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PubMed1990

Automated access to a large medical dictionary: online assistance for research and application in natural language processing.

Online dictionaries can be important tools for research and application in natural language processing. This paper describes work with a machine-readable version of "Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary". First the characteristics of the dictionary are briefly described, and then the complex process of converting the tape to an online interactive dictionary is discussed. The results of several experiments in automatically deriving information from the online dictionary are presented, and the paper ends with a discussion of the use of the online dictionary as a tool in the development of a natural language processing system designed for the biomedical domain.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A feature dictionary supporting a multi-domain medical knowledge base.

Because different terminology is used by physicians of different specialties in different locations to refer to the same feature (signs, symptoms, test results), it is essential that our knowledge development tools provide a means to access a common pool of terms. This paper discusses the design of an online medical dictionary that provides a solution to this problem for developers of multi-domain knowledge bases for MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System). Our Feature Dictionary supports phrase equivalents for features, feature interactions, feature classifications, and translations to the binary features generated by the expert during knowledge creation. It is also used in the conversion of a domain knowledge to the database used by the MEDAS inference diagnostic sessions. The Feature Dictionary also provides capabilities for complex queries across multiple domains using the supported relations. The Feature Dictionary supports three methods for feature representation: (1) for binary features, (2) for continuous valued features, and (3) for derived features.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1978

Comparison of American medical dictionaries.

Although American medical dictionaries are a valuable part of any medical library collection, the attributes of each of the four major dictionaries are often unknown and the reference material contained in each unused. The medical librarian should be aware of the differences and values of each dictionary and try to have at least one edition of each available to library users in order to maintain an adequate reference collection.

Book Selection↗

PubMed1992

Quality control methods for data entry in pathology using a computerized data management system based on an extended data dictionary.

In pathology, computerized data management systems have been used increasingly to facilitate a more efficient supply of information. Since data entry precedes data utilization, the reliability of the information stored strongly depends on the quality of data input. Despite its potential capability, most personal computer-based database software does not provide versatile and user-friendly data validation procedures. Therefore, we developed a data dictionary-driven data management system that enables the user to perform extensive validation routines without the need for hard programming. Using examples from an existing database for endometrial carcinomas, different types of data errors and their error traps are explained. It is pointed out that data type definitions, defaults, templates, or picture clauses are suitable means to avoid formal errors. Validations on data domains and ranges test whether data fall into a predefined scope. Relational checks control data validity within a context of different data items, whereas process routines provide automatic data computation, thereby circumventing user input. By exploiting the facilities of an extended data dictionary, a powerful tool is made available to secure various aspects of data integrity simultaneously with input. In this way, computerized data quality control can improve the efficiency and reliability of data management tasks in pathology.

Medical Informatics Computing↗

PubMed2025

Mapping transcriptional responses to cellular perturbation dictionaries with RNA fingerprinting.

Single-cell perturbation dictionaries provide systematic measurements of how cells respond to genetic and chemical perturbations, and create the opportunity to assign causal interpretations to observational data. Here, we introduce RNA fingerprinting, a statistical framework that maps transcriptional responses from new experiments onto reference perturbation dictionaries. RNA fingerprinting learns denoised perturbation "fingerprints" from single-cell data, then probabilistically assigns query cells to one or more candidate perturbations while accounting for uncertainty. We benchmark our method across ground-truth datasets, demonstrating accurate assignments at single-cell resolution, scalability to genome-wide screens, and the ability to resolve combinatorial perturbations. We demonstrate its broad utility across diverse biological settings: identifying context-specific regulators of p53 under ribosomal stress, characterizing drug mechanisms of action and dose-dependent off-target effects, and uncovering cytokine-driven B cell heterogeneity during secondary influenza infection in vivo. Together, these results establish RNA fingerprinting as a versatile framework for interpreting single-cell datasets by linking cellular states to the underlying perturbations which generated them.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

The data dictionary--a controlled vocabulary for integrating clinical databases and medical knowledge bases.

The medical information systems of the future will probably include the entire medical record as well as a knowledge base, providing decision support for the physician during patient care. Data dictionaries will play an important role in integrating the medical knowledge bases with the clinical databases. This article presents an infological data model of such an integrated medical information system. Medical events, medical terms, and medical facts are the basic concepts that constitute the model. To allow the transfer of information and knowledge between systems, the data dictionary should be organized with regard to several common classification schemes of medical nomenclature.

Database Management Systems↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Motivation and reinforcement. Interdisciplinary dictionary.

Pavlov (1954) considered the significance of various manifestations of the higher nervous system as a necessary preliminary condition of brain mechanisms. He wrote, "First of all it is important to comprehend psychologically and then translate into physiological language." Unfortunately, there are no conventional definitions of such notions as need, motivation, emotion, reinforcement, consciousness, will, etc. I. M. Sechenov (1952) wrote, more than a century ago, "...try to speak about one and the same subject with psychologists of different schools--each school has a new opinion; and if you start, by comparison, a conversation about sound, light, electricity with a physicist of any country--you'll receive, essentially, the same responses from all of them." There is a need to create such theoretic conceptions which would be initially of an interdisciplinary character and would be useful not only in one, but in a number of special fields of science, such as psychology, physiology, and sociology. In this article the author suggests a brief dictionary of terms, based on the need-informational approach to the study of the psyche and behavior. These were created over the last 25 years (Simonov 1986).

Dictionaries as Topic↗

PubMed1990

[Blood bank dictionary, definition of the concept and blood unit status for blood recipients--an electronic data processing system].

The definition of terms using the blood bank data dictionary results in a number of advantages in practice. Previously vague terms could be clearly defined when they are broken down into their constituent parts. The relationships within a blood bank can be more precisely documented by working with standard terms. The descriptions within the specification are thereby unambiguous and in this way a precise program specification can be achieved. Standardized terms facilitate the functional comparison of programs from different authors or different software sources. The use of defined terms within wards and the blood bank area results in more transparency even before the introduction of data processing.

Blood Banks↗

PubMed1992

Construction of a dictionary of sequence motifs that characterize groups of related proteins.

An automatic procedure is proposed to identify, from the protein sequence database, conserved amino acid patterns (or sequence motifs) that are exclusive to a group of functionally related proteins. This procedure is applied to the PIR database and a dictionary of sequence motifs that relate to specific superfamilies constructed. The motifs have a practical relevance in identifying the membership of specific superfamilies without the need to perform sequence database searches in 20% of newly determined sequences. The sequence motifs identified represent functionally important sites on protein molecules. When multiple blocks exist in a single motif they are often close together in the 3-D structure. Furthermore, occasionally these motif blocks were found to be split by introns when the correlation with exon structures was examined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1975