. In Addis Ababa, crude data on HIV prevalence from ANCs too suggested a falling trend. Voluntary counselling and testing data from 2002 to 2004 supported this trend but indicated a mixed trend pattern for high risk behaviour. No other serial behavioural trend data were available. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of quality data on behavioural trends impedes the interpretation of prevalence and incidence data in Ethiopia. Modelled data suggest an expanding HIV epidemic in rural and all Ethiopia, but a possible decline in some urban areas. Crude site prevalence values may be more sensitive to acute changes, possibly indicating a slowing/reversal of the epidemic's expansion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Visceral leishmaniasis in northern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been well documented by the Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) VL treatment programmeme in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, but reports are limited from other facilities in this region where this disease continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of VL in a government hospital in Axum, Ethiopia. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 111 patients treated for visceral leishmaniasis. SETTING: Saint Mary's Hospital, Axum, Ethiopia. SUBJECTS: One hundred and Eleven patients treated for visceral leishmaniasis in a government hospital in Axum, Ethiopia. RESULTS: All patients were male and most reported travel history to Humera, a known endemic area. Patients presented with classic signs and symptoms, including fever, weight loss, splenomegaly and anaemia. Almost one third (15/53) of patients who underwent HIV testing had a positive result. Crude death rate at six months was 13.5 per 100 patients (95% CI: 6.7 - 20.3 per 100 patients). Presence of HIV and other co-infections were associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in this setting were comparable to that of the MSF programmeme in Tigray, Ethiopia and highlight the importance of HIV testing for patients presenting with visceral leishmaniasis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi-Visna): an emerging respiratory disease of sheep in Ethiopia.

A serological study was done to assess the role of Maedi-Visna (MV) infection in sheep from flocks with high respiratory tract disease morbidity in Ethiopia. Of 105 sheep examined from central Ethiopia 78 (74%) were positive for MV-infection. However, antibodies to the virus were not detected in 48 sheep and 70 goats from elsewhere in Ethiopia. The infection was detected in all breeds of sheep examined (Awassi, Hampshire, Corriedale, indigenous Menz breeds and their crosses) but with a significant breed difference (chi 2 = 20, p < 0.001) varying from 48% in imported Awassi sheep to 92% in the indigenous Menz sheep. This suggests that Menz sheep are more susceptible to infection, which may support the observation of a higher incidence of clinical disease in these sheep compared to exotic breeds and their crosses. It also supports recent studies indicating that MV is becoming one of the most important respiratory tract diseases in sheep in central Ethiopia. Our findings indicate that MV was introduced into Ethiopia via sheep imported into the central highlands and that it now constitutes an important emerging disease is discussed. Measures to control the disease are suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Man-biting species of Chrysops meigen, Culicoides latreille and Simulium latreille in Ethiopia, with discussion of their vector potentialities.

Human filariasis and its vectors are little known in Ethiopia. Wuchereia bancrofti is confined to the western lowlands and cannot be the aetiological agent of elephantiasis in the highlands. Onchocerca volvulus is widespread in the south-western highlands. Loa loa and Dipetalonema perstans are reported here for the first time and appear to be uncommon. Studies were conducted in 1973, mostly near Jimma in Kaffa Province, on potential vectors of all but the first of these parasites. Among Simuliidae, the only blackflies of apparent medical importance were S. woodi ethiopiense and a possibly new member of the S. damnosum complex. The former is less seasonal and much less numerous than the latter, but may be more widespread and important along smaller and higher streams. Onchocerca larvae were recovered from "damnosum", but not from the small number (46) of ethiopiense examined. In August, at the height of the rainy season, the biting-rate of ethiopiense at 1,710 m altitude on the Gilgil Ghibe river reached 9.5/man-hour at 10-1100 hours and about 12/man-hour at 14-1600 hours. At the same time and place, the attack of "damnosum" reached a midday climax of about 1,800/man-hour; this peak could be delayed or suppressed by rain. Another possibly anthropophilic blackfly, S. dentulosum, tended to become most common in December afer the rainy season had passed, but proved incompetent to bite man successfully. The only feasible loiasis vector found in Ethiopia was Chrysops streptobalius; however, this tabanid was not closely associated with man. Up to 34/man-day were caught in watermeadows by the Gojeb river (altitude 1,160 m) in October. Man-biting species of Ceratopogonidae in various parts of Ethiopia were Culicoides fulvithorax, C. grahamii, C. kingi and C. milnei. The first two of these were anthropophilic in lowlands, but apparently not so in highlands. C. milnei was extremely abundant biting man highlands. C. milnei was extremely abundant biting man and domestic animals both indoors and outdg cycle was irregular, usually displaying a succession of ill-define nocturnal peaks; sometimes it attacked in daylight. Up to 35,000 C. milnei per trap-night were caught in light traps. Most of the females entering light traps in a stable were already engorged with blood. It seemed very likely that C. milnei would prove to be of veterinary importance. No firm indication was obtained as to what may transmit D. perstans in Ethiopia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Health aspects of resettlement in Ethiopia.

The literature on health implications and effects of government-sponsored resettlement in Ethiopia is reviewed with the objective of providing an initial evaluation of the health status of settlers and the health hazards of resettlement in western Ethiopia. Emphasis is on the 1984/85 resettlement program, which resulted in the movement of about 600,000 drought victims from northern and central Ethiopia to the western part of the country. Malaria, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, yellow fever, nonfilarial elephantiasis, sand-flea infestation, and psychological stress are identified as immediate and greater health hazards than in the areas of settler origin, based on the geographic distribution and ecology of the major communicable, nutritional, and geochemical diseases in Ethiopia, and on the impact of program deficiencies on settler health. More studies are needed on the epidemiology and ecology of bancroftian filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, dracunculiasis, eye and skin diseases, tuberculosis, meningitis, intestinal parasitism, diarrhea, and calorie/protein malnutrition before their public health and economic significance in settlements can be evaluated. Schistosomiasis appears to be less common, for the time being, in resettlement areas than in the areas of outmigration. Research needs and constraints in resettlement planning, implementation, and operation are identified, and some recommendations made for disease control programs.

Adult↗