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PubMed2006

Toxicodendron dermatitis: poison ivy, oak, and sumac.

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by the Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus) species-poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac-affects millions of North Americans every year. In certain outdoor occupations, for example, agriculture and forestry, as well as among many outdoor enthusiasts, Toxicodendron dermatitis presents a significant hazard. This review considers the epidemiology, identification, immunochemistry, pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of this common dermatologic problem. Recent research in prevention is emphasized, and resources to help in the identification of plants are provided in the bibliography. The literature was searched using a MEDLINE query for "Toxicodendron dermatitis", and the identified article bibliographies were searched as well.

Dermatitis, Toxicodendron↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of toxicodendron dermatitis (poison ivy and poison oak).

Toxicodendron dermatitis results from a reaction to an oil soluble oleoresin that is present in many parts of the poison ivy and poison oak plants. Prophylactic measures include avoidance, protective clothing, barrier creams and hyposensitization. Treatments include washing the area immediately with a solvent suitable for lipids and the use of anti-inflammatory agents, especially corticosteroids.

Bentonite↗
PubMed1992

Effectiveness of various barrier preparations in preventing and/or ameliorating experimentally produced Toxicodendron dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive research on hyposensitization and prior application of topical barrier preparations, efforts to prevent Toxicodendron dermatitis have been only minimally successful. OBJECTIVE: Seven different barrier creams were evaluated for topical protection against experimentally produced Toxicodendron dermatitis in a randomized, double-blind study. METHODS: Twenty patients had the seven barrier creams randomly applied to eight test sites (one untreated area as control) on each forearm before application of the Toxicodendron extract. Development of Toxicodendron dermatitis was followed for 8 days, with measurements of erythema, induration, vesiculation, and global severity taken at each site on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 after Toxicodendron application. RESULTS: The barrier creams Stokogard, Hollister Moisture Barrier, and Hydropel significantly reduced the erythema, induration, and global severity of Toxicodendron dermatitis and did not differ from each other. The percent reductions in global dermatitis severity per day of assessment for the seven barriers in order of effectiveness were as follows: Stokogard, 59%; Hollister Moisture Barrier, 52%; Hydropel, 48%; Ivy Shield, 22%; Shield Skin, 13%; Dermofilm, 13%; and Uniderm, -9%. During the 8-day period, a significantly greater number of test sites pretreated with Stokogard, Hollister Moisture Barrier, and Hydropel were free of dermatitis compared with control sites and sites treated with the other four barriers. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that Stokogard, Hollister Moisture Barrier, and Hydropel are effective in the prevention of Toxicodendron dermatitis.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Toxicodendron dermatitis in the UK.

BACKGROUND: We present two cases of Toxicodendron dermatitis, one acquired in the United States but presenting in the United Kingdom (UK), the other a recurrent dermatitis following importation of the plant to the UK. Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac are native to North America and belong to the genus Toxicodendron. This group of plants is of interest to the dermatologist because they contain a mixture of potent sensitisers which cause a severe allergic contact dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: The dermatitis can present to the dermatologist in Europe after an individual has been in contact with the plant whilst visiting an endemic area. The plants have the potential to grow in Europe and it is therefore possible for an individual to be sensitised and subsequently to develop the rash without leaving the continent.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Rhus (Toxicodendron) dermatitis.

This article reviews the current fund of knowledge on poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac dermatitis. It is intended as a global summary to provide the primary care provider with the required information and sources for more esoteric academic pursuits. Toxicodendron characteristics, morphology, and biology are reviewed. The overall medical impact is delineated as well as the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Historical perspectives are mentioned throughout, as are future trends in research.

Dermatitis, Toxicodendron↗
PubMed1982

Toxicodendron radicans dermatitis with black lacquer deposit on the skin.

Four patients with clinical Toxicodendron dermatitis (poison ivy) presented with dramatic black lacquer-like deposits on several lesions. This black deposit was also observed at sites of injury on poison ivy plants and was reproduced on volunteers by the application of plant sap on the skin. Histologically, the observed material was identified in the stratum corneum. This little-recognized phenomenon has been mentioned in past dermatologic literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cost-effective post-exposure prevention of poison ivy dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Poison ivy (toxicodendron) dermatitis is the most common allergic contact dermatitis in the USA. No studies have shown an effect of washing after a short period of time for the prevention of binding of urushiol to the skin. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of three different modes of postcontact prevention using a surfactant (Dial ultra dishwashing soap), an oil-removing compound (Goop), and chemical inactivation (a commercial product Tecnu). METHODS: A consented, unsponsored, volunteer experimental study on medical students from the University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City. Each subject served as his/her own control, comparing four 2.5-cm exposed squares on the inner aspect of the forearm, three of which were treated and one untreated. RESULTS: Comparisons between the different agents were nonsignificant with P > 0.05. Each treatment, however, was significantly improved over the untreated control. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed 70%, 61.8%, and 56. 4% protection with Tecnu, Goop, and Dial, respectively, when compared to the positive control, or to the possible maximum response, with a cost per ounce (in a local drug and automotive store) of $1.25, $0.07, and $0.07, respectively, for a decrease in protection that is nonsignificant.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Allergic contact dermatitis to Toxicodendron succedaneum (rhus tree): an autumn epidemic.

AIMS: To document all cases of allergic contact dermatitis (phytodermatitis) due to contact with Toxicodendron succedaneum (rhus tree) presenting to a dermatology clinic during 1993. METHOD: Case-note review of all cases of phytodermatitis attributed to exposure to rhus tree seen during 1993 in a dermatology clinic. RESULTS: Twenty cases of phytodermatitis to T succedaneum were reviewed. Eight patients were females and 12 males with a bimodal age distribution (ten children under age of 15 yr, five adults between 35-45 yr of age). Younger patients presented with facial dermatitis reflecting facial contact whilst playing under rhus trees. Older patients presented largely with a dermatitis affecting the upper limbs reflecting contact whilst gardening (usually pruning). Fifteen out of twenty presented during the months of March through May (ie. autumn), with the remainder presenting in summer (Dec-Feb). The majority of patients required systemic steroids to settle the intense dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Phytodermatitis to T succedaneum is not uncommon in New Zealand, particularly during the autumn months. The clinical presentation varies according to the patient's activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1959

Algerian ivy dermatitis; a California disease.

A hitherto unrecognized cause of contact dermatitis in California is the widely cultivated plant known as Algerian ivy. This plant, which grows in California (and its close relative, English ivy) causes a dermatitis which is similar to although milder than that caused by poison oak. Dermatitis from this cause occurs most frequently when persons who have become sensitive to it by previous contact trim the plant back in the spring after its seasonal spurt of growth. For persons whose occupations require repeated contact with the plant, dermatitis from this cause is an occupational hazard. Dermatitis from this plant is easily diagnosed by means of a simple patch test. In a series of 12 cases the only effective treatment was with corticosteroid agents.

California↗