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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

[The larval development of Dipetalonema rugosicauda (syn. Wehrdikmansia rugosicauda) in the tick Ixodes ricinus. II. The development of Dipetalonema rugosicauda in Ixodes ricinus and investigations about the occurrence of the microfilariae in the roe deer (C. capreolus) (author's transl)].

Microfilariae of D. rugosicauda, which were taken up by nymphs of I. ricinus during their attachment on roe deers, developed in those ticks to infective larvae after two moults. The larval development lasted 56-67 days at 20-22 degrees C and occurred similar to other species of Dipetalonema inclusive a sausage stage. During this time the nymphs moulted to adult ticks. Adult females and males of I. ricinus collected in the area of Biberach/Riss, Southern-Germany, contained up to 12 infective larvae of D. rugosicauda per tick. The occurrence of those infective larvae and of microfilariae in roe deers depended on the season. The highest rate of infected ticks was 4.3% in spring, whereas the maximum rate of infected roe deers was 46.8% in autumn. Based on investigations of fawns of roe deers the prepatent period of D. rugosicauda can be estimated as approximately 6 months. Compared with microfilariae of Onchocerca tarsicola from red deers the microfilariae of D. rugosicauda prefered deeper layers of the ear skin of their hosts. Besides D. rugosicauda microfilariae of a further hitherto unknown species were detected in the ear skin of roe deers additionally. They resembled microfilariae of O. tarsicola.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dipetalonema lineage. New attempt at classification].

Through comparing the morphological evolution to the host range and the geographical distribution we can suggest Dipetalonema sensu-largo may be interpreted as a gondwanian lineage which may have evolved after the three main austral continents drifted apart. Therefore, we propose the following systematic splitting: --Sprattia n.gen., type species: S. venacavincola parasite of Australian Marsupials, which may be related to Litomosa; --Breinlia Yorke and Maplestone, 1926, and Breinlia (Johnstonema) (Yeh, 1957), parasite of Australian Marsupials; --Skrjabinofilaria (Travassos, 1925), parasite of American Marsupials; --Macdonaldius (Khanna, 1933), parasite of American Reptiles; --Dipetalonema (Orihelia) n.sub. gen., type species: D. (O.) anticlava, parasite of Dasypodidae; --Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) (Cobbold, 1870), parasite of Insectivora, Carnivora, Pinnipedia, sometimes Rodents; --Dipetalonema (Molinema) (Freitas and Lent, 1939), parasite of Caviomorpha and Beavers; --Dipetalonema (Loxodontofilaria) (Berghe and Gillain, 1939), parasite of Ethiopian Ungulates; --Dipetalonema (Chenofilaria) (Kou, 1958), parasite of Asiatic Pholidota and Australian Marsupials; --Dipetalonema (Dipetalonema) (Diesing, 1861), parasite of American Primates; --Monanema Anteson, 1968, parasite of Rodents other than Cariomorpha; --Ackertia (Vaz, 1934), parasite of Caviomorpha; --Tetrapetalonema (Sandnema) n.sub.gen., type species: T. (S.) digitata, parasite of Asiatic Insectivora and Primates; --Tetrapetalonema (Tetrapetalonema) (Faust, 1935), parasite of Tupaidae, Platyrhinii, and, sometimes, American Rodents and Carnivora; --Tetrapetalonema (Esslingeria) n. sub.gen., type species: T. (E.) perstans, parasite of African African Anthropoidea and Humans; --Filarissima (Chabaud, 1974), parasite of Caviomorpha.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) didelphis sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from opossums, with a redescription of D. (A.) pricei (Vaz and Pereira 1934).

Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) didelphis sp. n. recovered from the subcutaneous and periesophageal connective tissues of Didelphis virginiana from several localities in the United States and of D. marsupialis from Colombia is described. Dipetalonema didelphis sp. n. resembles D reconditum and D. mansonbahri in size, in lacking a two-segmented buccal capsule, and in the female having a long, digitiform tail. Dipetalonema reconditum, however, has a much longer glandular esophagus and D. mansonbahri has a rounded cephalic extremity delimited by a necklike region. The male of D. didelphis sp. n. differs from both in the structural details of the spicules and in having a higher spicular ratio. The microfilaria is much shorter than that of either D. reconditum or D. mansonbahri. Dipetalonema (A.) pricei adults are redescribed from the paratype specimens, and the microfilaria is also described. Dipetalonema pricei most closely resembles D. dracunculoides in size and in the presence of a well-developed, two-segmented buccal capsule, but the latter species has a much longer glandular esophagus. These two species also differ in the appearance of the spicules.

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PubMed1982

[New data on the Dipetalonema lineage (Filarioidea, Nematoda)].

The evolutionary line of Dipetalonema can apparently be divided into four groups: I: Australian species; II: paleoendemic South American species; III: the Tetrapetalonema group; IV: the Acanthocheilonema group. Loxodontofilaria at present insufficiently known to be classified and several species belonging to the Acanthocheilonema group are the object of the present study. Descriptions are given of Loxodontofilaria asiatica n. sp., parasite of Elephas indicus in Burma, Cercopithifilaria degraaffi n. sp., parasites of Papio ursinus in South Africa, C. cephalophi n. sp., parasite of Cephalophus dorsalis and C. gabonensis n. sp., parasite of Atherurus africanus in Gabon. Additional morphological data are given on Cercopithifilaria didelphis, C. rugosicauda, Acanthocheilonema pachycephalum, A. viteae, Molinema dessetae, Dipetalonema gracile, Orihelia sp., Skrjabinofilaria skrjabini, Breinlia (B.) spratti, Litomosa sp., Loxodontofilaria hippopotami. Yatesia n. gen. with type species Yatesia hydrochoerus (Yates, 1980), is proposed, distinguished by specialized characters of the posterior extremity. The genus Cercopithifilaria is used to accomodate species considered as specialized Acanthocheilonema. Chenofilaria is placed in synonymy with Acanthocheilonema. Loxodontofilaria includes the three filarid species from elephants, L. loxodontis, L. gossi, L. asiatica n. sp. and the species from the Hippopotamus, L. hippopotami; D. okapiae is considered a species inquirenda. The interpretation given for the neotropical fauna is the following: --Skrjabinofilaria, Orihelia, Dasypafilaria and Dipetalonema may be true paleoendemics in South America. --Molinema and Ackertia on the one hand and Yatesia on the other may be forms of African origin introduced at the end of the Eocene during the migration of African rodents into South America. The cpature in American reptiles (the genus Macdonaldius) could have occurred during this period. --Surprisingly, the two species of Dipetalonema in Didelphis may be late captures of neartic origin: A. pricei from Acanthocheilonema in carnivores and C. didelphis from a Cercopithifilaria in eutherian mammals.

Africa↗
PubMed1980

Dipetalonema from the eye of a man in Oregon, U.S.A. A case report.

A 21-mm filarial worm appeared suddenly in the anterior chamber of the right eye of a 32-year-old man in western Oregon. By a simultaneous irrigation-aspiration procedure, it was removed alive and only slightly damaged and was identified as a female Dipetalonema in the fourth stage of development. It was the third such case to be reported from western Oregon. In this and one other case the worms were morphologically similar to adult worms identified as Dipetalonema arbuta Highby 1943 from the body cavity of the porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) and a similar species, Dipetalonema sprenti Anderson 1953, from the body cavity of the beaver (Castor canadensis).

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Dipetalonema (Cercopithifilaria) kenyensis subgen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from African baboons, Papio anubis.

Dipetalonema (Cercopithifilaria) kenyensis subgen. et sp. n. is described from the subcutaneous connective tissues of Papio anubis, from Kenya, Africa. Of the six recognized subgenera of the genus Dipetalonema, Cercopithifilaria most closely resembles Loxodontofilaria and Chenofilaria in having an undividied esophagus. The appearance of the female tail and the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae in the male distinguish it from these two subgenera. The species kenyensis is distinct from all other species by its body size, its microfilaria, and the size and shape of the spicules. This is the first species of Dipetalonema to be described from an African primate.

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PubMed1981

[Serological cross-reactions between Echinococcus multilocularis and Dipetalonema viteae infected rodents (author's transl)].

Sera from 30 E. multilocularis infected NMRI-mice and 30 D. viteae infected golden hamsters were tested in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFAT) and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) tests. In the IFAT there were cross-reactions with all sera, but there were differences between the average titres. While filarial antisera gave higher titres in the homologous system (1:640 against 1:80), it was the opposite with Echinococcus antisera (1:160 against 1:640). Other differences referred to the parasite structures which fluoresced: using Echinococcus antigen the homologous sera gave a bright fluorescence of the outer protoscolex layers including the hooks, while Dipetalonema antisera showed fluorescence of the protoscolex parenchyma only. Thus it is easy to distinguish between homologous and heterologous reactions. Corresponding differences could not be found when using Dipetalonema antigen. In the IHA tests with E. granulosus antigen, which showed an average titre of 1:640 witch E. multilocularis sera, there were few cross-reactions, only 4 out of 30 Dipetalonema antisera giving a positive result.

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PubMed1993

Experimental transmission of Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold 1870) by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806).

A dog naturally infected with Dipetalonema dracunculoides and having a microfilaremia of 6050 microfilariae per mm3 of blood was used as source of infection. Experimentally cultivated nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus were fed on the donor dog. Once engorged, ninety-three nymphs were removed and kept at 30 degrees C and RH 90% until they moulted to the adult stage. To study the development of microfilariae in the vector, ten ticks were dissected at Day 37 post-infection. Adult infected ticks were fed on two uninfected dogs. The observed pre-patent periods were 69 and 76 days. Trans-stadial transmission of Dipetalonema dracunculoides by Rhipicephalus sanguineus was demonstrated.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Deviation of the life cycle of Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea)].

Dipetalonema viteae is a filarial that can evoluate among hosts zoologically broadly apart (Ixodides and Argasides), but always gathered from meriones burrows. Its evolution is, on the contrary, blocked among most of the other ticks, particularly among Ornithodoros erraticus morphologically very similar to the normal vector. Our work concerns the experimental deviation of the cycle of Dipetalonema viteae, with its possible adaptability in the bosom of an intermediate of fowl tropism and a permanent host, different from a gnawing.

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PubMed1986

[Dipetalonema (Alafilaria) hydrochoerus Yates (1983)].

Four filariae are known to parasitize the capybara "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris" namely the "Cruorifilaria tuberocauda", Eberhard, Morales & Orihel, 1976; the "Dipetalonema (Alafilaria) hydrochoerus", Yates & Jorgenson, 1983, and "Mansonella longicapita" and "Mansonella rotundicapita [corrected]", Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1983. In this study we describe briefly the adult parasites and, the microfilaria of the species "Dipetalonema (Alafilaria) hydrochoerus" which were isolated from skin nips and we have found that the capybara "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris" is parasitized in a proportion of 80% in the 16 animals studied.

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PubMed1978

Studies on naturally occurring filarial infections in dogs in Lebanon. I. Dipetalonema reconditum.

A survey for filarial parasites was carried out on dogs in Lebanon. The peripheral blood was examined for microfilariae and the skins and carcasses for adult worms. Three methods were used for blood examination: (a) thick blood films stained with Giemsa; (b) a modified Knott's technique (Methylene Blue stained); (c) sodium citrate technique. Two species of filarial worm were found, Dipetalonema reconditum and another species of Dipetalonema which will be described in a later paper. The morphology of microfilariae and adults of D. reconditum is described. The microfilariae of D. reconditum showed a nocturnal sub-periodicity. Attempts were made to find vectors by feeding Aedes aegypti, Aedes phoeniciae, Culex pipiens molestus and Clenocephalides felis on an infected dog. Developing and infective stages were recovered only from C. felis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Dipetalonema (Alafilaria) hydrochoerus subgen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Colombian capybaras.

Dipetalonema (Alafilaria) hydrochoerus subgen. et sp. n. is described from specimens recovered from skeletal muscle fascia of the capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochacris, from several localities in Colombia, South America. The microfilaria, which is found in the skin of the host, is also described for the first time. The monotypic species of the subgenus Alafilaria can be distinguished from existing Dipetalonema subgenera and all filariae known to us, on the basis of numerous preanal caudal papillae in males, small size of petals on the caudal extremity of each sex, and low, bluntly-rounded lateral alae in the cuticle of adult worms of both sexes. Unusual and distinctive features of the microfilaria include conspicuous lateral cuticular alae and a caudal extremity devoid of nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Redescription of Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) procyonis Price 1955 (Nematoda: Filarioidea from the raccoon.

Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) procyonis Price 1955 is redescribed from specimens recovered from the subcutaneous tissues of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Louisiana. The microfilaria, which is found in the skin of the host, is described for the first time. Dipetalonema (A.) procyonis can be distinguished from other members of the subgenus Acanthocheilonema based on the presence of four conical petals on the posterior extremity of both sexes; the females of all other previously described species possess three caudal appendages.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Tolerance in rats by transplacental transfer of Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae: recognition of putative tolerogen(s) by antibodies that inhibit antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation.

We have previously reported (Nature 1982. 299:361) that the transplacental transfer of Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae (mf) can induce an antigen-specific tolerance in rats. Rats thus tolerized have serum factor(s) which block(s) antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation. The results of experiments involving fractionation of antisera from tolerant animals indicate that the inhibitory activity for antigen-specific blastogenesis resides in IgG antibodies. Absorption of IgG (eluted from protein A) with specific filarial antigens reduced the inhibition from 58% to 9% whereas a similar immunosorption of IgG size fraction (obtained by applying to AcA 34 Ultrogel) resulted in a decrease from 72% to 35%. This suggests that IgG size fraction might include factor(s) derived from mf and was partially blocking the blastogenic response. Since the tolerant animals harbor only mf, we have used radiolabeled mf surface antigens for immunoprecipitation by antisera from tolerant animals. Antibodies from tolerant animals have a different specificity for filarial antigens compared to those from immunocompetent and mf-resistant rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fecundity and localization of Dipetalonema viteae (Nematoda, Filarioidea) in the jird Meriones unguiculatus.

In quantitatively infected Meriones unguiculatus autopsied during prepatency, the embryonic development of fertilized eggs in the uteri of female Dipetalonema viteae commenced 29-32 days p.i., and approximately 20 days later the first microfilariae were released. In host animals examined at the onset of patency 45-59 days p.i. the average adult recovery rate was 31%. The worms were localized in the subcutaneous tissue (65.3%), fasciae of muscles (26.9%) and body cavities (7.8%). Female worms from the peritoneal and pleural cavities were significantly longer (44.3 +/- 10.4 mm) than those from the other habitats (33.7 +/- 5.5 mm). Female worms 14-20 weeks p.i. contained a total of 172,700 +/- 62,400 intrauterine stages, 21% of them pathologically altered. Based on these parameters, the expected in vivo fecundity of a female worm was calculated as about 7000 microfilariae per day.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reaginic and homocytotropic IgG antibody response of Mastomys natalensis in experimental infections of filarial parasites (Litomosoides carinii, Dipetalonema viteae, Brugia malayi, B. pahangi).

Reaginic and homocytotropic IgG antibodies in sera using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test and antigen from Litomosoides carinii were followed in Mastomys natalensis, infected with L. carinii, Dipetalonema viteae, Brugia malayi or B. pahangi. Groups of animals with infections of various ages so as to cover a total infection period of up to 300 to 420 days post-infection (p.i.), depending on the species of parasites, were bled at 1- to 3-week intervals over periods of 50-112 days. In addition, intradermal tests were performed on animals infected with L. carinii to detect immediate type hypersensitivity. Reaginic antibodies were usually first detected in the 3rd week after infection. Thereafter, a marked increase of PCA titres was observed in the 4th week p.i. leading to maximum titres 4 weeks after infection with D. viteae and B. pahangi and 6 weeks after B. malayi infection. Mean maximum titres were between 1:40 and 1:160. Following the peak response, titres decreased markedly until the beginning of patency in infections with D. viteae, B. malayi and B. pahangi whereas a constant course was observed at this time in animals infected with L. carinii. A further rise in PCA titres occurred in all infections around the beginning of patency, resulting in maximum reagin levels in L. carinii infections (mean titre 1:80) and moderate titres in the other infections. During early patency there was an inverse relationship between microfilaraemia density and levels of reaginic antibodies. However, in the phase of decreasing parasitaemia in L. carinii infected animals, microfilariae counts and PCA titres were directly correlated. Homocytotropic IgG antibodies showed relatively constant PCA titres of about 1:20 in L. carinii infected Mastomys throughout the observation period. In D. viteae infections they were demonstrated at 30 days p.i., reaching titres of about 1:40. B. malayi infected animals showed a maximum titre of 1:40 40 days p.i.. Thereafter, titres decreased continuously and homocytotropic IgG antibodies were absent at 110 days p.i.. High titres were observed at day 150 but thereafter sera were negative. B. pahangi infected animals showed moderate titres (1:5) 35 days p.i.. Thereafter, antibodies were found at low titres until 115 days p.i.. Intradermal reactions in L. carinii infected animals generally increased in size from 30-60 but decreased when microfilariae appeared in the blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Time courses of antibody levels in Mastomys natalensis after infections with Litomosoides carinii, Dipetalonema viteae, Brugia malayi or B. pahangi, Determined by ELISA.

Using a Litomosoides carinii adult antigen, time courses of antibody levels were followed by an ELISA in L. carinii, Dipetalonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi infected Mastomys natalensis. Using various groups of infected animals, periods up to 400 days after infection were covered. In L. carinii infected Mastomys, antibodies were first detected 11 days p.i. and levels increased rapidly until day 40. Temporarily reduced levels about the beginning of patency were followed by increasing values until about 100 days p.i. Then the antibody content of the sera remained more or less constant until about 250 days p.i. although maximum levels were found at day 170. Thereafter, the antibody concentration in the sera declined slowly but high levels were still observed 390 days p.i. The antibody content was usually higher in animals with high microfilariae densities than in those with low microfilariae counts but relations could not be proven statistically. In D. viteae infected Mastomys, maximum antibody values were reached within the beginning of patency. Levels were not altered markedly until about 110 days p.i. Thereafter they decreased slightly but then remained constant until the end of the investigation period 350 days p.i. B. malayi infected animals showed a rapid increase of the antibody content in the sera; a maximum was reached by 20 days after the infection. Thereafter, somewhat constant levels were found for 4--5 months. After 300 days p.i. the antibody levels declined progressively, accompanied with increasing parasitaemia densities; after 380 days the levels reached about 2/3 of the maximum. However, despite this, no relation was found between the levels of parasitaemia and antibody in individual animals. In B. pahangi infections the main prepatent antibody increase occurred during week 5 p.i., when maximum values were observed. The beginning of patency and the early patency were accompanied with slightly declining antibody levels. From 150 days p.i. until the end of the investigation 400 days p.i., the antibody content of the sera was fairly constant.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Dipetalonema viteae: resistance in Meriones unguiculatus with multiple infections of stage-3 larvae.

The jird, Meriones unguiculatus, infected with 80 normal infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae, revealed a recovery rate of 27.9% 12 weeks after infection. A pretreatment by three injections of 50 normal larvae each and challenge by 80 larvae resulted in a recovery rate of 10.7%. The recovered worms were longer than those from the challenge control animals. When three times 50 irradiated larvae (35 krad) were inoculated, the recovery rate of the challenge decreased to 2.6%, representing a protection of 90.7%. The surviving adult worms were stunted and derived exclusively from the 80 normal larvae given for challenge, since absolutely no adult worms were recovered in eight animals inoculated three times with 50 irradiated larvae only. Sera of all pretreated jirds contained IgG and IgM antibodies which bound in immunoblotting experiments bound predominantly to three proteins of larvae with molecular masses of 68,140, and 165 kDa, respectively. Enzymatic surface iodination revealed that the three antigens were exposed on the larval surface. The coincidence of a partial resistance to a challenge infection and of an antibody response against surface proteins of infective larvae suggests an importance of these antigens for the rejection of D. viteae mediated by an acquired immunological resistance of M. unguiculatus.

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