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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Spreading depression analysis of contact behaviour of rats.

Social contact behaviour induced by spreading cortical depression was studied in rats. The controls looked for and remained in contact, whereas between the rats with spreading cortical depression and their other partners there was no contact. This phenomenon is due mainly to the absence of an active urge for contact. The contact behaviour of rats is evidently controlled by the cerebral cortex or by subcortical areas of the brain which are inhibited after the elicitation of spreading depression. The experiments show that the contact behaviour of rats has at least two components - an active urge for contact and passive tolerance of contact.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1979

Differentiation of primary affective illness from situational, symptomatic, and secondary depressions.

Analysis of family history and antidepressant drug response variables of 100 "neurotic" depressives followed up prospectively over three to four years disclosed that primary depressions (unipolar and bipolar) could be distinguished from nonprimary cases by (1) the early occurrence of "pharmacological-hypomania;" (2) family history of bipolar illness; (3) family history for affective disorder in two or three consecutive generations, especially when "loaded." Although each of these variables alone occurred in only one fifth to one third of the primary group, they individually displayed better than 95% specificity for it. Thus, the confidence with which the diagnosis of primary affective illness could be made in the presence of any of these variables ranged from 88% to 100%. These findings argue for considering such nonsymptomatological variables for their potential in strengthening the phenomenologic diagnostic criteria for depressive illness.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in circadian rhythm of various physiological functions in depression].

Analysis of the daily dynamics of some physiological and psychoemotional characteristics in healthy subjects and depressed patients has demonstrated the patients to have circadian rhythm disorders in functions, namely inversion of the daily gradient with the shift of the function optimum to the second half of the day. The depressed patients manifested a high daily variability of the physiological parameters. It should be mentioned that curable conditions were marked by a higher variability as compared to those resistant to the treatment. The latter circumstance permits regarding the ratio of function variability as a potential predictor.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Antigen-specific and polyclonal B-cell responses in patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome.

Patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS) show a complex spectrum of immunological abnormalities. We have examined B-lymphocyte function in 58 patients with AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma. The major finding has been that the specific antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen in vitro is severely depressed. Analysis of the defect in specific antibody production indicates that it is not caused by lack of T-cell help or excessive T-cell suppression, and suggests that it reflects an abnormality of the B-cell compartment itself. The defect does not affect the ability of B cells to respond to polyclonal stimulation. The possibility is considered that continuous hyperactivation of B cells in AIDS patients (as reflected in the increase in both immunoglobulin-secreting cells and serum immunoglobulin levels) results in depletion of the pool from which precursors for antigen specific B-cell responses are normally recruited.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

Interactions of pharmacological agents which alter biogenic amine metabolism and depression--an analysis of contributing factors within a primate model of depression.

The observation that the biogenic amine depleting agent, reserpine, could induce severe depression in a small proportion of the patients treated with it has proved to be seminal finding in what is now a much larger field of research relating the function brain biogenic amine systems to emotions and behavior. A review of the human reserpine literature suggests, however, that factors other than pharmacologically produced alterations in brain biogenic amine metabolism must have been critical determinants of the eventual mood alterations observed in conjunction with reserpine treatment. While some of these factors, such as previous history of depression, ongoing psychosocial and environmental stress, can be intuitively identified, there are practical as well as ethical problems involved in actually testing the relative contribution of these factors in precipitating human depression and thereby determining their importance in a quantitative fashion. In the present paper we have attempted to examine, in a nonhuman primate model of depression, the degree to which factors such as prior rearing condition, repeated peer separation, and housing environment can intact with the behavioral effects produced by biogenic amine depleting agents. Major emphasis will be placed on studies utilizing alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, to ostensively reduce levels of the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. The results of these studies provide quantitative estimates, in terms of dose-effect relationships, of the degree to which a number of factors can combine to produce despair-like behavior in rhesus monkeys. These data may be of practical importance in evaluating the contribution of similar factors to the precipitation of human depression. Analysis of some of the existing literature relating alterations in behavior to changes in biogenic amine metabolism in animals suggests that there are important differences between rodent and primate species. These differences, when fully established, may indicate that additional research examining the mechanisms whereby modest alterations in biogenic amine metabolism can interact with environmental and social stress is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Hormonal responses to fenfluramine in depressed and control subjects.

To investigate central neurotransmitter function in depression, baseline levels of serum cortisol and prolactin and the responses of these hormones to the putative serotonin agonist fenfluramine (60 mg, oral) were examined in 27 depressed patients and 14 normal subjects. Baseline cortisol was significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) in depressed subjects, whilst baseline prolactin was significantly reduced (P = 0.01) after covarying for cortisol. Although there were no significant abnormalities in either the prolactin or the cortisol response to fenfluramine in the total depressed group, the peak increase in prolactin levels (delta PRL) was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) in subjects with endogenous depression. Analysis of covariance demonstrated, however, that the reduced delta PRL was partially dependent upon the abnormal baseline prolactin and cortisol levels. These results indicate the necessity of accounting for these baseline effects when investigating hormonal responses to the putative serotonergic challenges. The abnormal baseline findings are consistent with increased central noradrenergic activity in depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Asymmetric EEG changes as method actors generated emotions.

Nine method actors recalled personal experiences to create emotional states of sexual arousal or depression. Electroencephalographic (EEG) data recorded from left and right frontal, central, parietal and occipital locations were spectrally analyzed for power in each major frequency band and for coherence among all pairs of channels. Contrasts between the emotion conditions showed less alpha power (greater activation) over the right hemisphere for sexual arousal than for depression. Analysis of coherence topography showed higher coherence in right central and posterior regions during the sexual arousal condition. These data are consistent with previous evidence of right hemisphere contribution to sexual arousal and suggest further that asymmetric patterns of brain activity may be associated with specific emotional states.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The treatment of depression in general practice: a comparison of L-tryptophan, amitriptyline, and a combination of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline with placebo.

One hundred and fifteen patients from 5 general practices participated in a 12-week, double-blind study comparing L-tryptophan, amitriptyline, L-tryptophan-amitriptyline combination and placebo in the treatment of depression. Analysis of total score on the Hamilton Depression Scale and a global rating of depression showed that all 3 active treatments were more effective than placebo. Significantly more patients were withdrawn as treatment failures in the placebo group compared with the active treatment groups. Side-effects necessitated withdrawal of more patients from the amitriptyline group than from the other active treatment groups, but this difference was not significant. Plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels were similar in the amitriptyline and combined treatment groups. Standard haematological and biochemical profiles did not alter significantly in any group, but mean heart rate was significantly increased in patients receiving amitriptyline. There was no change in free or total plasma tryptophan concentration with treatment or on remission of symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Loss and depression. A controversial link.

Inconsistent findings in studies of loss and depression arise from methodological differences, lack of common definitions of depression and loss, and the failure to consider the interaction hypothesis: the effect of early loss on depression is partly conditional on the presence of a current loss. Data were collected from 744 university students. Only 15% of subjects without loss vs. 44% with both types of loss had Beck Depression Inventory scores indicative of moderate depression. Analysis of variance confirmed this strong interaction effect. These results provide empirical support for Freud's view that a recent loss can reactivate depressive feelings associated with earlier loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Symptoms and diagnosis of depression in alcoholics.

We examined depressive symptoms, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), in a group of 50 alcoholic patients, diagnosed according to DSM III criteria during active drinking, withdrawal (4 days after their last drink), and abstinence (24 days after their last drink). DSM III diagnoses of major depression were made in 16 (32%) of the patients. The diagnoses were made using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) between the 10th and 24th day after the patients' last drink. Depressive symptoms decreased markedly as the patients progressed from active drinking to abstinence. Alcoholic patients having a diagnosis of major depression had higher BDI scores than those not having a diagnosis of major depression. Analysis of BDI items using a two-parameter logistic item response model confirmed that the BDI measured depressive symptoms in these alcoholics. We conclude that the BDI is valid for screening for depression in alcoholic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

From clomipramine to mianserin: therapeutic relevance of interactions with serotonin uptake and storage, as studied in the blood platelet model.

Inhibition of active serotonin uptake into neurones and platelets is a common effect of tricyclic and related antidepressants, and has been regarded as one of the more important mechanisms of action of such drugs. However, as is shown in this survey, the antidepressants vary widely in their potency as inhibitors of platelet serotonin uptake, and they also differ in the type of inhibition kinetics, from purely competitive to mixed competitive/noncompetitive. The therapeutic relevance of this effect is discussed. Serotonin uptake inhibition seems to be one of several mechanisms for obtaining the required normalization of monoamine dysfunction in depression. Analysis of efflux from platelets preloaded with a moderate amount of 14C-serotonin provides information on the storage and compartmentation of serotonin in the platelets, and on the rate of efflux from the different compartments. When present during the preloading phase, some antidepressants seem to produce a relative increase in serotonin in the granular storage compartment when compared to the smaller cytoplasmic compartment. This effect is in some respects opposite to that exerted by reserpine, and possibly may be pharmacologically relevant.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1993

Dawn simulation treatment of winter depression: a controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether dawn simulation was superior to a shorter dimmer "placebo" dawn signal in treating winter depression. METHOD: In a randomized, parallel design, 22 patients with winter depression were treated with either 1 week of a 2-hour dawn simulation peaking at 250 lux or 1 week of a 30-minute dawn simulation peaking at 0.2 lux. The subjects were told that they would receive either a "gradual" dawn or a "rapid" dawn reaching an intensity that would be dimmer than standard bright light treatment. At the end of both the baseline week and the treatment week, subjects were assessed in a blind manner with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the two dawn treatments. RESULTS: The 2-hour, 250-lux dawn simulation resulted in Hamilton depression scale scores that were significantly lower than scores after the 30-minute, 0.2-lux dawn simulation. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that dawn simulation is an effective treatment for winter depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Hostility and guilt in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

The enquiry relates to the investigation of 30 cases of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with special reference to the phenomena of hostility and guilt as revealed through Foulds' Five Punitive Scales and the Thematic Apperception Test. Controls consisted of an equal number of subjects suffering from neurotic depression. Analysis reveals acting-out hostility and extrapunitive tendency in the experimental group. No significant difference was found in terms of guilt scores.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Hereditary differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses.

One hundred and fifty anxiety neurotic and neurotic depressive twin probands were differentiated into three groups by means of discriminant analysis, 50 in each group. The groups were named: pure anxiety neurosis, mixed anxiety-depression, and pure neurotic depression. Analysis of concordance rates indicated that only pure anxiety neurosis seemed to be influenced by hereditary factors.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1988

Social dimensions of mental illness among rural elderly populations.

Despite growing concern with rural elderly populations, little attention has focused on their mental health, ways it may correlate with physical health, or how rural mental health patterns compare to urban. Popular wisdom contends that elderly people in general, and rural elderly persons in particular, are at increased risk for mental illness. This article examines these questions. A review of available literature suggests that elderly people may be at only slightly greater risk of mental illness than the population at large, though there are some indications that rates of depression may be somewhat higher among the elderly population. Much of this same literature implies that objective environmental conditions play a significant role in the incidence of depression. Analysis of data gathered in a statewide random poll (N = 743) indicates that while physical health tends to be poorer among rural populations, when health is held constant there is actually an inverse relationship between age and depression. Therefore, rural elderly persons are no more likely to be depressed than their urban counterparts despite harsher living conditions. Both conceptual and policy implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

MMPI-ER two-point codes of industrially injured Hispanic workers by DSM-III--R diagnosis.

The purpose of this study was to describe the MMPI-ER two-point codes of 492 Hispanic adults who had sustained work-related injuries and who had applied for workers' compensation benefits. More specifically, the focus was on whether there are unique MMPI two-point codes for Hispanic workers with three specific types of DSM-III--R diagnoses--adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, and major depression. Analysis suggests that psychiatric condition or diagnosis may act as a moderator variable in Hispanic persons' MMPI performance, including MMPI two-point codes.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1983

Comparisons of the interaction of propranolol and timolol with model and biological membrane systems.

The nonspecific interaction of the beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, propranolol and timolol, with model and biological membranes has been investigated. Radioisotope measurements of the association of these drugs with dimyristoyl lecithin (DMPC) bilayers showed that both propranolol and timolol had a significantly greater molar association (mole of drug per mole of lipid) with DMPC above its phase transition temperature than below. Timolol had a much lower molar association with DMPC as compared with propranolol both above and below the phase transition temperature. For the DMPC model membrane system, the molar association of propranolol as measured by radioisotope and inferred from calorimetric studies was similar. Neutron diffraction utilizing propranolol deuterated in the naphthalene moiety showed that the naphthalene moiety of propranolol partitions into the hydrocarbon core of the DMPC lipid bilayer, and that the charged amine side chain is most likely positioned in the aqueous phospholipid head group region. For timolol, the association as measured by radioisotope methods was apparently greater than the partitioning inferred from calorimetric studies using freezing point depression analysis, suggesting a more complex interaction of timolol as compared with propranolol with the DMPC lipid bilayer. The association of propranolol and timolol with sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) was similar to that with highly purified protein-depleted SR lipids, and DMPC above its phase transition. The association of propranolol with the SR membrane (mole of propranolol per mole of SR phospholipid) correlated with its ability to inhibit calcium uptake, whereas only a fraction of the total association of timolol with the SR membrane appeared to lead to inhibition of calcium uptake. These results suggest that the major nonspecific interactions of propranolol and timolol are with the SR membrane lipids, and that the magnitude of their interactions depends on both the lipid solubility of the drug and the physical state of the fatty acyl chains of the membrane. Both propranolol and timolol appear to perturb the functional properties of the calcium pump protein in the SR membrane (inhibition of ATP-induced calcium uptake) indirectly by partitioning into the bulk lipid matrix of the SR lipid bilayer, although other sites of interaction cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic indices of zinc deficiency in children with renal diseases.

Abnormal taste acuity and zinc depletion have been reported with endstage renal disease. In order to determine when altered taste and zinc deficiency begin in the course of chronic progressive renal disease and to assess the various indices of zinc depletion, 14 pediatric patients were studied who were in various degrees of renal failure. They were not yet on dialysis or in need of transplantation. Taste acuity was abnormal in all patients. The mean plasma zinc levels were less than normal, but the differences were not statistically significant. The hair and RBC zinc concentrations, however, were significantly depressed. Analysis of the data indicate that zinc deficiency begins early in the course of chronic renal failure, that hair and RBC zinc measurements are the most reliable indicators of zinc status, and that poor intake of zinc containing foods is the major cause of the zinc depletion.

Adolescent↗