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Results for “ETHICS, PHARMACY”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Animal models in pharmacy--ethical problems and alternative methods].

Many fields of natural sciences still in the recent past were based almost exclusively on tests carried out on experimental animals. For the reason of protection of experimental animals, the advanced states have introduced legislative measures aiming to decrease their numbers and stressing the development of alternative possibilities of obtaining relevant results. The alternative methods usable both in the field of research and in teaching include physico-chemical methods, mathematical and computer methods, studies on lower organisms, on vertebrates in early stages of their development, on humans, and the well elaborated in vitro methods. The paper also surveys the present-day possibilities of using alternative methods in the field of organizational-informational systems, teaching and research, with concrete examples of application. The future and prospects of alternative methods as well as the present state of the art in the Czech Republic are discussed.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2004

The Scope of pharmacy ethics-an evaluation of the international research literature, 1990-2002.

This paper attempts to provide a critical overview of international published discourse relating to ethical issues in pharmacy practice from 1990 to 2002. We found that there is little research literature specifically addressing ethics in pharmacy practice and almost none addressing fundamental philosophical issues or values for pharmacy ethics. There is no dedicated journal for pharmacy ethics. Most material relating to pharmacy ethics is articulated as codes or pronouncements from professional bodies, as opinion or reflection in textbooks and in debate such as letters and articles. However, this should not be taken to mean that pharmacy and ethics are strangers; simply that such matters are not frequently analysed in published pharmacy literature. The presumption is usually that most matters of pharmacy ethics are very familiar and require no exploration or explanation. Where the research literature does target ethical issues, the most common method is to employ "the scenario approach". This term describes the technique of using a vignette or scenario from actual pharmacy practice and then exploring a variety of possible options to identify one or more defensible solutions. The vast majority of scenarios related to the delivery of healthcare per se; rather fewer derived from delivery of healthcare in a commercial environment. One notable exception to this approach is the body of work by Latif and colleagues on moral reasoning and community pharmacy practice. Our review suggests there is a need for the knowledge base in pharmacy ethics to be systematised and integrated into the wider scheme of general healthcare ethics. The principal areas in which research is needed include, how best to teach and assess "ethical competence" before practice; how to develop and update this competence in practising pharmacists; and how the business environment, particularly where there are corporate values and reward systems in operation, affects ethical competence. In addition, general research in pharmacy practice may benefit from a greater awareness and enquiry as to the ethical issues raised by the projects being undertaken.

Ethics, Pharmacy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics education for clinical pharmacy practice.

A review of the literature on pharmacy ethics found little concern for ethical issues that arise from pharmacist involvement in clinical practice. This lack of recognition and concern for ethical dilemmas that arise from new pharmacist roles has serious implications for clinical practitioners because of their close involvement in patient care and with other professionals. Also, implications for the profession are serious since a lack of internal control invites external control. Pharmacy educators must provide a leadership role in addressing this lack of concern by systematic evaluation and improvement of ethics education. A model of ethics education is presented that is based on a science education model--both a theoretical and a practical component leading to skill development in recognizing and resolving ethical dilemmas. In other words, pharmacy students will be trained to become their own ethics experts through the application of critical ethical thinking.

Education, Pharmacy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-sectional study of the ethics of pharmacy students.

The importance of ethics in pharmacy education and practice has recently received increased attention. Previous studies have addressed occupational orientation and personality traits as well as the nature of attitudes and values. Many unanswered questions remain. This cross-sectional study was designed to compare the attitudes and value priorities of pharmacy students in preprofessional and professional years of study and to evaluate a modified questionnaire. The 495 students who completed the questionnaire were representative of the 835 pharmacy students enrolled in this "0/5" undergraduate pharmacy program. The survey results indicated that honesty and full disclosure are preferences held by preprofessional students, whereas what may be described as professional judgment predominates in students during their final two professional years. Most students felt they had an idealistic or humanistic orientation. The differences among the classes may be due to any of a number of factors including curricula, normal maturation, or chance differences in the students within each class.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2003

Ethics in pharmacy: a new definition of responsibility.

Ethics and responsibility are expressions that should characterize professional practice in many sectors of society. Pharmacy, being a high technology activity, is just an example of a field where (responsible) decisions about medicines and health care are closely connected to private and public life. Responsible behavior can only be demonstrated when the moral basis, the values on which decisions are taken, is clear and accepted by society as a whole. The basis for responsible action in medicine is still considered to connect with the Hippocratic Oath. But this code has no clear philosophical basis, other than the fact that it was recognized by the inner circle of physicians. Modern dilemmas like the role of technology, public costs, the definition of life, genetic engineering and assisted suicide ask for an approach that is rational, based on philosophical ideas and understandable and accepted by the public. From the work of 20th century philosophers like Rawls, Nussbaum and Sen, essential values can be abstracted, which apply to health and health care. Although the plurality of human beings makes it complicated to translate such values into general rules of conduct, this article presents a model for responsible behavior, based on these values. It appears that responsibility includes the obligation to interact with a patient to an extent in which the values of self-determination, compassion and justice have real significance for the parties involved. This responsibility calls for ('Aristotelian') experience and practical wisdom and should be recognizable through guidelines and legislation.

Empathy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An ethical template for pharmacy benefits.

We propose an ethical template for pharmacy benefits and a fair process for using it. The template delineates four levels of decisions about pharmacy coverage, connecting ethically acceptable types of rationales for limits with decisions made at each level. It provides a framework for organizing ethically relevant reasons for coverage (or the tiered copayments). The process for using the template assures accountability for the reasonableness of benefit decisions. It requires transparency and relevance of rationales for limit setting and revisability of decisions, including through fair procedures for appeals. The template and the process facilitate broader public learning about fair limit setting.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1989

Hospital pharmacy: what is ethical?

Characteristics of ethical evaluations as they apply to the dilemmas faced by the pharmacist in the workplace are described, and the general principles and theories of Western normative ethics are discussed. Because ethical dilemmas are commonplace in pharmacy practice, pharmacists must develop a working knowledge of formal and systematic ethical analysis, as well as learn to distinguish ethical issues from social, psychological, political, and legal issues. Ethical evaluations are distinguished by three characteristics: They are ultimate, they possess universality, and they treat the good of everyone alike. Ethical analyses can be thought of as having four different and successive stages. The first stage is ensuring that all parties understand the facts of the specific case. If controversy remains after the facts are clear, parties to the dispute can proceed through three successive stages of general moral reflection: (1) the level of moral rules, (2) the level of ethical principles, and (3) the level of ethical theories. Specific moral rules cover groups of cases, and they generally are regarded as being derived from a shorter list of abstract moral principles. An ethical theory is a systematic position about which principles are morally significant, how the principles relate to each other, and how they should be tested. Pursuit of ethical dilemmas through the full hierarchy of levels of analysis exposes simplistic or irrational moral decisions and clarifies the nature of disputes.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed1988

Ethical dilemmas in pharmacy.

Results of surveys in which pharmacy students and pharmacists responded to ethical dilemmas are discussed. Respondents indicated a high level of concern about patient welfare and patient rights in dilemmas involving conflicts with socio-economic issues, and with peers and physicians. Conflicts that might arise as the roles of pharmacists change and the health-care systems evolve are also discussed.

Ethics, Pharmacy↗