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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Drowning and near drowning in children in the United Kingdom: lessons for prevention.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of drowning and near drowning of children in Britain and identify means of prevention. DESIGN: Study of drowned and nearly drowned children under 15 years old. SETTING: United Kingdom, 1988 and 1989. SUBJECTS: Children under 15 years either drowning or admitted to hospital after a submersion incident. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of nearly drowned children, obtained from consultant paediatricians returning monthly notification cards through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Number of drowned children notified by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and other national epidemiological offices; information from coroners. RESULTS: 306 children had confirmed submersion incidents: 149 died and 157 survived after near drowning. The annual incidence in England and Wales was 1.5/100,000, and mortality 0.7/100,000. Mortality was lowest in public pools 6% (2/32) and highest in rivers, canals, and lakes (78%, 56/73). Most of the children (263, 83%) were unsupervised at the time of the accident. 208 (68%) children were under 5 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Drowning and near drowning of children are problems in the British Isles. Appropriate supervision and safety barriers seem important for preventing such accidents. Improving information on dangers of drowning given to parents through the child surveillance programmes, encouraging fencing or draining of garden ponds and domestic swimming pools, and increasing supervision of swimming in lakes, rivers, and beaches should reduce the number of accidents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Emotional sequelae of parents and sibs following the drowning or near-drowning of a child.

This study reports the findings from an investigation to evaluate the intra-family dynamics that occurred with 111 cases of childhood drowning and near-drowning in the City of Brisbane in 1971-1975. Personal interviews were obtained with 77 of the families. 24 per cent of parent-dyads separated following the drowning of their child, whereas none of the 54 families of surviving children separated. Accident generated stresses within the studied families tended to persist for years after the incident. Parents volunteered the information that they drank more, experienced sleep disorders and nightmares, and reported significant anxiety states. 19 per cent of parents of drowned children received specialist psychiatric treatment following the drowning. Two cases of surviving children received specialist psychiatric therapy (these were both parents who had inflicted non-accidental injury on their child, and had attempted to drown their child in the bath). In one sense, a child's death is more honourable from society's point of view if the child dies from a chronic medical illness such as leukaemia. In the case of a child's death in the family bath tub or the backyard swimming pool, the extra society sanctions of culpability and accusation further intensified the likelihood of the normal grief process being transformed into a pathological variant.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Drowning and near-drowning. Pathophysiology and therapy.

Drowning is one of the three leading causes of accidental death. Dry drowning, the type in which no water enters the trachea, responds readily to resuscitation efforts. The current concept of drowning recognizes few differences between saltwater and freshwater aspiration; the therapeutic approach is the same for both types. The physician should be prepared to deal with the drowning victim at the scene of the accident as well as in the hospital. Hospitalization for observation is necessary in every instance, as adult respiratory distress syndrome may develop and cause secondary drowning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Drowning and near-drowning involving children: a five-year total population study from the City and County of Honolulu.

A study of all serious childhood immersion accidents (both drowned and near-drowned cases) is reported from Hawaii. This is a total population-based survey of 140 consecutive cases (0--15 years) occurring during the five-year period (1973--1977. Age-specific, sex-specific, and osmolality-specific (salt versus fresh water) data are presented both for survivors and fatalities. The overall annual drowning rate of 3.1 per 100,000 children at risk is low, for a water-oriented society. The survival rate following loss of consciousness in the water is 73 per cent. There is no evidence from this study that osmolality affected the probability of survival. The rank order of importance of drowning sites is swimming pools, surf, sheltered salt water bathing, domestic bath tubs, fresh water streams, salt water canals, and garden fish ponds. Specific accident rates, by sex, outcome, and site of immersion are also presented. No secular trend in the rate of drowning was observed in this study. Comparison with the only other available total population survey (Australia) of childhood immersions reveals common epidemiological and demographic patterns in modern urban societies and suggests that safety regulations play a role in reducing swimming accidents and fatalities in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Freshwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children: a five-year total population study.

A large total population study of childhood fresh water immersion accidents is reported. The study was undertaken in the City of Brisbane over the five-year period 1971 to 1975 inclusive, and 111 fresh water immersion accidents involving children were studied and analysed. The childhood fresh water immersion accident rate, including drowning and near-drownings, of 10-43 per year per 100,000 at risk (fatality rate of 5-17) is the highest reported. If an unsupervised child gets into difficulties in fresh water and loses consciousness he has a 50% chance of dying. The immersion accident rate has doubled over the last six years. Age-specific immersion accident rates have been calculated, and have revealed that, in the toddler group (12 months to 23 months), the fresh water immersion accident rate is 50-01 per 100,000 (fatality rate of 22-55). Rates for drowning and near-drowning accidents after a fresh water immersion, by site, age and outcome (survival versus fatality), are also presented for the first time. Swimming pools produce 6-20 immersion accidents per year per 100,000 children at risk, and the domestic family bath tub produces 1-78. Possible factors explaining the high incidence are discussed, and comparisons of drowning rates from other centres are made.

Accidents↗
PubMed1979

Prognostic factors in pediatric cases of drowning and near-drowning.

Ninety-three cases of drowning or near-drowning in the pediatric age group between 1972 and 1976 were reviewed. A scoring system for prognostic factors was developed using one point for each of five unfavorable factors involved in the drowning or near-drowning of each patient. The prognostic factors were 1) age less than three years; 2) maximum submersion time estimated longer than five minutes; 3) resuscitation not attempted for at least ten minutes after rescue; 4) patient in coma on admission to hospital, and 5) arterial blood pH of less than or equal to 7.10. This scoring system significantly predicted the eventual outcome of patients who had experienced the postsubmersion syndrome. Patients with scores of less than or equal to 2 had a 90% chance of full recovery; those with scores of greater than or equal to 3 had only a 5% probability of survival. The early institution of resuscitative efforts was the single most important factor influencing survival.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Drowning and near-drowning: current concepts and neutrophil function studies.

A near-drowning by a young man in an indoor pool is reported, and the current concepts of therapy are discussed. Laboratory studies of the patient's neutrophil function and chemotactic response were performed on the day of admission and on hospital days 2 and 4. Neutrophil function and chemotaxis were equal to control values, indicating no effect of near-drowning on these aspects of the host immune system. Hospital admission and supportive therapy including intubation, positive end-expiratory pressure, steroids, and antibiotics are recommended, if necessary, in management of the nearly drowned patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Sand aspiration in drowning and near drowning.

Aspiration of sand and other foreign material is often discovered at autopsy in victims of drowning, but is not commonly seen radiographically. Two such cases are described, one of drowning and one of near drowning. In each case, the sand was radiopaque because of its calcium carbonate content and created a "sand bronchogram", i.e., sand in the tracheobronchial tree. With early recognition, successful bronchoscopic removal of the aspirated sand is possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Saltwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children. A five-year total population study in south-east Queensland.

A large total population study of childhood saltwater immersion accidents is reported. A total of 49 cases (16 fatalities, 33 survivors) occurred in the five year period from 1971 to 1975 in southeastern Queensland. As a group, more children survive a potentially fatal saltwater immersion (67%) than do those who lose consciousness in freshwater (50%). The serious saltwater accident rate (loss of consciousness or death) in childhood (from 0 to 15 years inclusive, is 3.37/100,000 children per year at risk (fatality rate 1.12). This is low; comparison with freshwater data shows that although the surf presents special hazards to children, it is very much safer than other types of water. Age-specific and site-specific accident and survival rates for saltwater immersions are presented for the first time. Toddlers are disproportionately represented (33% of all children) and their survival rates are lowest. Boating and the use of surfboards, in current practice, are negligible threats to children. The saltwater immersion rate is increasing (although the absolute risk is small) and reasons for this are discussed. Childhood saltwater immersions were unaffected by tidal state. All but one case of immersion occurred during daylight hours, and in younger children immersion occurred often on weekends.

Accidents↗
PubMed1977

Drowning and near-drowning in the Australian Capital Territory: a five-year total population study of immersion accidents.

A total population study of all serious immersion accidents is reported from the Australian Capital Territory. The annual immersion accident rate of 4-69 per 100,000 of the population at risk is low, and the fresh water fatality rate of 2-58 per 100,000 is very low. The annual fatality rate for childhood swimming pool accidents is 0-34 per 100,000 children (that is, under 16 years of age) at risk. Serious immersion accidents are not increasing in frequency, in striking contrast to the epidemic trends seen from other centres. Factors which might explain this are discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1992

Drownings in a private lake--North Carolina, 1981-1990.

Drowning is the third most common cause of death from unintentional injury in the United States (1); in 1989, in North Carolina, drownings were the leading cause of years of potential life lost before age 65 per death (2). From July 1 through August 31, 1990, two drownings occurred in a private lake in Beaufort County (1990 population: 42,283), North Carolina. A review of data from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in North Carolina identified two additional drownings at this lake during 1981-1990, and a total of 17 drownings in the county during the 10-year period. At the request of the local health director, in October 1990, the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources (DEHNR) investigated the drownings using information from OCME files, hospital medical records, and ambulance reports. This report summarizes the investigation of the four drownings in the private lake, recommendations to prevent additional drownings, and characteristics of drownings in North Carolina in 1989.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Profile of pediatric drowning victims in a water-oriented society.

Drowning accounts for 32% of all pediatric accidental deaths in Dade County, Florida. Swimming pools, primarily home pools, are the most common site, 38%; followed by canals, 27%; lakes, ponds and rockpits, 13%; and the ocean and bay, 11%. The majority of drowning victims could not swim and were dead at the scene of the accident. Most pool victims were white, male, and 3 years old. Most victims were thought to be engaged in a non-pool related activity before the accident. Children who drowned in lakes, ponds, and rockpits, canals, and the ocean and bay were usually of school age and unsupervised. Black children had a higher rate of drowning than white children in these sites. Recommendations to prevent drowning: 1) Community education programs; 2) Safety fence around the perimeter of swimming pool; 3) Higher water levels in pools; 4) Investigation of "drown-proofing" instructions for preschool children; 5) Mandatory swimming and water safety instructions in public schools; 6) More supervised public swimming sites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Bucket-related drownings in the United States, 1984 through 1990.

The purpose of the study is to document the incidence of bucket-related drowning in the United States and to identify factors associated with this type of submersion injury. Analysis of Consumer Product Safety Commission data revealed 160 bucket-related drownings for the years 1984 through 1989, representing a mortality rate of 0.367 per 100,000 persons (younger than 2 years old) per year in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of bucket drownings occurred in toddlers aged 7 to 15 months old. Black children were six times more likely to drown in a bucket than white children of similar age (P less than .0001). Male toddlers were at significantly greater risk than females (P less than .01). A seasonal trend present in the data indicated that infants are more likely to drown in warmer than in colder months (P less than .01). States with the highest rates of bucket drowning were Vermont (2.1/100,000), Arizona (1.5/100,000), and Illinois (1.0/100,000). Through passive and active educational strategies, perhaps this fatal home injury can be prevented.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Medical aspects of drowning in children.

Accidental, homicidal and suicidal drowning comprise a special challenge to the clinician and preventive medicine advocate, alike. In South-east Asia and Australasia, accidental immersion accidents rank highly among the causes of preventable child trauma. Bath-tub and bucket drownings affect infants and toddlers under the age of 12 months, and some 10 percent of fatal bucket-tub immersions affecting infants are the result of child abuse. Immersion accidents in the sea have special characteristics, not specifically as a result of differences in water osmolarity, but related to hypothermia, secondary lung complications, and immersion times. Swimming pool drownings are the major cause of preventable death affecting pre-school children in some regions of Australasia. Resuscitation of the near-drowned child is topical because, (a) of controversies about the optimality of mouth-to-nose expired air resuscitation (EAR) in infants under six months of age; (b) of controversies about the degree of brain damage among child survivors following intensive care salvage; and (c) the difficulties of having "every parent a first-aider". A major study of childhood immersions (The Brisbane Drowning Study has shown that of all survivors, some 70 percent will be completely normal, 30 percent will suffer some selective deficit (with wide disparities on sub-scale scores on formal IQ testing), and 3 percent will live in a permanent vegetative state. Vigorous preventative campaigns using the triad of (a) public media education and campaigns, (b) better safety standards and safety devices, and (c) safety legislation, can reduce both the population risk and the individual clinical severity of immersion accidents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗