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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Single-cell analysis of the human retina reveals stage-linked microglial states and neural-immune circuit rewiring in diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss worldwide. Here, we conduct single-cell RNA sequencing of twenty human retina samples (from living and post-mortem donors) across non-diabetic, diabetic, and DR states to create a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas. We identify two stable microglial populations-homeostatic and inflammatory-that exist along a functional continuum, plus a neutrophil cluster within C1QA+ myeloid cells with dynamic transitions occurring throughout disease progression. Module-level analysis reveals divergent transcriptional trajectories: homeostatic microglia maintain energetic programs while selectively upregulating stress elements, whereas inflammatory microglia layer additional pro-inflammatory programs onto preserved biosynthetic foundations. Eleven co-expression modules organize into two major axes: an inflammatory-stress axis, and a regulatory/metabolic-motility axis, with a stable translation module persisting across disease stages. Cell communication analysis further highlights sophisticated neural-immune interactions, particularly between photoreceptors and microglia. Our findings provide insights into the complex cellular dynamics of DR progression and suggest potential therapeutic targets for early intervention.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Four risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic retinopathy. The third report from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.

The Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Research Group has so far identified four retinopathy factors that increase the two-year risk of developing severe visual loss. The risk grows as the number of risk factors increases. Eyes with three or more risk factors (eyes with "high-risk characteristics") are at a much higher risk than eyes with two or fewer factors. The DRS protocol was changed in 1976 to require consideration of treatment for these "high-risk" eyes.

Collateral Circulation↗
PubMed1978

Studies on retinal blood flow. II. Diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic patients grouped according to the evolutive stages of their retinal involvement were examined by a direct method for estimation of segmental retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry. Initial stages of retinal involvement in diabetes, in which the only alteration is a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, show values of segmental blood flow that are within normal limits. Patients with a minimal background retinopathy show a slight increase in retinal blood flow, whereas an highly significant increase of segmental blood flow is observed in the more advanced stages of background retinopathy with maculopathy. In general, a good correlation is apparent between the progressions of diabetic background retinopathy and increase in retinal blood flow. On the other hand, patients with proliferative retinopathy show lower values of retinal blood flow, which are attributable to a marked decrease in arterial diameter.

Blood Circulation↗
PubMed1978

Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings.

Data from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) show that photocoagulad inhibited the progression of retinopathy. These beneficial effects were noted to some degree in all those stages of diabetic retinopathy which were included in the Study. Some deleterious effects of treatment were also found, including losses of visual acuity and constriction of peripheral visual field. The risk of these harmful effects was considered acceptable in eyes with retinopathy in the moderate or severe retinopathy in the moderate or severe proliferative stage when the risk of severe visual loss without treatment was great. In early proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy, when the risk of severe visual loss without treatment was less, the risks of harmful treatment effects assumed greater importance. In these earlier stages, DRS findings have not led to a clear choice between prompt treatment and deferral of treatment unless and until progression to a more severe stage occurs.

Argon↗
PubMed1979

The technique and indications for photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. II. The treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

The beneficial effect of photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy is now established (3-7, 10). Whereas the capability of providing photocoagulation is widespread, the indications and actual technqiues are poorly defined. In an earlier paper (1) we discussed the principles of photocoagulation. In this paper the detailed techniques required for the treatment of individual lesions and of different types of retinopathy will be discussed.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1979

Leakage of fluorescein: first sign of juvenile diabetic retinopathy. Role of diabetic control and of duration of diabetes.

In order to ascertain the first vascular lesions responsible for juvenile diabetic retinopathy, 408 fluorescein angiographies were performed in 114 diabetic children and adolescents whose diabetes became clinically apparent before the age of 14 years. Compared with regular ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography doubles the frequency of the diagnosis of incipient retinopathy. In addition to the classical diabetic lesions, fluorescein leakages are demonstrated in 50% of diabetic eyes with initial retinopathy. They probably reflect early changes in capillary permeability. They appear often before microaneurysms. Duration of diabetes as well as insufficient and poor metabolic control considerably increase the frequency of retinopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Retinal ischemia (capillary nonperfusion) and retinal neovascularization in patients with diabetic retinopathy.

138 diabetic retinopathy patients with good fluorescein angiograms of the macular areas were studied. Areas of capillary nonperfusion (CNP) were surrounded by other capillary abnormalities and were often based on a larger retinal vessel. A satistically highly significant anatomical relationship was found between CNP and neovascularization. In addition, the frequency of neovascularization increased with the increase in size of CNP.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1978

Diabetic retinopathy and pregnancy.

Diabetic retinopathy was found to be present in 12 out of a group of 67 diabetic patients supervised by us during 92 pregnancies, and 3 further pregnant diabetics were referred to us because of retinopathy. The mean duration of diabetes was 13 years (range 3--25 years). Nine patients had minimal retinopathy, 2 had background retinopathy, and the remaining 4 proliferative retinopathy. The cases with minimal retinopathy showed no progression during pregnancy. In 1 patient with background retinopathy there was deterioration. Of the 4 patients with proliferative retinopathy 1 showed regression during the pregnancy, 2 showed advance and were treated with photocoagulation (these 2 patients now have normal vision), while the patient with extensive retinitis proliferans, with retinal detachment in both eyes and previous photocoagulation remained unchanged. The prognosis during pregnancy for patients with diabetic retinopathy is reasonable and has been improved by the advent of photocoagulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy.

Platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy was investigated in a group of 25 patients. An enhanced activity induced by epinephrine and arachidonic acid was found in this group as compared with the controls, whereas in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) platelet aggregation no differences were observed. Spontaneous aggregation was found in 8% of the diabetic retinopathy cases.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1978

Diabetic retinopathy in acromegaly.

A study was made of diabetic retinopathy in acromegaly. 10 of 15 patients with acromegaly had diabetes mellitus, and 3 of the 10 showed diabetic retinopathy. 2 of them had a diabetic family history. 1 patient with a diabetic family history had retinopathy of state IIIa in Scott's classification, and the other 2 showed a few microaneurysms and/or punctate hemorrhages in the macula. Diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in acromegaly showed no correlation with the duration of acromegaly and diabetes mellitus, age, or growth hormone level. No diabetic cataract was found in the present series. It was concluded that diabetic retinopathy due to secondary diabetes mellitus is usually slight or moderate. Diabetes mellitus with severe retinopathy is probably primary diabetes due to a genetic defect, and secondary diabetes may be different in nature from the primary disease.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1977

Electrophysiological studies before and after argon-laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy.

50 eyes with diabetic retinopathy were studied before and after treatment with argon-laser coagulation. After treatment, decreases of the L/D ratios of the EOGs and of the amplitudes of all ERG components were found. The scotopic b waves were more involved than the photopic b waves. The peak times were hardly modified. The dark-adaptation curves were not modified. Interesting was the fact that in the pretreatment findings the EOGs were involved before the ERGs. The decreases of the L/D ratios started when avascular and ischemic zones were seen on fluorescein angiography.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Indications and results of interstitial hypophyseal stereo-gammatherapy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy].

New interest for pituitary neurosurgery in diabetic retinopathy is based on several data: long-term efficacy of various medical therapeutic agents is still unproved, ocular treatment by photocoagulation remains symptomatic, growth-hormone (HGH) has a permissive or supportive role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Stereo-GIHF performs the pituitary interstitial irradiation by stereotaxic implantation of a gamma point emitter (198Au) and results in the selective blockade of HGH secretion peaks. Different from all other procedures achieving a more or less complete hypophysectomy, Stereo-GIHF introduces a new trend for the functional neurosurgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2026

Long noncoding RNAs and diabetic retinopathy: Current understanding, future directions and challenges.

Diabetic retinopathy remains as the leading cause of preventable blindness in working-aged people. The pathophysiology of this sight-threatening disease is complex and involves intricate interactions among metabolic, hemodynamic and epigenetic pathways, leading to molecular, structural, functional and genomic abnormalities in retinal vascular and nonvascular cells. Diabetes also results in differential expressions of several noncoding RNAs, including micro RNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs). Compared to about 2000 miRNA identified in human genome thus far, more than 30,000 LncRNA transcripts have been already identified, but the function and mechanism of action of most of the LncRNAs is still not fully characterized, and there remains a possibility that some LncRNAs could have diverse functions under different contexts. LncRNAs are mainly noncoding, but they have many regulatory functions, and regulate gene expression by interacting with DNA, RNA and protein. Aberrant expressions of several LncRNAs including MALAT1, MEG3, HOTAIR, MIAT1 and H19, is associated with metabolic abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. LncRNAs are also released into circulation and show high organ and cell specificity, and greater disease-associated differences compared to disease-associated mRNAs. Furthermore, LncRNAs maintain stable expression in the plasma and can be isolated from total RNA present in biological samples including blood, which makes them promising and reliable candidates for diagnostic or prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for various diseases. With continued improvement in innovative RNA modifications and delivery modalities, use of LncRNAs as possible biomarkers, and of LncRNA-based therapeutics, for diabetic retinopathy appears promising.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1978

Diabetic retinopathy.

The only methods of treatment for severe diabetic retinopathy that have been proved effective by controlled clinical trials are photocoagulation and pituitary ablation. It must be noted that photocoagulation and pituitary ablation impede but do not cure diabetic retinopathy. Pars plana vitrectomy can be highly effective for removing blood from the vitreous of the eye, allowing better vision, particularly if the retina has been shown to be functional by electrophysiologic testing and ultrasonography. In addition, vitrectomy allows the ophthalmologist to visualize, evaluate, and treat the diabetic retina by photocoagulation or other methods. Attempts at better regulation of blood sugar have reduced the development of microangiopathy in experimental animals and recently in man. The benefits of rigorous regulation of the blood sugar has been noted in a policy statement by the American Diabetes Association. The development of a practical, beneficial pancreas has been undertaken, and may be required in order to reap the full benefits of rigorous blood sugar control. It has been recommended that all patients be evaluated by an ophthalmologist as soon as they have been found to have diabetes, that all diabetics be examined ophthalmologically on an annual basis, and that patients with significant retinopathy be seen at 6 month or shorter intervals by their ophthalmologist. The evaluation and treatment of diabetic retinopathy has progressed enormously during the past decade. It is hoped that the cause of diabetic microangiopathy and retinopathy will be discovered in the near future so that treatment will ultimately cure rather than control the process of diabetic retinopathy.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1977

Cigarette smoking and diabetic retinopathy.

A sample of 181 diabetics with diabetic retinopathy was statistically investigated with regard to association of smoking with proliferative retinopathy. The numbers of patients with proliferative retinopathy rose with increasing tobacco consumption. In non-smokers no association existed between diabetes duration and proliferative retinopathy, but in smokers the number with proliferative retinopathy rose with increasing diabetes duration.

Adolescent↗