[Compensation for the child and old-age dependency burdens in a declining population: a discussion paper].
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Dependency Burden”
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[The effect of the dependency burden on household savings in parts of central Sumatra].
The demographic impact of family size on household savings is examined. Saving is defined as "the difference between income and expenditure. Household size and number of children at school are used as the independent variables.... The paper concludes that household size negatively affects household saving." Data are from the 1987 Indonesian census. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Asia↗
When the baby boom grows old: impacts on Canada's public sector.
The authors discuss the dependency burden that is expected to result from demographic aging in Canada. "The estimated size of the burden depends on projections of demographic change, economic growth, and structural aspects of the major age-sensitive public-sector programmes. The burdens are analysed for 2016 and 2036, the period when demographic aging may be expected to have its most adverse impacts on old-age dependency ratios and public-sector programme costs. Contrary to many popularly expressed concerns, demographic aging is not the most important factor in determining future public-sector costs and revenues. Rather, aspects of the design and management of public-sector programmes represent the greatest area of uncertainty."
Age Factors↗
Evaluation of the home help service and its impact on the informal caregiver's burden of dependent elders.
AIM: This study looks at the objective and subjective characteristics of home respite service provision and its impact on the informal care burden of dependent elders. METHOD: A sample of 296 dependent people and their informal caregivers was randomly selected among users and non-users of the Home Help Service (HHS) in an autonomous Spanish region (Comunidad Valenciana). An experimental design was used and a field study was carrying out that collected information on sociodemographic variables of the dependent person and his/her caregiver, HHS characteristics and the assessment of the services delivered by this resource as well as the informal caregivers'burden. RESULTS: The results show that the services of this resource are very limited, with low cover and frequency, and they do not address the real dependency needs in specific activities of daily living. However, users and caregivers are satisfied with this care and experience a higher quality of life since it was implemented, although the HHS does not alleviate informal caregivers' stress. CONCLUSION: These data show the need to extend the services delivered by the HHS and the duration of care, address the caregiver's need for psychological care, and look at potentially modifiable variables in the care context when designing prevention and psychosocial intervention programmes to lessen the informal caregiver's burden.
Activities of Daily Living↗
[Bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity as a cause of difficulty in breathing that depends on burden and weather].
356 male patients (non-suffering from the lungs, recidivity-bronchitis or chronic bronchitis) were interrogated about the presence of difficulty in breathing that depends on burden and weather, and these patients were investigated for detection of a bronchial obstruction and a bronchial hyperreactivity. With the increased degree of a manifest bronchial obstruction a high-significant increase in frequency of load-dyspnea was demonstrated. On the other hand a significant increase of difficulty in breathing that depends on weather can be obtained only in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity. To estimate more differentiated the difficulty in breathing about which the patients pointed out, an investigation by means of the acetylcholine test is necessary.
Acetylcholine↗
A comparison of the impact of institutionalization on spouse and nonspouse caregivers.
We report on a study of 106 spouse and nonspouse primary caregivers of cognitively impaired older people. Half of these caregivers cared for someone in a community setting, half cared for someone in an institution (a nursing home or hospital). The study used the multidimensional Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) to measure the burden that these caregivers felt. A 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance found an effect of the interaction of relationship and living arrangement on two CBI subscales: Time Dependence Burden and Developmental Burden. Spouses showed a significantly greater difference in Time Dependence Burden scores than did nonspouses in both living arrangement groups, and nonspouses showed a significantly greater difference in Developmental Burden than did spouses in both groups. We conclude with a discussion of how programs can help different types of caregivers cope with feelings of burden.
Analysis of Variance↗
Stress burden, drug dependence and the nativity paradox among U.S. Hispanics.
It seems well established that exposure to social stress, including acculturation stress, increases risk for psychiatric and substance problems, and that the disadvantaged experience higher levels of such exposure. Such evidence points to the expectation that immigrant minority groups must be at elevated risk relative to their native-born counterparts. That the opposite appears to be true for various immigrant groups within the U.S. constitutes what has been referred to as the nativity health paradox. This paper examines the association between nativity and drug dependence among the distinctive and understudied Hispanic population of South Florida and attempts to evaluate competing explanations for the apparent advantage of immigrant populations. Based on data on a representative sample young adults of Cuban and other Hispanic backgrounds (n=888), we found the paradox to be limited to women and confirmed the finding of prior research that acculturation plays a major role in explaining this difference in risk. We also found cumulative exposure to major and potentially traumatic events to be lower rather than higher among immigrants, to be a strong predictor of drug dependence and to contribute importantly toward accounting for observed nativity differences among women. Taken together, cumulative stress exposure and degree of acculturation explained 40% of the nativity difference. Finally, our results suggest that social support matters for risk primarily because such support more effectively acts to reduce exposure to social stress among foreign-born young Hispanic women.
Acculturation↗
The burden of dependency.
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Dependency, Psychological↗
A transport-dependent energy burden imposed by growth of Enterobacter cloacae in the presence of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Growth of Enterobacter cloacae in a glucose asparagine salts medium in the presence of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate entailed an energy burden in the form of a 20% decreased cell yield, a 30% faster rate of glucose utilization, and a 70% increased rate of oxygen consumption. Similar detergent-induced decreases in cell yield were observed with 10 other sugars and sugar alcohols. Only glycerol supported equivalent cell growth in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A model is presented which interprets these observations in terms of an altered membrane potential which makes active transport energetically less efficient.
Biological Transport, Active↗
Population ageing and intergenerational conflict: a post-Keynesian view.
The author reexamines the relationships among demographic aging, the dependency burden, and intergenerational conflict from a post-Keynesian perspective, in which unemployment and excess capacity are normal to the functioning of capitalist economies, and resources are not generally fully utilized. He "argues that the Keynesian process of national income determination precludes any immediate relationship between population ageing and the 'burden' imposed on income recipients. Below full employment, a rising dependency ratio is not guaranteed to reduce the expenditure share of income recipients or raise their tax rates. An exclusive emphasis on intergenerational conflict can give a misleading impression of the consequences of population ageing." The focus is on developed countries.
Demography↗
Using census data for household projections: an overview of results from the HOMES Project.
"This article provides an overview of the household projection model HOMES [a computer model developed to forecast the number and characteristics of households] and presents new household projections for six countries--China, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. The household projections are based on recently released population projections from The World Bank and on rules governing living arrangements quantified with the latest available census or demographic survey for each country. Growth in the number of households to the year 2030 is projected along with changes in household membership and the dependency burden."
Asia↗
Population ageing and social expenditure in Australia.
Questions concerning the impact of demographic aging on the dependency burden in Australia are examined. "This article shows that the social expenditure to GDP ratio is heavily dependent on assumptions made about real spending growth, productivity growth, unemployment and participation rates. It produces a framework that makes the assumptions underlying the projections clear and enables the results of changing the assumptions to be easily compared. The projected ratios are significantly higher than those obtained in previous Australian studies."
Australia↗
Consequences of rapid fertility decline in the Republic of Korea: issues and solutions.
During the last 3 decades, efforts to deal with population problems in Korea have focused largely on reducing population growth. The national population control program has been a major means of achieving this goal. Between the early 1960s and 1990, evidence from a national survey indicates that the percent of current use of contraception rose from about 12% to 80% and the total fertility rate fell to 1.6. representing 1 of the most rapid fertility transitions in the developing world. In conjunction with this rapid reduction in fertility, mortality also improved significantly during this period. Thus, Korea has virtually completed the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates during the same period. It is widely recognized that Korea has reached demographic maturity and has also achieved remarkable economic development at the same time. The world's demographic history shows that the demographic transition which almost every industrialized country has gone through from a predominantly rural, illiterate society with high birth and death rates, to a predominantly rural, illiterate society with high birth and death rates, to a predominantly urban, educated society with low birth and death rates usually takes well over a century, but in Korea, that process has taken only a few decades. On the other hand, the consequences of a rapid fertility decline bring about various demographic and social issues which we have to take into consideration for future socioeconomic development policy concerning the well-being of the Korean people. Some of issues for policy consideration can be broadly summarized as follows: 1) gradual imbalance of sex ratio at birth due to traditional son preference behavior; 2) latent effect of inevitable population aging and increasing dependency burden on behalf of the elderly for the public sector; 3) changes in family life cycle and rapid transformation form a large to a small family; 4) increasing demand for now social roles for women, supported by easing of child care burdens within households.
Asia↗
Demographic and economic aspects of the Italian second generation within migration movement.
"The essay attempts to estimate the size and the characteristics of expatriating and repatriating young people (aged 0-20) in relation to the Italian demographic structure and recent migration movement. Two working definitions are used, 'internal second generation' and 'second generation abroad', usually originating from the same inland regions." Government statistical sources and local level resident registries are analyzed. Tables present information concerning the numbers of expatriates and repatriates for the country as a whole for the years 1946-1984 and net migration figures for regions within Italy for the decade 1961-1971. The authors calculate the percentages of expatriates and repatriates during the years 1958-1984 who were aged 14 and under and 65 and over and "the migratory mobility of youth categories is analysed. In the areas of high intra and out-migration flows, considerable differences in migration rates and natural growth rate are noticed. In some areas a systematic ageing of the population, a decrease in the labour force and a high dependency index are found." Potential socioeconomic and demographic consequences of the impact of migration on the dependency burden in Italy are considered. (summary in FRE)
Adolescent↗
Ageing and economic welfare.
"The purpose of the present paper is to seek to elucidate the effects of recent and future population development upon the economic welfare of the Danish population as a whole, but especially of the elderly." It is shown that the proportion of the elderly in the total population has increased from 10 percent in 1900 to 20 percent in 1984 and is likely to increase to 21 percent in 2000 and 30 percent in 2025. The consequent increase in the dependency burden on those of working age is examined. The need for greater economic efficiency, higher fertility, and increased labor force participation by the elderly in order for the country to respond to this challenge is noted. (summary in FRE, ITA)
Adult↗
Dependent care, caregiver burden, hardiness, and self-care agency of caregivers.
This is a partial replication of a descriptive correlation study that examined the relationship between dependent care, caregiver burden, health-related hardiness, and self-care agency of caregivers. Data from this replication were compared with those of the previously reported study. Data were collected from a home health agency and a radiation-oncology unit. A moderate significant negative correlation was found between objective burden and dependent care. Moderate significant positive correlations were found between self-care agency scores and the commitment/challenge and control subscales of health-related hardiness scores. The major difference between this study and the previous one was in the level of subjective burden. Even though caregivers reported greater levels of subjective burden, the correlation with self-care agency and hardiness was nonexistent. The small subsample of male caregivers (n = 14) prevented a statistical comparison with the previous data; however, in the pooled sample previous findings were supported.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Dependent care, caregiver burden, and self-care agency of spouse caregivers.
A convenience sample of 113 spouse caregivers was used to examine the relationships between dependent care, caregiver burden, and self-care agency. Subjects were the spouses of radiation oncology or chemotherapy patients in a large metropolitan hospital. The Denyes Self-Care Agency Instrument was used to measure self-care agency. The Task Scale was used to operationalize dependent care, and the Burden Scales were used to measure caregiver burden. Demographic data were collected on the number of weeks in the caregiver role, presence of health problems in the caregiver, gender, age, income, and education. In the total sample, subjective burden was negatively and significantly related to self-care agency and objective burden, in addition, dependent care and objective burden were also negatively related. When the data were divided into subsamples based on gender, several of the relationships were in opposite directions. The most notable of these were the relationships between dependent care and self-care agency. It is evident that interventions should take these gender differences into account.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Comparison of the use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and a classical pharmacokinetic model for dioxin exposure assessments.
In epidemiologic studies, exposure assessments of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) assume a fixed elimination rate. Recent data suggest a dose-dependent elimination rate for TCDD. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which uses a body-burden-dependent elimination rate, was developed previously in rodents to describe the pharmacokinetics of TCDD and has been extrapolated to human exposure for this study. Optimizations were performed using data from a random selection of veterans from the Ranch Hand cohort and data from a human volunteer who was exposed to TCDD. Assessment of this PBPK model used additional data from the Ranch Hand cohort and a clinical report of two women exposed to TCDD. This PBPK model suggests that previous exposure assessments may have significantly underestimated peak blood concentrations, resulting in potential exposure misclassifications. Application of a PBPK model that incorporates an inducible elimination of TCDD may improve the exposure assessments in epidemiologic studies of TCDD.
Body Burden↗