[Differences in levels of fertility (differential fertility)].
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Age Factors↗
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[Fertility, employment, and migration. Differential fertility according to migration experience using census data].
Differential fertility in Italy by occupation is analyzed using census data. The author uses the own-children method to develop retrospective estimates of period fertility for women in 1976 and 1981. The occupational status categories used are "employed in the same sector, employed in a different sector, no longer employed, new employed, never employed. A strong relation appears between work status changes and fertility trends: the women who recently obtained a new job touch the lowest level of fertility, while those who left their job reach the highest level." The impact of migration and nuptiality is also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
Demography↗
Emergence of fertility differentials as evidence of fertility decline in India.
"A review of major studies on fertility concludes that it is only from the late 1960s that movement from the stage of uncontrolled fertility to the stage of controlled fertility leading to the emergence of socio-economic differentials in fertility seems to have really gotten underway in India. This process appears to have been accelerated during the 1970s and 1980s."
Asia↗
Fertility differentials in rural Bangladesh.
"Data from two sources in rural Bangladesh have been used in this study to examine the differentials in fertility by selected socio-economic and demographic factors. Results [indicate] that age at first marriage, education of spouses and availability of electricity in the household...have [an] inverse relationship with fertility. Higher fertility is observed for Muslim women than for non-Muslims. It has been found that fertility is the lowest to those women whose husbands are service holders and the highest for agriculture."
Asia↗
Levels of fertility and reproduction and differential fertility in Sholapur City.
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Asia↗
Are fertility differentials by education converging in the United States?
"According to the theory of demographic transition, fertility differentials by education tend to become strongly negative in the early stages of transition, because family limitation tends to catch on first among the more educated. As the transition proceeds, contraceptive use diffuses to the less educated, and fertility differentials by education eventually tend to reconverge. The question addressed here is: Do fertility differentials by education disappear or become positive in advanced industrial societies? Evidence presented in this paper indicates that in the United States they do not. As late as 1990, the latest year that we consider, fertility differentials by education were still strongly negative." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE)
Americas↗
Recent fertility differentials in Britain.
"Recent differentials in fertility in Britain are examined in a multivariate analysis using a combined sample of the 1986-89 General Household Surveys. The range of quantum and tempo indicators analyzed covers: total births, proportion ever marrying and each parity progression ratio up to the fourth, mean age at marriage and each birth interval up to the fourth. The differentials appearing are, by and large, narrow and are consistent with traditional findings and recent research.... In the case of education, however, several quantum variables, having displayed an initially inverse association, become directly associated with terminal education age when initial age and other factors are controlled."
Age Factors↗
Fertility differentials between slaves in the United States and the British West Indies: a note on lactation practices and their possible implications.
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Black or African American↗
Social structure and U.S. inter-state fertility differentials in 1900.
This paper investigates the importance of agricultural land shortages versus modernization of the society in influencing inter-state differentials in fertility in 1900, when the United States was in mid-transition. Urbanization and manufacturing characteristics of states were the strongest correlates of variations in the index of total fertility because urban-industrialism depressed both the probability of marriage and marital fertility. Other modern characteristics of American states were also important in understanding variations in marital fertility. Low labor force employment of children and farm mechanization, integrally related characteristics, seemed to depress levels of marital fertility in many parts of the United States, independent of the urban-industrial system. Agricultural land opportunity had little overall effect on marital fertility; however, it was quite important in understanding variations in patterns of marriage.
Adolescent↗
A preliminary note on fertility differentials by social class in Suriname.
This paper examines the fertility differentials by social class in Suriname in the 1960s and 1970s, and analyses the sudden stagnation in the decline in fertility that occurred between 1962 and 1974. Substantial differences in fertility by social class existed in the 1960s and 1970s in Suriname, with the number of liveborn children to mothers at each age during the childbearing period being higher for lower class than for middle class mothers. Both social classes contributed to the drop in overall fertility which occurred between 1962-74 although the middle class displayed the largest reduction in fertility. The stabilization of the fertility trend since 1974 is limited to the middle class which seems to have realized its ideal family size.
Age Factors↗
Fertility differentials in Madhya Pradesh, India.
"The present paper explains the fertility differentials among socio-cultural groups and regions in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and examines the role of such factors as general and female literacy, age at marriage and infant mortality in determining the fertility levels. The study indicates that no single factor is of overwhelming importance. These factors in combination, as revealed by multivariate analysis, account for about 29 percent inter-district variation in fertility in the state."
Asia↗
Ethnic fertility differentials in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.
Differences in fertility between the three major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore have existed since before the onset of fertility decline in the late 1950s and remain today, although the relative positions and the actual differences have changed due to the varying rates of decline. By 1987, the Malays experienced the highest fertility and the Chinese the lowest in both countries but in Singapore the Malay fertility was lower than the Chinese fertility in Peninsular Malaysia. The fertility differentials will lead to changes in the ethnic composition in both countries but more so in Peninsular Malaysia.
Adolescent↗
Fertility differentials in rural Nepal: evidence from a survey of a hill area.
"The purpose of this paper is to document fertility differentials in a population which is beginning the fertility transition...and help understand the dynamic process of interaction between the socio-economic variables and fertility variables.... Data were collected [in 1988] in eight main settlement clusters and in a hill district of central Nepal."
Asia↗
[Population genetics study of the differential fertility in urban populations].
In an urban population with widespread birth control practice the distribution of the number of pregnancies, births and abortions was studied in a cohort of women of completed fertility. The mean number of pregnancies per woman was 4.03 +/- 0.08 (sigma = = 2.98); the mean number of births - 1.12 +/- 0.02 (sigma = 0.77). 7.4% of women which had completed their reproductive performance had no pregnancies and 19.5% - no births. The Crow's Index of the Opportunity for Selection and its components connected with differential fertility and differential mortality were estimated. In the population under study two components of selection - selection at the prenatal stages and selection associated with infertility - are shown to be still significant. Such type of selection is exemplified by investigation of couples suffering from repeated spontaneous abortions.
Abortion, Habitual↗
Empirical findings on socioeconomic determinants of fertility differentials in Costa Rica.
"This paper seeks to (1) identify socioeconomic variables that are expected to generate fertility differentials; (2) hypothesize the direction and magnitude of the effect of each variable by reference to a demand-for-children model; and (3) test empirically the model using evidence from Costa Rica. The estimates are obtained from a ten-percent systematic random sample of all Costa Rican individual-family households. There are 15,924 families in the sample...." The authors specifically seek "to capture the effects of changing relative prices and available income and time constraints on parental preferences for children. Least-squares estimates show statistically significant relationships between household fertility and opportunity cost of time, parental education, occurrence of an extended family, medical care, household sanitation, economic sector of employment, and household stock of nonhuman capital."
Americas↗
Differential fertility of mothers of twins and mothers of singletons: study in Limon, Costa Rica.
The reproductive performance of mothers of twins is of interest from an evolutionary perspective. Because mothers of twins have the potential of leaving a greater number of offspring, they could be favored by natural selection. At the same time, twin pregnancies are known to be associated with higher pre- and postnatal mortality. Thus mothers of twins at least have potentially higher fertility, a potential that may be hampered by greater mortality of twins. Here, I examine the completed fertility of 149 females, 50 years of age and older, from Limon, Costa Rica. In particular, the number of surviving children of mothers of twins and mothers of singletons at the time of the interview is compared. In this sample mothers of twins have a higher fertility at the end of their reproductive career. Their selection coefficient indicates that natural selection favors them through differential fertility.
Costa Rica↗
Differential fertility of adopted schizophrenics and their half-siblings.
The paper presents data on the differential fertility of schizophrenics and controls, and the fertility of their siblings. This study used several methodological procedures in the study of schizophrenia reproduction, which strengthens the validity of the findings. Firstly, both male and female rates were examined. Secondly, the method of selection of a control avoided the biases introduced by using census data or other non-matched controls. Third, a diagnostic criterion was used which minimizes the possibility of the inclusion of other psychiatric illnesses. The results obtained support prior reports of the lowered reproductive rates of schizophrenics. Further, the siblings of schizophrenics were found not to have a reproductive advantage when contrasted to control siblings. The failure to find a reproductive advantage conflicts with a hypothesis of a balanced polymorphism as the mechanism maintaining an apparent constant rate of schizophrenia.
Adult↗
Consanguinity and its relationship to differential fertility and mortality in the Kotia: a tribal population of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Data on patterns of marriage, differential fertility and mortality were collected from 211 Kotia women residing in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Consanguineous marriages made up just over a quarter of the total, and of these, father's sister's daughter (FSD) were more common than mother's brother's daughter (MBD). The mean inbreeding coefficient for the sample (F) was 0.0172. Women in consanguineous marriages had a lower mean number of total conceptions, live births and living offspring (net fertility) than women in non-consanguineous marriages. Significant heterogeneity was found in the means of living offspring for FSD, MBD and non-consanguineous couples, but not for conceptions and live births.
Birth Rate↗