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[Treatment of injuries of the duodenum and pancreas].

The authors study 84 patients that had damages of the duodenum and or pancreas and underwent different types of surgery. In 39 patients who had damage only in the duodenum; there were 2 (4.0%) duodenal fistulas, and 3 (6.0%) intraperitoneal abscess. In 38 patients who had injuries only in the pancreas; there were 6 (13.1%) acute pancreatities, pancreatic fistulas and 1 (2.2%) pancreatic pseudocyst. In 7 cases, injuries were found to both pancreas and duodenum. The author reports 1 case of duodenal fistula (14.3%) 1 case of acute pancreatitis (14.3%) and 3 cases of pancreatic fistula (43.0%). Only 7 patients died (8.3%), and of these 2 died for reasons not directly related to the operatory technic used. A simple suture can be performed in those cases where a complete section of the duodenum is unnecessary and there is no injury to the duodenal papilla. A burying suture of the stomas associated with a side-to-side duodenojejunal anastomosis should be preferred in the complete section of the duodenum localized beyond the ampulla of Vater. In all superficial wounds of small extension a suture of the pancreas should be performed. Distal pancreatectomy of body or tail should be made in the wounds with a possible lesion to the Wirsung duct and when there is an extensive glandular lesion. The associate wounds of duodenum and pancreas should be treated as if they were isolated lesions.

Abdominal Injuries

[Comparison of drug effects on the isolated rat colon and duodenum].

Adrenaline and isoproterenol elicited nearly maximal relaxation of the colon even in small doses, whereas increase in the doses caused greater relaxation in the duodenum. In the colon, these drugs prevented, to a great extent the contraction induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin but in the duodenum were totally ineffective. Dibenamine and propranolol reduced adrenaline- and isoproterenol-induced relaxation in the duodenum, though propranolol decreased the relaxation caused by isoproterenol. Atropine prevented ACh-induced contraction in both the colon and duodenum in the same way. After 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide, duodenal contraction caused by ACh or serotonin decreased by over 70%; however, the contraction of the colon was not significantly inhibited. Methysergide had similar effects, but to a lesser degree. In calcium-free bathing fluid without addition of Na2EDTA, ACh and prostaglandin E1 elicited contraction in the colon, but not in the duodenum.

Acetylcholine

Biochemical and energetic gradients in the mucosa of stomach and duodenum of patients with antral ulcer.

Separation and measurement of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates, RNA and DNA, further, separation and measurement of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+--K+-dependent, Mg2+-Na+-K-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were carried out in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum of 68 patients with antral ulcer. It was found that (1) the substrate levels of adenosine nucleotides, lipid phosphates and RNA were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the mucosa of the antrum and duodenum (calculated for 1.0 mg DNA content); (2) the amounts of adenosine nucleotides and the sum of ATP + ADP + AMP did not alter significantly in the muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (3) the levels of adenosine nucleotides, sum of ATP + ADP + AMP, lipid phosphates and RNA, further the activities of Mg2+-dependent , total (Mg2/-dependent plus Na+-K+-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the corpus muscles. It was concluded that (1) energetic and biochemical gradients are present between the substrate levels in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (2) the neural and/or humoral regulatory mechanisms differ in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, in order to their biochemistry.

Adenine Nucleotides

[The manifestations of regional enteritis (Crohn's disease) in the stomach and duodenum (author's transl)].

Involvement of the stomach and duodenum is relatively rare, but produces distrinct radiological changes. In the stomach the antrum and pyloric portion are affected most frequently. Simultaneous involvement of the duodenum is common. Typical radiological changes consist of funnelshaped narrowing of the antrum, decreased motility of the wall of the stomach, cobblestone mucosa with flat ulcers, deformity of the pylorus and first part of the duodenum and stenosing lesions of the duodenum. If the gastro-duodenal changes occur together with the typical appearances in the jejunum, ileum and colon, then the diagnosis can be made by radiology alone.

Adolescent

Alien cancers of the duodenum.

Invasion of the duodenum by contiguous cancer or an isolated metastasis can manifest itself with the signs and symptoms of primary cancer of the duodenum. Fourteen patients were identified with this type of diagnostic confusion. All of their tumors were in the second or third portion of the duodenum. Although the median length of survival after excision of the tumor or palliative bypass operations in these patients was nine months, considerably longer survival times have also been described. Barium enema examinations and excretory urograms should be considered as diagnostic tests for any patient with a tumor of the duodenum to identify the contiguous carcinomas of the colon and kidney subject to long palliation.

Adult

[Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum. Report of a case and review of published cases].

The intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum is very rare; it is an anatomical sac like formation, located in the interior of the duodenum and communicating with it through an orifice situated a the upper pole of the diverticulum where the wall is covered by mucosa on both faces. It has interesting etiopathogenic problems. We present an observation after reviewing the corresponding literature. It was a 32-year old woman suffering from moderate epigastric pains, pyrosis, chronic constipation, markedly nervous. The epigastric pain was unrelated to food or physical efforts. The physical examination showed slight epigastric pain. The gastroduodenal radiological examination showed in the second part of the duodenum a particular image, pear-shaped, homogeneous, impregnated in barium; this image was surrounded by a radiotransparent halo which changed with the patient's position. It has been seen that the diverticulum changes in size and position in agreement with the peristaltism, without ever obstructing the passage through the duodenum. A review is made of the literature and history of intraluminal diverticulum.

Adolescent

Impaired acid neutralization in the duodenum in pancreatic insufficiency.

The influence of severe exocrine pancreatic disease on the acid-neutralizing capacity of the duodenum was studied in five patients with pancreatic insufficiency (PI) and six control subjects using duodenal perfusion-marker technique. Hydrochloric acid (0.1 N containing 1% PEG) was infused at constant rates (1.2, 4.5 and 7.0 ml/min) into the duodenum just distal to the duodenal bulb. Samples were aspirated from the tip of the duodenal perfusion tube located at the ligament of Treitz. All samples were analyzed for volume, pH, titrable acidity, PEG and [14C]PEG (gastric marker) determination. Patients with PI demonstrated significantly diminished ability to neutralize various acid loads as compared to controls who virtually completely neutralized acid loads in the range of maximal gastric acid secretion. Exogenous secretin did not significantly improve percent acid neutralized in PI. These data clearly indicate that patients with PI have significantly impaired ability to neutralize even small loads of acid in the duodenum.

Bicarbonates

Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone upon the electroenteromyogram of rat duodenum.

Electroenteromyographic activity (EMG) of the duodenum was recorded in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. TRH intraventricularly administered to rats produced changes in EMG such as increased amplitude, decreased frequency of slow waves and the association of bursts of spike potentials with nearly every cycle of the basal electric rhythm (BER). The effect was selectively prompt and marked in the EMG of proximal duodenum. The response was abolished by vagotomy or atropine injection and no response was elicited in the neonatally 6-OHDA-treated rat. Hypophysectomy, cord-transection or acute i.v. injection of 6-OHDA did not block the response. In the brain, TRH seems to stimulate the neuronal system controlling the vagus efferents involved in the regulation of the duodenal enteric nervous system which in turn modulates the myogenic excitability of the duodenum.

Animals

Release of immunoreactive serotonin following acid perfusion of the duodenum.

Cannulas were placed in the portal vein, hepatic vein, and infrarenal vena cava in eight anesthetized dogs. The duodenum of each dog was irrigated with saline (control) and 0.1 N HCI (50 ml in 10 min). Heparinized blood samples were taken from each cannula 5 min before, and 1, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min after each irrigation for measurement of immunoreactive serotonin concentrations. Serotonin concentrations did not change during saline irrigation of the duodenum. In contrast, serotonin release was consistently observed after duodenal acidification (pH 1.5-2.0). Portal venous serotonin concentrations were increased at 1 min (356 +/- 147 ng/ml) and following a biphasic pattern remained elevated at 30 and 60 min (499 +/- 131 and 489 +/- 187 ng/ml, respectively). Concentrations in the hepatic vein rose more slowly and to a lower peak (357 +/- 123 ng/ml at 10 min). Caval serotonin concentrations were increased at 10 min (342 +/- 121 ng/ml) but promptly returned to baseline levels. In the canine gastrointestinal tract, immunoreactive serotonin concentrations were highest in the duodenal bulb (15.4 mug/gm). This study demonstrated serotonin release from the duodenum following acid perfusion and documented that some of the released serotonin escaped hepatic inactivation. These findings support the possibility that serotonin may be a gastrointestinal hormone involved in the feedback inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

Animals

Flow rates of components in digesta of pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, and fed semipurified, hard wheat, and soft wheat diets.

Four pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to study flow rates of total digesta, insoluble dry matter, nitrogen, and amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine. The pigs received a semipurified diet, a hard wheat diet, or a soft wheat diet. These were approximately isonitrogenous. A higher rate of passage of digesta through the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were measured in pigs receiving the hard wheat diet. Peak flow of digesta at the duodenum of all pigs occurred at 1 h post feeding. Peak flow of digesta at the ileum occurred at 9 h post feeding on the soft wheat diet, but somewhat earlier on the hard wheat and semipurified diet. More nitrogen and essential amino acids flowed in the solid fraction of duodenal digesta during the first 2 h post feeding for the wheat diets and 4 h post feeding for the semipurified diet. It was concluded that flow rate of most nutrients from the stomach and through the small intestine of pigs is modified by the composition and texture of the food ingested. It is postulated that efficiency of mixing of digesta with digestive secretions in the stomach is a major factor influencing rate of flow.

Amino Acids, Essential

[Role of duodenal serotonin in the pharmacological effects of DOPA and dopamine in the isolated rat duodenum].

We have studied the responsibility of tissue serotonin reserves in the excito-motor effects induced by DOPA and dopamine on the isolated rat duodenum in vitro in certain experimental conditions. Two groups of experiments have been performed: first the determination of serotonin endogenous stores after administration of repeated high doses of DOPA and dopamine in the organ bath, secondly the evaluation of motor effects of DOPA and dopamine on rat duodenums experimentally depleted of their endogenous serotonin stores. Serotonin levels were lowered after DOPA and the excito-motor effect of this compound was suppressed in serotonin-depleted duodenums. After dopamine, serotonin tissue levels were not significantly lowered, and the excito-motor effect was observed whatever the serotonin stores may be, depleted or not. Our results are consistent with a relationship between the excito-motor effects of DOPA and serotonin release from endogenous stores; but, concerning dopamine, experimental proofs supporting this hypothesis have not been obtained.

Animals

Effect of gastric hypersecretion on the canine duodenum.

The neutralization of acid introduced into the duodenum has been found to be less intensive in patients with duodenal ulcer than in controls. The present work studied the possibility that chronic gastric hypersecretion injures the duodenal mucosa and thereby influences the neutralization system. Gastric hypersecretion was provoked for 3 weeks in 3 dogs by a daily injection of a gastrin preparation with prolonged effect. After a subcutaneous injection of this preparation given together with a test meal the acidity of both gastric and duodenal contents was found to increase significantly. After the 3 weeks of gastric hypersecretion the pancreatic bicarbonate response to exogenous secretin was unchanged, while the bicarbonate response to duodenal acidification was decreased from 2.03 mEq/30 min to 1.27 mEq/30 min (p less than 0.05), compatible with an impaired secretin release. Also the concentration of lactase, maltase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase in mucosal biopsies from the second part of the duodenum was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that gastric hypersecretion causes mucosal damage in the duodenum and thereby reduces the release of secretin.

Alkaline Phosphatase

Comparison of an H2 receptor antagonist and a neutralizing antacid on postprandial acid delivery into the duodenum in patients with duodenal ulcer.

Measurement of the postprandial rate of acid delivery into the duodenum directly assessed the efficacy of two radically different acid-reducing therapies for duodenal ulcer disease. Cimetidine, 400 mg, with an ordinary solid meal decreased the 4-hr delivery of titratable acid and hydrogen ion into the duodenum by 63 and 86%, respectively (P less than 0.01 versus control). Liquid Maalox, 30 ml, 1 and 3 hr after an identical meal reduced 4-hr delivery of acid by 47 and 74%, respectively (P less than 0.01 versus control). During the study period, the H2 receptor antagonist effected a continuous reduction in gastric acidity and the delivery of acid into the duodenum. The liquid neutralizing antacid produced a more fluctuating decrease in these parameters. However, given in these dosages, the magnitude and duration of the acid-reducing effect were similar for both treatments.

Aluminum Hydroxide

[Cyst of the duodenum with termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts (author's transl)].

The radiological findings in a 27-year old female Turkish patient with a cyst in the wall of the duodenum are described. It caused a sharply demarkated, smooth thumb-print in the duodenum shown by barium meal. An intravenous and intra-operative cholangiogram caused filling of the cyst with contrast through the bile duct. The bile and pancreatic ducts terminated on the medial side of the cyst through the papilla of Vater. The size of the cyst varied, depending on its degree of filling with bile and pancreatic juice. Its position and morphology has been confirmed at operation. Histology showed an external cover of small bowel mucosa and an inner lining of small bowel mucosa interspersed with islands of gastric mucosa. The development of this cyst is explained as a developmental anomaly during recalisation of the embryonic duodenum.

Adult

Fluid secretion in the duodenum and intestinal handling of water and electrolytes in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

The slow marker perfusion technique was used in five patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in order to determine the basal and postcibal flow rates of fluids passing the duodenojejunal junction and distal ileum, and the composition of those fluids. Fecal water and electrolyte excretions were also measured. The 24-hr outputs at the ligament of Treitz were markedly increased, while fecal losses were normal or only slightly increased. Thus, the overall intestinal reabsorption of water was 96%. Fasting rates of fluid and electrolyte flow at the ligament of Treitz were also measured during a basal period, followed by a period of continuous gastric aspiration. Removal of gastric secretion had the following effects on the fluid passing through the duodenum: (1) dramatic decrease in flow rate; (2) an increase in osmolality, from hypotonicity to isotonicity; (3) rise of pH, from acid to alkaline values; (4) a decrease of PCO2, from high to normal values. No increase in fasting plasma levels of immunoreactive secretin and motilin was observed in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, whereas normal subjects respond to acid in the duodenum by a marked rise in the circulating levels of these hormones. These facts suggest that, in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: (1) the ability of the small bowel and colon to reabsorb water and electrolytes is normal: (2) duodenal dissipation of hydrogen ions is mainly due to intraluminal neutralization by bicarbonate; and (3) stimulation of water and electrolyte secretion by the pancreas is inadequate.

Adult

A difference in effects of physiological Ca2+ concentrations on activity of guanylate cyclase preparations obtained from the taenia caecum of guinea pig and from the longitudinal muscle of rat duodenum.

A cholinergic stimulant, butyltrimethylammonium bromide and serotonin increased the tissue levels of cyclic GMP in the taenia caecum of guinea pig but not those in the longitudinal muscle of rat duodenum. On the other hand, physiological Ca2+ concentrations enhanced the activity of a guanylate cyclase preparation obtained from the taenia caecum of guinea pig, while guanylate cyclase in the longitudinal muscle of rat duodenum was not influenced by Ca2+. The difference in the effects of the smooth muscle stimulants on the tissue levels of cyclic GMP in two different smooth muscles in attributed to differences in the properties of guanylate cyclase of smooth muscles.

Animals

Mechanisms of disposal of acid and alkali in rabbit duodenum.

Stripped duodenal mucosa of rabbits was mounted in Ussing chambers containing a Ringer solution gassed with 100% O2. The disappearance of acid or alkali from the mucosal solution of short-circuited tissue was measured with a pH stat while the serosal pH was kept at 7.4. The duodenum rapidly disposed of both acid and alkali; neither property was altered by gassing with N2 while iodoacetate was in the perfusing solutions. Prevention of release of CO2 from the mucosal chamber obliterated the early rapid phase of acid disposal by the mucosa while a similar maneuver in the serosal chamber increased the appearance of serosal acid without altering the rate of acid disposal. Gut sacs of rabbit duodenum in vitro and in vivo showed a positive correlation between acid disposal and the rate of luminal CO2 production. While acid disposal progressively decreased with time for the in vitro gut sacs, the in vivo gut sac showed no fatigue in this respect. Luminal acidification in the Ussing chamber was associated with a profound reduction in short-circuit current (Isc), partially reversible by elevation of the mucosal pH but not by luminal glucose. Our data suggest that acid disposal occurs in part by intraluminal neutralization and in part by diffusion into the mucosa.

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Physiological significance of secretin in the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. I. Responsiveness of the secretin-releasing system in the upper duodenum.

In nine normal subjects intraduodenal pH was measured by means of a glass electrode placed in the passage from the first to the second part of the duodenum. The physiological variations in pH were simulated by intraduodenal injection of 2.5, 5, or 10 ml of 0.1 mol x 1(-1) HCl and subsequent neutralization by injection of bicarbonate. A total of 26 injections of acid was followed by a pH spike from a median pH of 7.0 to a median of pH 2.1 Median spike duration was 45 sec. The concentration of secretin in plasma increased from a median of 1.2 pmol x 1(-1) to a peak value of 2.2 pmol x 1(-1) after 4 min. It is concluded that the secretin response to a brief acidification of the first 4--6 cm of the duodenum is sufficient to explain the physiological variations in the concentration of secretin in human plasma.

Bicarbonates