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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Elsie 4: quantitative computer analysis of sets of two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms.

We have developed and refined a system for quantitative computer analysis of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms. The system, named Elsie 4, is based on one described by Vo et al. (Anal. Biochem. 112, 258 (1981]. It is highly automated. Elsie 4 can find, and measure the intensity of, almost any spot resolvable on two-dimensional gels, including spots visible only as shoulders off larger spots and spots so close together that there is no "valley" between them. It can automatically match the spot patterns of different gels, potentially without the need for a user to provide landmark matches. The matches between paired gels let us follow the synthesis of any spot through a set of gels. Information about a group of matched spots can be obtained by referring to any spot in the group. There is generally no need for a standard or reference gel. Data for two experiments can be combined and compared by matching any gel in one experiment with any gel in the other. There are ways to automatically find possible mismatches in sets of gels. Scans and the results of the analysis can be shown on an image displayer. The programs use function libraries; this helps ensure consistency and increase portability. The programs and functions can be linked together in many ways; this lets users build custom programs for analysis of specific experiments.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1991

The rat liver epithelial (RLE) cell protein database.

Computer databases of rat liver epithelial (RLE) cellular polypeptides have been established using high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and computer-assisted analysis. Databases have been constructed utilizing both [35S]methionine- and [32P]orthophosphate-labeled as well as silver-stained polypeptides from normal RLE cells. The RLE database, which contains both qualitative and quantitative annotations, includes experiments with normal, chemically and oncogene transformed as well as spontaneously transformed cell lines. A total of 2537 [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides from whole cell lysates (1920 acidic and 617 basic, separated in the first dimension using isoelectric focusing and nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, respectively) were analyzed and databases constructed using the Elsie 5 gel analysis system. To increase the "viewing window" and hence the usefulness of the RLE database, subcellular fractionation of whole cell preparations was performed and high resolution two-dimensional maps of the individual subcellular components were constructed. Databases representing 1229 cytosolic, 1539 acidic and 674 basic nuclear, 1746 membrane-associated, 415 mitochondrial, 773 in vitro translated and 350 phosphoproteins were established from these maps. The RLE databases contain the Elsie 5 identification number, protein name (if known), molecular weight and pI information, quantitative and spot shape data, and specific information regarding transformation-sensitive, growth-related (exponentially proliferating versus confluent) cell populations as well as those polypeptides modulated by specific growth factors. The RLE databases represent initial efforts toward the establishment of comprehensive databases of rat liver proteins and serve as a vital resource for on-going as well as future studies regarding the regulation of growth and differentiation as well as transformation of RLE cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hearing on the possible uses and misuses of genetic information.

In summary, I will reiterate the five points I would like to leave with you today: First, the biological revolution has extraordinary power to do good. As long as the use of our new genetic knowledge is guided by the traditional ideals of the healing professions--to help improve the human condition without doing harm--we can expect real benefits to come of it. Second, however, we need to prepare for the fact that, like all powerful tools, genetic information can be misused and abused. As I hope to have illustrated, NIH has the will and ability to work with the American public and the scientific community in preparing for the responsible use of genetic information for now and the future. To date, the best example of that will is the precedent-setting work being conducted in concert with the human genome program through our ELSI program. Third, as a part of that work, it will be imperative to continue to protect the voluntary nature of genetic services. The rights of people to determine for themselves whether or not to pursue genetic information about themselves must be defended, even from the forced choices that discriminatory social practices may create. Fourth, in order to allow those who choose to do so to benefit from our new genetic tools, discrimination based on genotype must be prohibited as a matter of basic civil rights. And finally, in the bright light of the Human Genome Project and its ELSI program, it is important not to let genetics eclipse the important ethical, legal and social issues that attend other biomedical advances. It is the purpose of NIH's new center for science policy studies to illuminate this broader view of the road ahead. Thank you. I will be happy to answer any questions you might have.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1989

Strategies and techniques for testing the precision, reliability and reproducibility of computerized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis systems.

A set of test procedures is described for evaluating the reliability, precision and reproducibility of computer systems designed to analyze two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms. The Elsie 4 gel analysis system (Analyt. Biochem., 169, 49-70 (1988) is used to demonstrate the use of these tests. Three major groups of tests are described: analysis of the scanner; analysis of mathematically constructed model gels; and analysis of real gel images. Scanner tests involve evaluating the stability and reproducibility of the scanner. The tests consist primarily of measuring the output of the scanner over a time period to determine its stability, and evaluating the consistency of the scanner at different points in the scanning field. Commonly encountered real gel situations are simulated and analyzed by arranging computer-generated 'ideal spots' in different ways. With such gels we can determine such things as the ability of the computer system to separate closely resolved and/or shoulder spots; whether or not streaks and/or smears are handled correctly; how random noise affects measurements; and, in idealized situation, the accuracy of the quantitation. The idealized spots are generated using the two-dimensional Gaussian as a model of density distribution; other spot models can be used. The Elsie 4 system is capable of finding virtually any spot (if detection parameters are set low enough), and of resolving different-sized spots whose peaks are separated by one and one-half their mean half width). The most significant tests are done on a set of actual gels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Autoradiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conversion of high grade lymphoma tumor cell line to intermediate grade with TPA and bryostatin 1 as determined by polypeptide analysis on 2D gel electrophoresis.

A high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) was used for total cellular polypeptide mapping of two established lymphoma cell lines; MANCA, a Burkitt's line representing a high grade lymphoma (HGL) and WSU-NHL (nodular histiocytic lymphoma) representing an intermediate grade lymphoma (IGL). Gels were digitized and analysed with an image scanning computer using the Elsie 4 system. Polypeptide mapping revealed striking similarities in 1100 polypeptide spots in both types. However, three polypeptides were unique to HGL (Molecular mass/isoelectric point (Mr/PI): 39/4.4, 35/5.6, 33/4.8), and one to IGL (95/4.7). In order to investigate the kinetics of expression of these polypeptides, the two cell lines were treated with two protein kinase C (PKC) activators, tumour promoting 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and bryostatin 1. 2D-PAGE of the treated cells revealed that the HGL line loses its unique polypeptides and expresses a new one. The new polypeptide has the same Mr and PI as that unique to the untreated IGL (95/4.7). TPA or bryostatin 1 treatment of the IGL line for 72 h induced no significant changes. Our data show a unidirectional change from HGL to IGL, supporting the clinical notion that HGL is less differentiated than IGL. It also shows the similarity in the mode of action of bryostatin 1 and TPA in inducing these polypeptide changes.

Bryostatins↗
PubMed1991

Abnormal protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with a submicroscopic X-chromosomal deletion associated with Norrie disease: preliminary report.

Norrie disease is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital blindness and, in many cases, mental retardation. Some Norrie disease cases have been shown to be associated with a submicroscopic deletion in chromosomal region Xp11.3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from four male patients with an X-chromosomal deletion associated with Norrie disease. CSF proteins were resolved using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and then analyzed by computer using the Elsie V program. Our analysis revealed a protein that appears to be altered in patients with Norrie disease deletion.

Blindness↗
PubMed1986

Strategic aeromedical evacuation: the inaugural flight.

Strategic aeromedical evacuation, a vital subsystem of the overall aeromedical airlift system, had its beginning in a confidential, poorly planned, poorly coordinated Air Transport Command flight from Karachi, Pakistan (then part of India) to Washington, DC, in January 1943. That the flight was successfully completed was due in large measure to the untiring efforts of the nurse, Second Lieutenant Elsie S. Ott, aboard the flight. Lessons learned in the form of recommendations made by Lt. Ott were implemented to improve succeeding strategic aeromedical evacuation missions. Largely through Lt. Ott's efforts, long range aeromedical evacuation was demonstrated to be a practicable method of transportation for seriously ill and wounded patients. A new dimension had been added to the overall aeromedical airlift mission.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1976

Reliability of the Maxi-Mult and scale equivalence with the MMPI.

Forty chronic male alcoholic inpatients completed the MMPI and separately administered Maxi-Mult in a counterbalanced presentation order after a 3-day interval. Neither the intracorrelations among the Maxi-Mult scales nor the intercorrelation coefficients between the short and standard scales were affected by presentation order. High intercorrelations of the standard MMPI scales with the Maxi-Mult scales were found for both the separately administered and the embedded forms; coefficients tended to be higher for the embedded Maxi-Mult. Both the test-retest reliability of the Maxi-Mult and the stability of the short vs. standard-scale correlation coefficients were adequate. The economical length and the response mode of the Maxi-Mult suit it for use as a research instrument to assess group performance. A hostility scale also tested during this study was found to have a high test-retest reliability coefficient.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

A Qualitative Study of the Roles and Responsibilities of Academic and Journalistic Publishing in Social and Behavioral Genomics.

The conduct and translation of scientific research is shaped by academic and journalistic publishing. Academic journals issue editorial guidelines and policies that inform how researchers shape and present their studies. Journalists select and report on academic studies for public audiences. Despite the potential importance of journal editors and journalists in the scientific process, little has been done to examine how these groups think about their roles and responsibilities-especially when it comes to ethically sensitive scientific domains like social and behavioral genomics (SBG): the study of whether and how genetic differences between individuals correlate with differences in behaviors such as aggression and outcomes such as educational attainment. To begin filling this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with editors working at academic journals that publish SBG research (n = 10) and journalists who have reported on SBG studies (n = 13). Journal editors largely saw themselves as mediators between authors and peer reviewers who help to shepherd along research. Journalists frequently described themselves as translators of science for wide audiences; at times they also saw themselves as interrogators of science. While both groups considered SBG especially ethically sensitive and prone to risks such as misinterpretation, many expressed that systematic ethical review processes and guidelines for SBG are lacking. Further, many deferred the ethical responsibility to minimize risks associated with SBG to others. Our findings highlight the need for more explicit frameworks in academic and journalistic publishing to support the ethically responsible conduct and communication of SBG.

ELSI↗
PubMed2025

Polygenic risk scores in the clinic: Health-system leaders and primary care providers weigh in.

PURPOSE: The fourth phase of the Electronic Medical Records and Genome Network is testing the return of 10 polygenic risk scores (PRS) across multiple clinics. Understanding the perspectives of health-system leaders and frontline clinicians can inform plans for implementation of PRS. METHODS: A total of 15 health-system leaders and 20 primary care providers took part in semistructured interviews. A descriptive thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS: Interviewees generally perceived PRS to have limited clinical utility, although they saw value in the potential to identify and act upon risks that are not otherwise detectable. Perceived potential drawbacks included negative psycho-emotional effects on patients, unnecessary follow-up, distracting from population health priorities, opportunity costs, and medicolegal liability. Implementation considerations included increased encounter time and the need for clinical practice guidelines, provider training, care coordination, and point-of-care resources. CONCLUSION: Participants generally expressed favorable views of precision medicine and also identified potential challenges to introducing PRS in clinical care. Implementation will require careful assessment of clinical utility vs usual care; ensuring that the benefit to be realized merits the time and resources required to interpret, return, and act on results and developing guidelines and other decision-making supports for providers and patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

The advantage of periodic over constant signalling in microRNA-mediated regulation.

Cells may exploit oscillatory gene expression to encode biological information. Temporal features of oscillations, such as pulse frequency and amplitude, are determinant for the outcome of signalling pathways. However, little effort has been devoted to unveiling the role of pulsatility in the context of post-transcriptional gene regulation, where microRNAs act by binding to RNAs and regulate their expression. Here, we study the effects of periodic against constant microRNA synthesis within minimal microRNA-target networks. We find that there is a repressive advantage of pulsatile over constant microRNA synthesis, and that the extent of repression depends on the frequency of pulses, thus uncovering frequency preference behaviours. We show that the preference for specific input frequencies is determined by relative microRNA and target kinetic rates and can lead to exclusive frequency-dependent repression on distinct RNA species, thereby highlighting a potential mechanism of selective dynamical target regulation. Moreover, we show that frequencies observed in periodically expressed microRNAs, such as those involved in circadian rhythms and development, can be selectively favored. Our findings might have implications for experimental studies aimed at understanding how periodic patterns drive biological responses through microRNA-mediated signalling and provide suggestions for validation in synthetic networks.

MicroRNAs↗