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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Cerebral sclerosis. Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnostic consideration in practice].

In"cerebral arteriosclerosis" the diffuse sclerotic involvement of the cerebral vessels may produce acute softening of cerebral tissue. However this paper concentrates mainly on the clinical symptomatology which, in the absence of major vascular accidents, is characterized from the psychopathologic viewpoint by acute confusional states, aggressive behaviour, fluctuating loss of memory, disturbances of concentration and finally dementia. The chief neurologic symptoms are motor disturbance with short-stepping gait, stooped position of the body, pseudobulbar symptoms with dysarthric speech and disturbances of swallowing, and increased perioral reflexes. A complete case history and a thorough neurologic and psychopathologic examination are the most important factors in diagnosis, while ancillary methods are of value only for differential diagnosis. Prophylaxis and therapy (cardiotherapy, treatment of diabetes and hypertension, lowering of serum cholesterol and sedation) are discussed. In the differential diagnosis of dementia in the elderly patient consideration should be given to chronic vascular diseases, degenerative cerebral atrophies, brain tumors, low pressure hydrocephalus, progressive paralysis and some other rare brain conditions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

An introduction to diagnostic criteria of syphilis, treponarid and yaws (treponematoses) in dry bones, and some implications.

Diagnostic criteria of syphilis and some other diseases are proposed from a study of 424 crania and calvariae and 250 long bones in 22 medical museums in Europe. Yaws bone lesions in Uganda and changes in Australian aboriginal bones also contributed to the establishment of these criteria. Any deductions about disease in the past or isolated populations must depend upon acceptable diagnostic criteria; post mortem damage must be recognised. In crania and calvariae the sequence of changes of Virchow's caries sicca, and in long bones nodes/expansions with superficial cavitation are sound indicators of syphilis, and of yaws and treponarid in relevant geographical areas. Attention is called to the cause of sequestra in European calvariae labelled syphilis, the absence of sequestra due to haematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis in Australian and other aboriginal bones and possibly in Europe before the Middle Ages. The number of bones with diagnostic criteria needed to demonstrate the endemicity of a particular infection in a past community is discussed. There is also need for an extensive application of diagnostic criteria of syphilis to pre-Columbian or pre-European bones everywhere. The uncertain future of old dry diseased bones in medical museums, and the need for reference centres to provide sound advice and guidance in palaeopathology are stressed.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1977

[Rheumatoid arthritis among the rural population of southern Bulgaria (transitory morbidity established using the Rome and New York diagnostic criteria)].

Examinations of 5021 subjects (2779 females and 2242 males) were carried out with a view to rheumatoid arthritis. En masse examinations of the population over the age of 20 were carried out in eight villages of South Bulgaria. Making use of the Roman diagnostic criteria, rheumatoid arthritis--probable form, was found in 1.47 per cent of the males and 1.40 per cent of the females (mean for both sexes-1.43%), confirmed form (including the classical) in 0.80 per cent of the males and 1.12 per cent of the females (a total of 0.98% for both sexes). With two positive New York diagnostic criteria are 1.12 per cent of the males and 1.30 per cent of the females (a total of 1.21% for both sexes). With three and four positive New York criteria are 0.45 per cent of the males and 0.76 per cent of the females (a total of 0.62% for both sexes). Only 60 per cent of the subjects with confirmed (including the classical) rheumatoid arthritis are with three or four New York diagnostic criteria. The Roman diagnostic criteria define sometimes subjects with polyarthritis as patients with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas New York criteria fail to detect the cases with rheumatoid arthritis with asymmetric joint involvement.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How prevalence of hypertension varies as diagnostic criteria change.

In a effort to determine what impact diagnostic criteria might have in defining the magnitude of the "hypertensive" population, various definitions of high blood pressure were applied to the same population. At the initial encounter, 23.3 per cent of the subjects had blood pressures greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg, but less than half of these sustained that level on two subsequent occasions over the next three weeks. When an initial diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg was used to define hypertension, prevalence fell by more than two thirds (23.3 to 7.2 per cent). These results clearly demonstrate that even a very simple modification of diagnostic criteria can markedly alter the prevalence of "hypertension."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity.

Data concerning familial history of psychiatric disorders are often used to assist in diagnosis, to examine the role of genetic or nongenetic familial factors in etiology, or to develop new methods of classification. Information concerning familial prevalence may be collected by two different methods: the family history method (obtaining information from the patinet or a relative concerning all family members), and the family study method (interviewing directly as many relatives as possible concerning their own present or past symptomatology). This study compares these two methods. In general, the family study method is preferred since information is likely to be more accurate. The family history method leads to significant underreporting, but this can be minimized through the use of diagnostic criteria. This study reports on an instrument that has been developed for collecting information concerning family history and that provides criteria for 12 diagnoses--the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria. Using diagnostic criteria leads to greater sensitivity, but underreporting remains a major problem of the family history method.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1979

The research diagnostic criteria: historical background, development, validity, and reliability.

This article reviews the theoretical papers and research studies concerning the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), a research tool used to group psychiatric sugjects into homogenous diagnostic groups. The RDC contains specified inclusion and exclusion criteria for 25 diagnostic categories. The contributions made by the Feighner and Spitzer groups in the field of diagnostic reliability and validity are briefly outlined. The development of the RDC and studies regarding its reliability and validity are presented and discussed. A review of the reliability studies, which basically employed an interrater design, indicated that the RDC is a relatively reliable diagnostic tool, obtaining interrater kappa coefficients which are consistently higher than those obtained, for similar categories, in studies using other diagnostic systems such as the DSM-II. Very few studies, however, directly investigated the validity of the RDC. Its assumed validity is dependent on the findings from studies which used similar diagnostic criteria. It was suggested that more studies would be required to establish the validity of the RDC. Several limitations of the RDC were pointed out. Included among these were: its use of an exclusion method to determine diagnostic criteria, the difficulty and great amount of time required for its use, and the fact that it has so far been used only with adult inpatients. Despite its limitations, it was concluded that the RDC remains one of the best tools available to a researcher who wishes to group psychiatric patients into homogenous groups, and that the clinician could advantageously use it in his clinical practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A narrative systematic review of definitions and diagnostic criteria for disordered eating and eating disorders in type 1 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Type 1 diabetes and disordered eating (T1DE) affects 8-37.1% of adults and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The absence of a standardised case definition of T1DE and its severity hinders effective screening, diagnosis and treatment. This systematic review aimed to (1) synthesise existing case definitions and diagnostic criteria for T1DE in adults and (2) identify key characteristics to inform consensus for future diagnostic criteria. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies involved adults (≥18 years) with type 1 diabetes assessing disordered eating; paediatric studies, mixed samples without disaggregated data, non-empirical designs and non-English publications were excluded. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched up to November 2025 for peer-reviewed studies involving adults with T1DE. Qualitative and quantitative data on definitions, diagnostic criteria and assessment tools were extracted. Study quality was appraised using a modified Graphical Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) checklist. Due to heterogeneity of data, a narrative synthesis of findings was performed to describe current definitions of T1DE. RESULTS: Sixty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, with a pooled sample of 111,208 participants (76% women) from over 22 countries. T1DE was defined using a heterogeneous array of terms, diagnostic frameworks and assessment tools (29 distinct methods). The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) was the most used questionnaire, but many studies relied on criteria adapted from general eating disorder classifications or generic questionnaires. Approximately three-quarters of the studies assessed insulin omission behaviours, but the operationalisation of the cognitions for insulin omission varied widely. Beyond physiological markers such as HbA1c and BMI, studies explored various diabetes-related and psychological constructs, although often considering diabetes and disordered eating separately rather than as an integrated condition. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This systematic review highlights the lack of a unified, evidence-based definition of T1DE, resulting in inconsistent screening, diagnostic and reporting practices. Establishing clear, consistent, evidence-based diagnostic criteria and screening questionnaires for T1DE is critical to improving early detection and developing targeted interventions. These findings provide a foundation for refining T1DE definitions as a stepping stone to an international consensus definition. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD420250223622 FUNDING: King's College London and King's College Hospital through the KMRT KCH Joint Research Committee studentship. This work was also conducted as part of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR; CS-2017-17-023)-funded STEADY project (Safe management of people with Type 1 diabetes and EAting Disorders studY). NZ's salary was part-funded by the NIHR via the NIHR Clinician Scientist award to MS; JT and KI are part-funded by the NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. MS was funded through her NIHR Clinician Scientist Fellowship (CS-2017-17-023).

Humans↗
PubMed1978

The borderline patient. A comparative analysis of four sets of diagnostic criteria.

In reviewing the evidence for the validity of the diagnosis borderline, four descriptions in the literature seem to offer comprehensive criteria for the diagnosis. When the four are compared, a total of 104 criteria are enumerated encompassing the mental status, history, interpersonal relationships, defense mechansisms, and other judgments of personality functioning of the borderline patient. Half of these criteria are mentioned in only one of the four diagnostic descriptions. This apparent lack of agreement over diagnostic criteria has three possible interpretations: (1) the borderline concept is an illusion; or (2) the concept is adequately defined by those criteria held in common, the others being nonessential; or (3) apart from the concept defined by the common criteria, there are subtypes emphasized by different authors. Although we favor the third interpretation, it is suggested that further speculation await an adequate test of existing diagnostic criteria.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1978

Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability.

A crucial problem in psychiatry, affecting clinical work as well as research, is the generally low reliability of current psychiatric diagnostic procedures. This article describes the development and initial reliability studies of a set of specific diagnostic criteria for a selected group of functional psychiatric disorders, the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The RDC are being widely used to study a variety of research issues, particularly those related to genetics, psychobiology of selected mental disorders, and treatment outcome. The data presented here indicate high reliability for diagnostic judgments made using these criteria.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1979

Schizophrenia: diagnostic criteria and outcome.

The files of a cohort of schizophrenic patients who were admitted to hospital for the first time in their lives in 1963, and who were representative of cases in a large unselected population, were examined , first by exclusion criteria, and then by the diagnostic criteria of Schneider's first-rank symptoms, Feighner et al's criteria, and the New Haven Schizophrenia Index (NHSI). Forty-three such cases were found who were schizophrenic on at least two sets of criteria, and who were followed up in 1977. Examination of the outcome showed no relationship with FRS presence or absence or number of first-rank symptoms, nor with the NHSI score, but did show a relationship to the Feighner et al criteria and an even stronger relationship to a simple score derived from these criteria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Trends in the frequency of schizophrenia by different diagnostic criteria.

The authors report results of rediagnoses of 128 cases from two decades (1932-1941 and 1947-1956) by clinicians using the Research Diagnostic Criteria as guidelines and compare these results to rediagnoses by clinicians in a previous study using more general guidelines. Although hospital records indicated an increased frequency of schizophrenia over the two decades, the rediagnosticians found no change or a decrease. Severity of symptoms did not change during the two decades, but patients in the second decade showed more borderline symptoms, leading to more diagnostic disagreement. The authors conclude that changes in diagnostic criteria and pateints' conditions influence admission trends for schizophrenia.

Delusions↗
PubMed1977

Somatosensory evoked potentials. Diagnostic criteria and abnormalities in cerebral lesions.

In order to advance the practical application of measuring evoked cortical responses following electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist (SEP) in clinical neurology, diagnostic criteria, consisting of the onset latency, peak latency and 2 indices of the first 3 negative components, and their left-and-right differences, were proposed and applied to 65 patients with cerebral lesions of various aetiologies. The criteria used were shown to be very useful in distinguishing between normal subjects and patients with cerebral lesions. The N1 and N2 components were related to the involvement of sensory pathways and were commonly associated with sensory impairment of all modalities or of deep proprioceptive and cortical modalities. The N3 component, on the other hand, was related to the presence of lesions and non-specific sites as well as non-specific symptomatology. SEP, judged by the present criteria, was shown to be useful as a complementary diagnostic aid in localizing the sites of lesions in sensory pathways and in evaluating sensory function, especially when used in combination with clinical symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Affective disorders in a US urban community: the use of research diagnostic criteria in an epidemiological survey.

The current point and lifetime prevalence rates of affective disorders, based on the application of Research Diagnostic Criteria to a US urban community sample, are reported. The affective disorders studied included major and minor depression, mania, hypomania, bipolar I and II, primary and secondary depression, schizo-affective disorder, depressive and cyclothymic personality, and grief reactions. Epidemiologic surveys that include treated and untreated persons to obtain rates of specific psychiatric disorders are needed for scientific purposes and health care planning.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: diagnostic criteria and surgical approach.

A case of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is reported. There was difficulty in establishing the correct histologic diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria, including electron microscopy examination, are reviewed. Abdominoperineal resection of the rectosigmoid is the common therapeutic procedure recommended.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Facilities and diagnostic criteria in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales.

A study was conducted to collect information from consultants about the facilities and diagnostic criteria used in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in England and Wales. Most of the information was obtained by personal interview with a response rate of 92%. Half the clinics were open for 10 hours or less a week, the mean length of time for all clinics was 14 1/2 hours a week. Eighty per cent of clinics had a full or part-time contact-tracing service. All the clinics had microscopical and serological services and almost all (99%) had cultural facilities. The policy concerning the most efficient use of these facilities is discussed.

England↗
PubMed1979

Use of the Research Diagnostic Criteria and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to study affective disorders.

In a pilot study of 150 manic or depressive patients, the authors used the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and schizophrenia (SADS) to perform preliminary analysis of symptom pictures of the index episode of different diagnostic groups, joint diagnostic classification of the different subtypes of major depressive disorder, and differential outcome by diagnostic groups. The results suggest that schizophrenic symptoms in affective disorders do have diagnostic and prognostic significance, that the term "psychotic depression" should be limited to impaired reality testing without reference to degree of incapacitation, that situational-nonsituational and endogenous-nonendogenous classifications are separate depressive subtypes, and that it may not be true that patients with endogenous major depressive disorder have a better prognosis than patients with nonendogenous depression.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1979

Extreme MMPI scores and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Screening college men for psychopathology.

This study compares psychiatric evaluations made with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) to evaluations with a standard clinical interview and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The purpose was to generate a nonhospitalized, previously undiagnosed sample of persons who had psychiatric difficulties or symptoms. Of 385 college male volunteers, 56 with scores at least 3 SD above the mean on at least one MMPI scale were chosen as an index group, and 27, with all MMPI scores within normal limits, as a control group. In the index group, 82% met the RDC for at least one diagnosis, whereas only 22% of the control sample met the RDC for any diagnosis. One index subject met the RDC for schizophrenia; 15 met the RDC for a major affective disorder. Some correspondence between specific MMPI profile code types and RDC diagnoses was evident. Thus, researchers can identify a range of psychopathology meeting the RDC by using MMPI screening in a nonhospital setting. Such a research sample, free from the possible artifacts of hospitalization, drug treatment, and diagnostic labeling, can be useful particularly in testing hypotheses concerning the biological correlates of psychopathology.

Adolescent↗