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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Psychological characteristics of infertile patients: discriminating etiological factors from reactive changes.

Our objective was to discriminate psychological factors playing an etiological role in infertility and psychological problems as consequences of infertility. The design was a prospective study of couples with initially Undetermined Fertility (UF couples) and couples with initially Known Infertility (KI couples). After a 13-month follow-up, three groups could be defined: fertile UF couples; infertile UF couples; and KI couples. Hypotheses were the following. If a psychological factor played an etiological role, measures in fertile UF couples should be different from measures in infertile UF couples and in KI couples. If a psychological measure reflected a reactive change, KI couples should differ from both groups of UF couples. Finally, if a psychological variable played both roles, the three pairwise comparisons between groups should reveal differences, with the largest difference between fertile UF couples and KI couples. The questionnaires used were the Child Project Questionnaire (CPQ), with three factor scores (different for men and women) and a Sexual Problems Score (SPS); the Dyadic Adjustment Scale; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; the Neonatal Perception Inventory. In women, on CPQ factor II, i.e. Frequency of Thoughts and Concerns related to the Project to Conceive a Child and on the SPS, KI women had scores significantly higher than both groups of UF women. In men, on CPQ factor II, i.e. Quality of Integration between Wish for a Child and Sexuality, men from fertile UF couples had significantly higher scores than men from both infertile groups; the two latter groups did not differ significantly. On the SPS, scores of men from infertile UF couples and scores of men from KI couples were significantly higher than scores of men from fertile UF couples; scores were similar in both groups of men from infertile couples. We conclude that in women, CPQ factor II and sexual problems reflected reactive changes to infertility and that in men CPQ factor II and sexual problems represented etiological factors.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2007

Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in Sweden.

There is lack of evidence on the health effects of perceived discrimination. We analysed the association between perceived discrimination and psychological distress, and whether socio-economic disadvantage explains this association in 15,406 men and 17,922 women in Sweden during 2004. After adjustment for age and long-term illness, frequent experiences of discrimination were associated with increased likelihood of psychological distress. Socio-economic disadvantage explained about 25% of this association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of efficacy and age discrimination between psychology and nursing students.

This study considered two types of age discrimination (youth and elder) and related scale scores for 108 psychology students and 81 nursing students. The current study found that although the nursing students had a significantly larger number of courses related to aging, both nursing and psychology students reported low levels of age discrimination. Overall, attitudes of both the nursing and psychology students toward both young and elder populations were positive. Nursing students held higher levels of efficacy with regards to working with the elder population in comparison to psychology students.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in the United States.

We investigate the frequency and psychological correlates of institutional and interpersonal discrimination reported by underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese I, and obese II/III Americans. Analyses use data from the Midlife Development in the United States study, a national survey of more than 3,000 adults ages 25 to 74 in 1995. Compared to normal weight persons, obese II/III persons (body mass index of 35 or higher) are more likely to report institutional and day-to-day interpersonal discrimination. Among obese II/III persons, professional workers are more likely than nonprofessionals to report employment discrimination and interpersonal mistreatment. Obese II/III persons report lower levels of self-acceptance than normal weight persons, yet this relationship is fully mediated by the perception that one has been discriminated against due to body weight or physical appearance. Our findings offer further support for the pervasive stigma of obesity and the negative implications of stigmatized identities for life chances.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Segregation, discrimination and mortality in U.S. blacks.

Theoretically, segregation and discrimination could affect mortality among blacks (African Americans) not only through their impact on social class (including the concentration of blacks in high-poverty areas) but also by influencing health care and psychosocial factors. This paper reviews evidence that variation in mortality rates for black infants and young adults living in large metropolitan areas is associated with the level of black-white segregation. A few metropolitan areas in California with relatively low levels of segregation are shown to have low black death rates and small black-white differences in mortality rates for infants and young adult males (15-44 years old). In-depth studies are needed in these areas. Longitudinal studies of potential "risk factors" for disease and death among blacks should include: personal histories of experiences with discrimination, psychological reactions to discrimination, segregation indexes, quality of life in residential areas, and social class indicators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Body weight and bulimia as discriminators of psychological characteristics among anorexic, bulimic, and obese women.

Bulimic women from underweight (n = 20), normal-weight (n = 31), and overweight (n = 22) categories were compared with restrictor anorexics (n = 20), normal controls (n = 31), and obese subjects (n = 22). Each subject was administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Semantic Differential Potency Scale. Bulimic women in all 3 weight categories exhibited greater psychopathology, more external locus of control, lower self-esteem, and lower sense of personal effectiveness than nonbulimic women at similar weight levels. The highest psychopathology, lowest self-esteem, and most external locus of control were found among the underweight bulimic women. Significant differences between bulimic women of different weight levels suggest the need for some modification of treatment approaches depending on the bulimic women's weight level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Brain responses for the subconscious recognition of faces.

We investigated the event-related responses following subthreshold and suprathreshold stimulation with facial and non-facial figures using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and EEG recordings to clarify the physiological nature of subconscious perception. Event-related magnetic fields and potentials were recorded from the right hemisphere in eight healthy subjects. Three types of stimulus, i.e., facial image (Face), letters of the alphabet (Letters) and random patterns of dots (Dots), with different presentation periods, subthreshold (16 ms), intermediate (32 ms) and suprathreshold (48 ms) were visually presented in a random order. A psychological discrimination task using the same stimuli was also employed. Clear MEG and EEG responses were recorded for all the stimuli, but the amplitude of the responses was largest for Face and smallest for Dots even in the subthreshold stimulation. The equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) for Face were located around the fusiform gyrus, although the correlation coefficients for ECDs were low under subthreshold and intermediate conditions. The ECDs for Letters and Dots were not estimated with reliable correlation coefficients. The results from the psychological task correlated with the dominancy of face recognition. Face perception was processed differently in the subthreshold condition as well as suprathreshold condition. The subconscious recognition of face might be processed around the fusiform gyrus.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Associations between parental psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors.

In this study, psychological control of children was conceptually and empirically distinguished from behavioral control. Further, it was demonstrated as hypothesized that psychological control was more predictive of adolescent internalized problems, and that behavioral control was more predictive of externalized problems. Subjects were 473 fifth-, eighth-, and tenth-grade males and females from a Southern suburb. Control was measured by the Child Report of Parent Behavior Inventory and the Colorado Self-Report of Family Functioning Inventory. Problem behaviors were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist. First- and second-order factor analyses discriminated psychological and behavioral control, and structural equation analyses demonstrated the differential prediction of internalized and externalized problems. These last analyses were conducted using youth-reported data and validated using a subsample of 227 mother-youth pairs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Discriminant value of psychological distress, symptom profiles, and segmental colonic dysfunction in outpatients with severe idiopathic constipation.

Severe idiopathic constipation can be categorised based on physiological testing into subgroups including slow transit constipation and pelvic floor dysfunction. This study aimed to determine if colonic and psychological symptoms, or rectosigmoid transit times, could discriminate among these subgroups. Patients, categorised according to total colonic transit times and pelvic floor function testing, completed a self report questionnaire that recorded symptoms and psychological distress. Patients with normal transit constipation (n = 60) had significantly increased depression scores compared with those who had slow transit constipation (n = 70) or pelvic floor dysfunction (n = 30). The general severity index (GSI, a measure of overall psychological distress) negatively but weakly correlated with total colonic transit (r = -0.26, p < 0.01). A feeling of anal blockage was the only symptom that was associated with pelvic floor dysfunction (v normal transit constipation). Only a more regular defecation pattern, utilisation of different postures to defecate, and a feeling of incomplete evacuation were associated with slow v normal transit constipation. Psychological or colonic symptoms were not, however, significant discriminators in a multivariate analysis. Rectosigmoid transit times at 80% sensitivity had very poor specificity for discriminating pelvic floor dysfunction from other subgroups. It is concluded that clinical symptoms, psychological distress, and rectosigmoid transit times cannot be used to identify subgroups of patients with intractable constipation.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Following and visual imprinting in ducklings across a wide age range.

Ducklings ranging in age from 20-125 hr were exposed to a moving silent object in an open circular apparatus until a criterion of 300 sec of following was met. All ducklings met the criterion, and age did not correlate with the time required. In subsequent choice tests most ducklings approached the imprinting object over a novel object, and age did not correlate with choice behavior. Results indicate that imprinting can occur over a fairly wide age range, and that the traditional critical period for imprinting may, in part, be an artifact of laboratory methods.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

The role of interoception in learned visceral control.

Research concerned with the psychology and physiology of interoceptive processes is reviewed with the purpose of evaluating theoretical formulations of learned visceral control. Basic animal research in interoception provides relevant information; however, much research dealing directly with interoception and learned control is inadequate due either to inappropriate measurement of interoceptive ability or to poor experimental design. The two primary theoretical orientations linking interoception and learned visceral control differ according to the role ascribed to external feedback; the first views feedback as an enhancement of interoceptive cues, the second as an enhancement of exteroceptive cues. These theories are discussed with regard to recent investigations of learned visceral control.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2006

Relevance of rodent models of intravenous MDMA self-administration to human MDMA consumption patterns.

RATIONALE: Despite decades of research specifying harmful effects produced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; a principal component of 'ecstasy' pills), young people (and adults) continue to use it. In an attempt to model human MDMA consumption patterns, preclinical investigators have sought to establish reliable patterns of intravenous MDMA self-administration in rodents. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this report is to offer a critical review of published data (including our own novel findings) that reveal MDMA self-administration in rodents. RESULTS: The data indicate that MDMA serves as a reinforcer in rodents, though the responses are not similar to those previously reported for psychostimulants (i.e., cocaine). Important differences between rodent models and human use patterns include frequency of dosing and dosage exposure, routes of administration, tolerance that develops to MDMA after repeated exposure, polydrug use in humans but not by rodents, limits on the repertoire of behaviors that can be exhibited by rodents undergoing IV self-administration procedures, and the question of neurotoxicity as it relates to models of self-administration. CONCLUSIONS: While MDMA is not as potent a reinforcer as other drugs of abuse, the fact remains that young people and adults continue to use the drug, and therefore, additional research is needed to determine why drugs with low reinforcing effects continue to be abused.

Animals↗