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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1956

Alteration by dinitrocresol of pathways for glucose oxidation in eggs of arbacia punctulata.

1. The C(14)O(2) production by Arbacia eggs and embryos from glucose-1-C(14), glucose-2-C(14), and glucose-6-C(14) has been measured without and with dinitrocresol in the incubation medium. In the absence of the dinitrocresol, the C(14)O(2) production from glucose-1-C(14) is more rapid than from glucose-2-C(14) and much more rapid than from glucose-6-C(14); this, together with previous findings, indicates that glucose is utilized in Arbacia eggs predominantly via the TPN shunt rather than via the aldolase step of the glycolytic pathway. In the presence of the dinitrocresol, C(14)O(2) from glucose-6-C(14) approaches that from glucose-1-C(14), indicating that, in the presence of this reagent, glucose utilization is diverted from the shunt to the glycolytic pathway. 2. Incorporation of C(14) from glucose labelled in the 1-, 2-, or 6- positions into other metabolic products of the eggs and embryos is also inhibited by dinitrocresol, particularly incorporation into the acid-insoluble fraction containing nucleoproteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy as an ancillary high-performance liquid chromatography detector for nitrophenol compounds.

In this study, the potential application of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy as an off-line secondary detector for HPLC has been evaluated. Four nitrophenol compounds, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 4,6-dinitrocresol were separated by isocratic reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and monitored with a conventional UV detector. Resonance Raman (RR) and SERRS spectroscopy were next used to provide the required specificity for distinguishing the nitrophenol compounds. The SERRS detection limit for both 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol was calculated to be 14 ppb and that for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 4,6-dinitrocresol was estimated to lie near the parts-per-billion level as well. This detection limit is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that obtained by RR spectroscopy.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1993

Biological monitoring of occupational pesticides exposure.

Two kinds of measurement: (1) enzyme activities in blood, and (2) unchanged pesticides and their metabolites in urine or blood have been used in biological monitoring for assessing exposure to pesticides. The assays of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in whole blood and erythrocytes are mainly applied to estimate inhibition by organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. A level at 70% of an individual's baseline or of a mean population AChE activity has been recommended as a reference value for exposure control. The measurement of lymphocyte "neuropathy target esterase (NTE)" activity in subjects handling axonopathic OPs is mainly for research application. Analytical methods are available for detecting alkylphosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, some herbicides and fungicides, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, dichloropropene, dinitrocresol and pentochlorophenol or their metabolites in urine or blood. However, due to lack of significant dose-response or dose-effect relationship, the majority of these determinants can only be used as biological exposure indicators to confirm exposure or to estimate internal dose. Further research in developing adequate indicators and methods for biological monitoring of occupational pesticides exposure is needed. Pre-exposure value and/or reference value of relevant indicators are necessary for assessing the degree of exposure and absorption.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1950

Action of nitro- and halophenols upon oxygen consumption and phosphorylation by a cell-free particulate system from arbacia eggs.

1. The ability of 4,6-dinitrocresol and eight other substituted phenols to stimulate oxygen uptake and inhibit phosphorylation by a cell-free particulate system from unfertilized Arbacia eggs has been determined. Five of those agents can produce both stimulation of oxygen consumption and inhibition of phosphorylation; one inhibits both oxygen consumption and phosphorylation; and two have no effect on either oxygen consumption or phosphorylation. In every case the effects of these substituted phenols upon the cell-free particulate systems parallel those upon oxygen consumption and cleavage in the intact fertilized Arbacia eggs. 2. The data suggest that energy for cleavage of the Arbacia egg is provided at least in part by oxidative phosphorylation and that substituted phenols may block cleavage by interfering with generation and transfer of high-energy phosphate groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immobilization of leachable toxic soil pollutants by using oxidative enzymes.

Screening of leachable toxic chemicals in a horseradish peroxidase-H(2)O(2) immobilization system established that immobilization was promising for most phenolic pollutants but not for benzoic acid, 2,6-dinitrocresol, or dibutyl phthalate. The treatment did not mobilize inherently nonmobile pollutants such as anilines and benzo[a]pyrene. In a separate study, an extracellular laccase in the culture filtrate of Geotrichum candidum was selected from five fungal enzymes evaluated as a cost-effective substitute for horseradish peroxidase. This enzyme was used in demonstrating the immobilization and subsequent fate of C-labeled 4-methylphenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol in soil columns. When applied to Lakewood sand, 98.1% of 4-methylphenol was leached through with distilled water. Two days after immobilization treatment with the G. candidum culture filtrate, only 9.1% of the added 4-methylphenol was leached with the same volume of water. Of the more refractory test pollutant 2,4-dichlorophenol, 91.6% had leached at time zero and 48.5% had leached 1 day after the immobilization treatment. However, 2 weeks after immobilization, only 12.0% of the 2,4-dichlorophenol was leached compared with 61.7% from the control column that received no immobilization treatment. No remobilization of the bound pollutants was detected during 3- and 4-week incubation periods. Enzymatic immobilization of phenolic contaminants in soil appears to be a promising technique for the reduction of groundwater pollution by such substances.

Journal Article↗