Answer to Case of the Month #3. Pyogenic discitis. Staphylococcal discitis complicated by bilateral psoas abscesses.
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Abscess↗
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Iatrogenic discitis: the role of intravenous antibiotics in prevention and treatment. An experimental study.
The role of antibiotics in the treatment of iatrogenic discitis remains controversial. This study was carried out to assess the ability of cephazolin (a first-generation cephalosporin) to penetrate the intervertebral disc and to establish the role of intravenous antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of iatrogenic discitis. Six sheep had 1 g of intravenous antibiotic administered between 30 minutes and 120 minutes before being killed. Two adjacent lumbar intervertebral discs were harvested and assayed for antibiotic concentration. Cephazolin could only be detected in the animals killed at 30 minutes. Intravenous cephazolin was administered 30 minutes before bacterial inoculation in 46 discs of nine sheep. In five animals, the bacterial suspension contained radiographic contrast and, in four sheep, reconstituted chymopapain. No evidence of discitis was found at any level at death. Eight sheep were treated with intravenous cephazolin commencing 1, 2, or 3 weeks after bacterial intradiscal inoculation and for periods of up to 21 days. All discs developed discitis, and the lesions appeared to be similar, irrespective of time between inoculation and the commencement, duration, and dosage of antibiotic therapy. Our study supports the use of a suitable broad-spectrum antibiotic during any surgical procedure that invades the intervertebral disc. Antibiotics, however, are unable to arrest the progression of discitis once it is established
Animals↗
Discitis after lumbar disc surgery. Features of "aseptic" and "septic" forms.
Two major types of postoperative discitis have been previously described: septic discitis and "avascular" or "chemical" discitis. Percutaneous discal biopsy is an important way of distinguishing these entities. In a retrospective study of 25 cases of postoperative discitis, three groups have been analyzed with bacteriologic and histologic tests: a group of nine patients (group A) with positive discal bacteriologic cultures; a group of eight patients (group B) with typical septic histologic tests but negative bacteriologic discal procedures; and a group of eight patients (group C) in whom the histologic picture was reminiscent of a mechanical process. No group was unique in any clinical and radiologic parameter. Group A and group B were quite similar in biological features, but group C had erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein serum levels significantly lower than groups A and B (P less than 0.01). After 4 weeks, these differences were still present. This study confirms that there are two main features of postoperative discitis that can be recognized by histologic and biological tests, allowing for different treatments.
Biopsy↗
Septic discitis resulting from Escherichia coli urosepsis.
Septic discitis refers to a primary suppurative process involving the intervertebral disc space and occurs as a result of hematogenous invasion or contamination by pyogenic organisms. A case of septic discitis is described in a 77-year-old woman following an episode of Escherichia coli urosepsis. Despite bed rest, an orthosis, and appropriate antibiotics, the patient ultimately had to undergo surgical disc removal. The diagnosis of septic discitis is often made in the context of other diseases that share common clinical and laboratory findings. Magnetic resonance imaging appears well suited for diagnostic confirmation of septic discitis. Needle biopsy and aspiration results should be used to determine the appropriate choice of antibiotic for this disease process.
Aged↗
Discitis following lumbar surgery.
Although well described in the orthopaedic literature and some orthopaedic textbooks, postoperative discitis is regularly missed or diagnosed late. Six cases of discitis were studied in detail with special reference to the clinical presentation. All patients with discitis had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) greater than 50 at 2 or more weeks after surgery. A prospective study of 26 patients undergoing uncomplicated discectomy or fusion was made. ESRs were measured preoperatively and at 1,2, and 6 weeks after operation. Any patient with increasing back pain and an ESR greater than 52 or more weeks after surgery should be considered to have discitis until proven otherwise. If the ESR is measured routinely preoperatively and at 2 weeks postoperatively, this condition should not be missed.
Blood Sedimentation↗
Discitis after discography.
A series of nine patients with post-discography discitis were evaluated to help delineate the clinical course. The most consistent sign was the marked exacerbation of neck or back pain. This then was followed by an elevated sedimentation rate at an average of 20 days, followed by a positive bone scan at an average of 33 days. Of note is that seven patients initially had negative bone scans at an average of 18 days. Five out of nine patients had changes on plain roentgenograms between 14 and 51 days after discography. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in six patients; two of these patients were scanned twice. Three scans were negative and five were positive (2 patients initially had negative scans that later became positive). The course of lumbar discitis ranged from 8 to 11 weeks, and cervical discitis from 6 to 7 weeks, with the latter usually resulting in spontaneous fusion.
Adult↗
Discitis after discography. The role of prophylactic antibiotics.
Discitis after discography is due to bacterial penetration into the intervertebral disc by a contaminated needle and has an incidence of 1% to 4%. We have examined the prophylactic role of cephazolin administered at the time of discography. An experimental study in sheep using radiographic contrast containing Staphylococcus epidermidis showed that either adding the antibiotic to the intradiscal suspension or giving it intravenously 30 minutes before intradiscal inoculation of bacteria prevented any radiographic, macroscopic or histological signs of discitis; all the intervertebral disc cultures were negative. In a prospective clinical study of 127 consecutive patients having lumbar discography, the injected contrast contained cephazolin 1 mg per ml. None of the patients developed clinical or radiographic signs of discitis. We recommend the use of a suitable broad spectrum antibiotic in a single prophylactic dose whenever the intervertebral disc is entered.
Animals↗
Postoperative discitis. Radiology of progress and healing.
The roentgenologic course of postoperative discitis is described in 111 patients examined with laminar tomography. The earliest lesion was blurring of the end plate or minor destructions, leading to cavitation of the vertebral body. Mean time from operation to the first clinical symptoms was 3 weeks. Mean time from operation to first radiologic lesions was 2 months, from operation to maximal lesions 4 months, and to the first radiologic sign of healing 5.5 months. A follow-up study was carried out and the radiologic findings were compared to those of a matched control group. A significantly higher incidence of decrease in disc height, intercorporal fusion and major osteophytes was found in the discitis group. The usefulness of laminar tomography, CT, MRI and isotope studies in the diagnosis of discitis is discussed. It is concluded that laminar tomography is a good alternative, when MRI is not available.
Adult↗
Role of bone scintigraphy in the early diagnosis of discitis.
Nine cases of recorded discitis are presented, in which scintigraphy played an important part in the diagnosis. The patients (five men (aged 21-75 years) and four women (aged 40-73 years)) had a history of back pain varying in duration from two days to three months. Final diagnosis was confirmed microbiologically (seven patients) or radiographically (two patients). Bone scintigraphy was a valuable diagnostic procedure for discitis with earlier detection than plain radiography in three patients and similar initial detection to that of third generation computed tomography. Single photon emission computed tomographic imaging increased diagnostic confidence by indicating the involvement of the adjacent vertebral bodies rather than of the pedicles or spinous processes.
Adult↗
Prognosis in postoperative discitis. A retrospective study of 111 cases.
111 cases of postoperative discitis during 1968-1986 were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnosis was confirmed by lumbar tomography. Low back pain appeared at an average of 16 days postoperatively. Laboratory findings were of minor value in the diagnosis since elevated ESR, white blood cell count, and body temperature were inconstant findings. Compared with a matched control group, there was a higher incidence of chronic low back pain and vocational handicap in the discitis patients. There was no difference in the consumption of analgetics, the subjective evaluation of the final outcome, spinal mobility or neurologic findings.
Adult↗
[Postoperative lumbar discitis].
The authors report our experience on 19 cases of discitis developed after operations for herniated lumbar disc. Because of the negativity of the neuroradiological studies in the acute stage, the recognition of the typical syndrome (severe back pain, spasm of the paravertebral lumbar muscles, limited spinal motility, fever) beginning 3-30 days post-operatively and the study of some laboratory tests (elevated Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and midly to moderately elevated white blood cells (WBC) are very important for diagnosis. The first radiographic findings (disc space narrowing, ecc.) are detectable only 4 to 6 weeks after the first symptoms; other X-ray findings are not seen post-operatively before 6 months-2 years. The CT-scan is diagnostic of discitis only when the following three specific signs are present: a) anterior paravertebral soft tissue swelling with obliteration of paravertebral fat planes; b) fragmentation or erosion of vertebral end plates; c) paravertebral fluid collection (abscess). In our experience a period of immobilization of the spine with a plaster body jackets and the use of adequate antibiotic therapy are the more effective treatment. Undoubtedly the discits are the results of an infection that must be prevented adhering to the aseptic principles not only during surgery but also during the procedures performed in the radiology suite.
Adult↗
Lumbar discitis in a patient with quadriplegia: case report.
The diagnosis of septic discitis, or vertebral osteomyelitis, in able-bodied adults is difficult to make and often delayed. Here, the clinical findings and events leading to diagnosis and complications of septic discitis occurring in a patient with quadriplegia after urinary tract manipulation are presented. The diagnosis was delayed nine weeks from onset of fever (11 weeks after urologic manipulation), despite a variety of radiologic procedures and repeated blood and urine cultures. The patient's symptoms recurred five weeks after IV antibiotics were discontinued and while he was still taking oral cephalexin. He underwent open debridement and further IV and IM tobramycin, recovering without complication. The patient died five months later, reportedly of bowel obstruction and pneumonia. A review of the literature revealed only one other case report, of a patient with paraplegia, who also presented a diagnostic problem and died one year after diagnosis.
Aged↗
Bone scintigraphy in discitis and related disorders in children.
Thirty-nine children with suspected pathology involving the vertebral column were investigated haematologically, radiographically, and by bone scintigraphy using technetium 99M pyrophosphate. Fifteen children were shown to have inflammatory disease of the vertebrae. A further six suffered from Scheuermann's disease, two from benign tumours, and the remainder from miscellaneous diseases not specifically involving bony pathology. The nuclide scan was abnormal in all cases of discitis and osteomyelitis, and in the two tumours. All of the other conditions were associated with a normal bone scan. This finding is of considerable diagnostic importance, and leads support to the theory that discitis is due to bacterial infection.
Adolescent↗
[Discitis in children and adolescents].
This study reported on the anamnesis, clinical and instrumental findings as well as therapy in a girl with discitis. The described diagnostic problems and course are characteristic of this frequently unrecognized disease, the cause of which has not yet been fully clarified. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures suggested in the literature were critically evaluated.
Adolescent↗
[Postoperative lumbar intervertebral discitis. A review of a 15-year period and 7,493 operations].
The incidence of postoperative discitis in a series of almost 7500 surgical interventions covering a period of 15 years is reported. Ninety patients (1.2%) were found to be suffering from typical symptoms, which are described and discussed. It is pointed out that above all radicular pain diminished, while on the other hand severe pain occurred in the lumbar spine, caused by movement and vibration, accompanied by a usually sharp rise in ESR, up to values of 100/200 mm. It is pointed out that conventional tomography is the diagnostic tool of choice, diagnosis being possible as of approx. three weeks postoperatively. The social implications of this important complication are pointed out, in particular the fact that only 50% of patients were able to return to full-time work in their old occupations, while the rest had to retire or accept a less strenuous job.
Adult↗
Intervertebral discitis in childhood.
Many paediatricians are unaware of the disease entity of discitis, which must be included in the differential diagnosis of several acute and subacute diseases of infancy and childhood. In order to draw attention to this disorder, three Swedish and two Arabic children, aged from 9 months to 3 years, are jointly presented. The onset of symptoms was 2-4 weeks prior to admission. The clinical diagnosis was verified by plain X-ray of the spine and bone scanning. Two of the children had low grade fevers. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates were moderately elevated, while white blood cell counts were normal or slightly increased. Blood cultures were negative. The children were treated with immobilization, and three of them received antibiotics. Full recovery was achieved in all children after 1-2 months. The diagnostic procedure and the rationale of using or not using antibiotic treatment is discussed.
Child, Preschool↗
Rheumatoid discitis with cord compression at the thoracic level.
A 63-year-old man presented with spinal cord compression caused by rheumatoid discitis at a high thoracic level. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging proved to be very useful in evaluating the extent of the inflammatory process. Early decompression and internal fixation resulted in cure with only some residual functional impairment.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
Discitis caused by the Centers for Disease Control microorganism Group Ve-1.
An unusual case of discitis in a 60-year-old, insulin-dependent, diabetic man is presented. Radiographs of the lumbar spine demonstrated changes associated with infection of the intervertebral disc space. Cultures from the L5-S1 disc space grew the microorganism designated by the Centers for Disease Control as Group Ve-1, an organism that has had questionable clinical significance in the past, and has not been reported as a pathogen in an intervertebral disc space.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗