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[Sex differences in dreams. Content analysis of oknophile and philobatic dream images in the dreams of children and adolescents].

Until now it had been observed that in their dreams girls concern themselves more with inter-human relationships, whereas boys concern themselves stronger with the outside world and aggressive striving. In this survey manifest dreams, as reported in psychotherapies, spontaneously remembered and taken down by the children and young people themselves, were examined with an index in which Balint's theories about oknophilia and philobatism were used. The question whether there are any differences of sex was checked there. One important result of this survey was that girls in fact dream more oknophile subjects, whereas boys dream more philobatic ones. As the philobatic attitude might be put down to an earlier trauma than the oknophile one, this result here above all corresponds with the hypothesis of the feminist psychoanalytics (Chodorow, Olivier), that boys axe dismissed from the symbiosis with their mothers too early. With that they get into a premature independence they are not up to. Girls on the other hand are rather overcharged narcissistically and their mothers hold on to them for too long.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Dreams and dementia: a laboratory exploration of dream recall and dream content in chronic brain syndrome patients.

Seventeen (seven mild and ten severe) chronic brain syndrome patients were testes in the sleep laboratory for dream recall and content. The mildly organic patients had 57 per cent recall while the severely organic patients had 35 per cent recall. We also studied four aged severely organic patients. These patients showed a recall rate of 8 per cent. The difference between the recall rates in mildly and severely organic middle-aged patients was not statistically significant. The difference between the recall rates of the aged severely organic patients and either or both of the middle-aged groups was statistically significant (p smaller than .001). In addition, we found dream content differences between the mildly and severely organic middle-aged groups and between the combined group and normal young men.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Coping effectiveness and dreams as a function of personality and dream recall.

Investigated the proposition that effectiveness of coping with daytime and dream stress would be influenced by personality style, as defined by the Repression-Sensitization scale (R-S), and by dreaming style, as defined by frequent (F) or infrequent (I) questionnaire dream recall. The relationship between R-S and F-I dream recall also was explored. Ss kept dream diaries for 30 consecutive days. Sensitizers, who were I recallers, had very low daytime self-confidence scores. Repressors had more positive Dream Coping Scores than Sensitizers, and F recallers had more positive Dream Coping Scores than I recallers. Repressors had a positive morning mood, regardless of whether the ending of their dream was positive or negative. The morning mood of Sensitizers, particularly the I recallers, was dependent on the pleasantness-unpleasantness of the dream ending. R-S and F-I questionnaire dream recall had a low positive correlation; no relationship was found between R-S and F-I dream diary recall.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Consciousness and abilities of dream characters observed during lucid dreaming.

A description of several phenomenological experiments is given. These were done to investigate of which cognitive accomplishments dream characters are capable in lucid dreams. Nine male experienced lucid dreamers participated as subjects. They were directed to set different tasks to dream characters they met while lucid dreaming. Dream characters were asked to draw or write, to name unknown words, to find rhyme words, to make verses, and to solve arithmetic problems. Part of the dream characters actually agreed to perform the tasks and were successful, although the arithmetic accomplishments were poor. From the phenomenological findings, nothing contradicts the assumption that dream characters have consciousness in a specific sense. Herefrom the conclusion was drawn, that in lucid dream therapy communication with dream characters should be handled as if they were rational beings. Finally, several possibilities of assessing the question, whether dream characters possess consciousness, can be examined with the aid of psychophysiological experiments.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process.

Recent research in the neurobiology of dreaming sleep provides new evidence for possible structural and functional substrates of formal aspects of the dream process. The data suggest that dreaming sleep is physiologically determined and shaped by a brain stem neuronal mechanism that can be modeled physiologically and mathematically. Formal features of the generator processes with strong implications for dream theory include periodicity and automaticity of forebrain activation, suggesting a preprogrammed neural basis for dream mentation in sleep; intense and sporadic activation of brain stem sensorimotor circuits including reticular, oculomotor, and vestibular neurons, possibly determining spatiotemporal aspects of dream imagery; and shifts in transmitter ratios, possibly accounting for dream amnesia. The authors suggest that the automatically activated forebrain synthesizes the dream by comparing information generated in specific brain stem circuits with information stored in memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The common mirror dream, dreamer, and the dream mirror.

From the widely diverse category of so-called mirror dreams, we have differentiated the most frequent, which we have designated the common mirror dream (CMD). It is one in which the dreamer at some point looks into a mirror and reports seeing himself, a part of himself or a distorted though recognizable version of himself. Mirror dreams, including CMDs, are distinctly uncommon. Every dreamer of CMDs in our series had felt enjoined by the mother (in most cases with the father's collusion) not to see and regard her clearly and not to be an accurately reflecting mirror for her. The intensity with which the maternal injunction against accurate visual perception and evaluation was feared was an important distinguishing feature in our patients with CMDs. The essence of the CMD has been hypothesized to be a reciprocal, reverberating, visual-exhibitionistic dyad representative of the mother-child relationship. The dream mirror may represent the wish that the analyst-mother counter a feared parental injunction against accurate visual perception and evaluation so as to correct the distorted perceptions of self and objects and provide visual affirmation of the value and integrity of the self-representation. For some patients, defense against the dangers of castration and loss of maternal love was accomplished by the mirror mechanisms of magically transforming images in the mirror, the ease of creating illusion in the mirror, and a fetishistic mechanism of visually reintrojecting a phallic symbol from the mirror. Our data failed to confirm many of the hypotheses of previous contributors as to specific symbolic meanings of the dream mirror. More relevant than the symbolism of the dream mirror are the many functions of the dream mirror for the dreamer. These are analyzed and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Dream interpretation and experimental dream research: a comparison].

Since the discovery of REM sleep, many experimental studies have focused on dream recall, dream function and dream analysis in the sleep laboratory. The present article gives an overview of the results of experimental dream research and tries to evaluate the relevance of these results for psychoanalytical dream theory. Two theories originating from psychophysiological dream research are discussed in detail and compared with formulations stemming from psychoanalytical oriented dream theory.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1986

[Castration attempts in the dream. Psychophysiologic research of dreams and psychoanalysis].

The author gives a brief survey on psychophysiological correlational dream studies since 1953. Early optimism of physiologists and psychoanalysts on the possibility of building bridges between psyche and soma that could further the understanding of the dream over and above the psychoanalytic contributions has largely given way to more sober considerations. The subjective side of dreams and their importance for therapeutic and maturational processes has never been the subject of psychophysiologic investigation. Its objectives did not go beyond mere correlational studies of physiological events and dream content categories. Reductionist theories of certain neurophysiologists that conceive of the dream as an epiphenomenon of physiologic arousal were followed by some psychoanalysts' reconceptualization of oniric understanding. Psychological and physiological levels of interpretation must, for lack of a superordinate framework, be strictly kept apart. Psychophysiologic dream studies have, on the whole, added little to the understanding of the dream as a significant mental product of clinical importance.

Arousal↗
PubMed1991

Sleep and dreaming in Holocaust survivors. Dramatic decrease in dream recall in well-adjusted survivors.

Sleep data were obtained on 12 well-adjusted and 11 less-adjusted Holocaust survivors and on 10 control subjects. Each was also awakened from rapid eye movement sleep for dream recall. The less-adjusted survivors had more prolonged sleep latency than the well-adjusted and the control groups and lower sleep efficiency than the control subjects. The well-adjusted group had a significantly lower dream recall rate (33.7%) than the less-adjusted (50.5%) and control groups (80%). There were also significant between-groups differences in dream structure and dream content, in the direction of less complex and less salient dreams in the well-adjusted survivors. It is suggested that the decrease in dream recall is one of the forms of long-term adjustment to severe traumatic events.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Conscious dream synthesis as a method of learning about dreaming: a pedagogic experiment.

Stimulated by Freud's comments on the unique perspectives offered by "building up dreams by synthesis," the authors applied this idea to the St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute's introductory course on the psychology of dreaming. Each student was assigned the task of purposefully and consciously synthesizing a dream, utilizing certain assigned information and meeting the specified criteria. In the use of this device, it was anticipated that the conscious active effort required to duplicate the usually passively experienced processes of dreaming and the unconscious dream work would lead to a deeper understanding and appreciation of the dream.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pregnant dreaming: search for a typology of a proposed dream genre.

Dreams during pregnancy were collected from post-partum women on the maternity ward of an Israeli hospital. Our data indicate that primipara women and women with complicated obstetrical histories were more likely to report increased dreaming during pregnancy. The collected dream corpus suggests that dreams during pregnancy can be viewed as a distinct dream genre. This paper develops a tentative typology of that genre. In addition, the authors argue that the context of disclosure was highly relevant to the sorts of manifest contents that were reported.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1990

The multiplicity of dreams: cognitive-affective correlates of lucid, archetypal, and nightmare dreaming.

This preliminary research is the first to compare lucid, nightmare, and archetypal-mythological dreams on dimensions important in previous research on each. A first study of 100 subjects showed all three forms significantly correlated with each other and with estimates of dream recall. In a second study, 41 subjects were selected from the above on the basis of relative specialization in each dream form, with a control group equally high on dream recall. Here, the lucid and archetypal dreamers tended to separate themselves from nightmare sufferers on the basis of high imaginativeness, proclivity to waking mystical experience, spatial/analytic skills, and physical balance. It appears that the intensification of dreaming is expressed positively or negatively, depending on variations in these cognitive dimensions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Hemispheric differentiation and dream recall: subjective estimates of sleep and dreams in different handedness groups.

Previous investigations pointed to a relationship between hemispheric asymmetry and dream recall. Since handedness may reflect the extent to which cerebral organization is lateralized, it was hypothesized that differences in dream recall might exist between different handedness groups. A selected sample of 78 college students (38 right-handers, 25 left-handers, 15 mixed-handers) completed a seven-day sleep and dream diary upon final awakening, at home. Results showed that significantly more dreams are recalled by females compared to males and by right-handers compared to mixed-handers and left-handers. The latter finding is tentatively interpreted as due to a more direct access to aspects of oneiric material structured in the left hemisphere by right-handers, whose language centers are located in the same hemisphere. Unexplained findings of the only other investigation concerning handedness and sleep variables (Hicks, Pellegrini & Hawkins, 1979), which showed greater variability of sleep duration in mixed-handers, were not confirmed by the present study.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1991

[The will to meaning in dreams--the dream as the will to meaning].

As the literature on logo-therapy and existential analysis has not up to this day developed a dream theory and dream interpretation method of its own, this paper tries to suggest, on the basis of Frankl's books, some procedures for a dream interpretation method in existential analysis. The will to meaning and the meaning in dreams are, according to this view, but the two sides of the same coin.

Dreams↗
PubMed1992

On the psychophysiology of dreaming: a sensory image--free association hypothesis of the dream process.

A psychophysiological hypothesis of the dream process during REM sleep called "a sensory image-free association hypothesis" is proposed. It is assumed that a state with a sustained EEG pattern of drowsiness (non-REM stage-1) and muscle atonia produces a stream of disorganized and vague thinking as a background mentation during the REM sleep. The phasic excitation of the brain occurring concurrently with the burst of rapid eye movements (REMs) activates the hippocampal-neocortical memory system and draws out sensory images from the memory reservoir of the brain. The dreamer makes a freely organized association about the successive sensory images and makes up a dream story. This hypothesis is compatible not only with the recent neurophysiological findings but also with traditional psychological interpretation of the dream content.

Animals↗