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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Proteomic profile of the dentine pellicle modified with plant polyphenols and fluoride.

OBJECTIVES: Despite its protective role, the dentine pellicle has rarely been studied, therefore we aimed to map out the proteomic profile of in vitro dentine pellicles before and after modification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 135 human dentine specimens were prepared. After initial pellicle formation with 150 µl pooled human saliva (37 °C, 30 min), the dentine specimens were immersed in one of 9 pellicle modification solutions (2 ml/specimen): deionized water (non-modified pellicle), SnCl2/NaF/AmF (commercial solution containing 800 ppm Sn2+ and 500 ppm F-), NaF solution (500 ppm F- ), and six polyphenol solutions (2 mg / ml) with or without 500 ppm F-: blueberry extract (BBE and BBE + F-), green tea extract (GTE and GTE + F-) and grape seed extract (GSE and GSE + F-). After another aliquot of saliva (150 µl, 37 °C, 60 min), the pellicles were harvested with sodium dodecyl sulphate by rubbing with cotton balls, and taken to proteomic analyses by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after tryptic digestion. RESULTS: A total of 382 proteins were identified in all the proteomic analyses for all groups. Pellicle modification with fluoride, either NaF or SnCl2/NaF/AmF, led to the presence of 12 or 14 exclusive proteins, respectively, whereas modification with the solutions containing polyphenols presented less exclusive proteins (4-6 proteins). The number of exclusive proteins was even lower for when polyphenols and fluoride (GTE + F- and GSE + F-) were used, with lower abundance of proteases. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that NaF and SnCl2/NaF/AmF significantly modify the proteome of the dentine pellicle. The combination of fluoride with polyphenols further lowers the abundance of proteins and proteases, which explains the positive effect of these solutions on the dentine pellicles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Plant extract solutions with fluoride can significantly modify the proteomic structure of the dentine pellicle, which clarifies the mechanism of action of polyphenols on the protection of dentine demineralization.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Protective effect of the in situ pellicle on dentin erosion - an ex vivo pilot study.

AIM: The acquired pellicle is well known as an anti-erosive proteinaceous layer on enamel, but its protective properties on dentin have not been investigated in detail until now. The aim of the present ex vivo study was to evaluate the erosive effects on pellicle coated dentin. METHODS: Bovine dentin slabs were exposed to the oral cavity of one subject for 120 min for in situ pellicle formation. Subsequently, the slabs were incubated with HCl (pH 2.3) in vitro for 5 min and erosive calcium-release was measured photometrically. In addition, the acid treated specimens were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pellicle free samples served as controls. RESULTS: Calcium erosion from the pellicle coated dentin slabs amounted to 23.5+/-2.9 microg Ca/min (pellicle free samples: 32.2+/-4.2 microg Ca/min). The difference was statistically significant (p < or = 0.05). In pellicle coated as well as in uncoated dentin samples, TEM-evaluation showed a demineralised dentinal surface layer which thickness ranged between 3 and 6 microm. The pellicle itself was partially dissolved but not removed by hydrochloric acid treatment. CONCLUSION: The protective properties of the acquired pellicle against an erosive challenge of the dentinal surface are limited. The dentinal pellicle functions like an ion permeable network rather than a barrier.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Chemical and morphological studies of the acquired pellicle formed subgingivally on dentin in vivo.

The morphological appearance and chemical composition of the subgingival pellicle were studied, using Auger analysis and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A pellicle was formed on pieces of dentin (2 X 2 X 1 mm), prepared from freshly extracted teeth after root planing. The dentin slabs were inserted for 2 h into healthy gingival sulci. Control slabs cemented supragingivally were used for comparison. The results confirmed the presence of an organic film on the surface of all slabs. Auger analysis of the organic film showed the presence of Ca in the supragingival integument but not in the subgingival integument. The subgingival pellicle was in all cases thicker than the supragingival pellicle. The transmission and scanning electron microscopy observations confirmed the presence of a film essentially free of bacteria on the subgingival specimens and also indicated a possible morphological difference between the supra- and sub-gingival pellicle.

Dental Deposits↗
PubMed2006

Protective effect of the dental pellicle against erosive challenges in situ.

The acquired dental pellicle helps prevent erosion, but the protection level is unknown. This in situ study tested whether a two-hour pellicle protects against different erosive challenges by orange juice. Subjects wore palatal appliances loaded with either enamel or dentin specimens. Pellicle was allowed to form, or not (control), on the surfaces of the specimens intra-orally for 2 hrs before the erosive challenges of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30 minutes' duration. Specimens were randomly removed from the appliances after each challenge. Percentage of surface microhardness change (%SMC) was determined for the enamel specimens, and that of mineral loss and lesion depth for the dentin specimens. Enamel specimens with the pellicle showed a significantly lower %SMC, only after the 10-minute challenge. No protection was found for dentin. It was concluded that the acquired pellicle reduced dental erosion, but that this effect was limited to the less severe erosive challenge on enamel surfaces.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Scanning electron-microscopic study of pellicle and plaque formation on tetracycline-impregnated dentin.

Previous experiments have shown that tetracyclines may react with hydroxyapatite, e.g. in enamel and dentin, without losing their antimicrobial capacity. The present paper examines the pattern of pellicle and plaque formation on doxycycline-treated dentin by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From newly extracted human teeth were prepared standardized dentin slabs, half of which were soaked in aqueous solutions of doxycycline HCl, 10 mg/ml (pH 2.5) for 10 min. Seven volunteers carried doxycycline-impregnated specimens ligated to the buccal surface of a maxillary molar for 2 h, 8 h, 24 h and 120 h, respectively. Untreated control specimens were ligated to the contralateral teeth. After removal from the oral cavity, the dentin slabs were briefly rinsed in water, allowed to air dry and processed for SEM. SEM assessment of the specimens showed that doxycycline-impregnation resulted in a superficial etching of the dentin, a reduced rate of pellicle formation as well as an impairment of pellicle adhesion, and a retarded bacterial plaque formation on the dentin surfaces.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

Sites of dental erosion are saliva-dependent.

Acid demineralization of teeth causes occlusal erosion and attrition and associated non-carious cervical lesions at sites relatively unprotected by saliva. Associations of occlusal pathology and cervical lesions were looked for in 450 patients with toothwear, and 174 subjects with cervical lesions were identified. Associations of occlusal attrition, or erosion, or no wear, with cervical lesions at 72 buccal and lingual sites were recorded from epoxy resin replicas of the subjects' dentitions (3241 teeth). Criteria used to discriminate occlusal erosion from attrition; and shallow from grooved and wedge-shaped cervical lesions were delineated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the absence of occlusal pathology, cervical lesions were very rare (<1%). In the presence of occlusal pathology, cervical lesions were present in 27.71% of buccal sites as opposed to 2.61% of lingual sites. The commonest site of cervical lesions was the facial of maxillary incisors (36% of sites). The least common site was the lingual aspect of mandibular molars (1.7% of sites). These differences may reflect the normal protective role of serous saliva and salivary pellicle in a site-specific manner, on the lingual surfaces of mandibular teeth particularly, and do not support abfraction as the prime aetiology of cervical lesions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Natural desensitization of exposed tooth roots in dogs.

With scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe elemental analysis, and an objective method for eliciting responses to electrical stimuli, exposed tooth root surfaces in dogs were found to become naturally desensitized with time, perhaps because of the formation of acquired pellicle.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Exposure time of enamel and dentine to saliva for protection against erosion: a study in vitro.

Previous research, mainly on enamel, supports a protective role for salivary pellicle against erosion. Pretreatments have tended to be lengthy (24 h or more) and of questionable relevance to the regular intake of acidic food and drink by many individuals. The aim of this study in vitro was to determine the protective effect of salivary pellicle formed on enamel and dentine over time periods up to 4 h. Flattened, polished human enamel and dentine specimens were pretreated with unstimulated human saliva from a single donor for 2 min, 30 min (enamel only), 1, 2, or 4 h. Controls were exposed to water for the same times. Specimens were then exposed to 0.3% citric acid, pH 3.2 for 10 min with stirring. This cycle was carried out 12 times. Tissue loss was measured by profilometry after 3, 6, 9 and 12 cycles. For enamel, statistically significant protection was found at >or=1 h. For dentine, significant protection was achieved at 2 min. Salivary pellicle offered proportionately greater protection to enamel than dentine. Cautiously extrapolating these in vitro data suggests that pellicle should offer erosion protection to individuals who imbibe acidic drinks at frequencies of 1 h or less.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

An in vivo model for the identification of serum proteins in the acquired subgingival pellicle.

The present study describes an in vivo model for the collection of the subgingival pellicle adsorbed to tooth surface, and the identification of some serum proteins within this layer. Clean dentin slabs were prepared from freshly extracted teeth, and then placed subgingivally for 2 h. The dentin slabs with their adsorbed pellicle layer were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Thin sections were made from the specimens, and treated with antisera to human immunoglobulins and albumin. The reactions were visualized by means of protein A-gold complex, which allowed semiquantification of the serum proteins. The indicator proteins were all identified within the pellicle material, but their amounts and distribution varied. Albumin demonstrated higher amounts in the pellicle layer than other proteins, followed by IgA, IgG, and IgM in descending order. The model described seems useful for studying the acquired subgingival pellicle under varying degrees of disease and health.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dentin hypersensitivity. Occlusion of dentinal tubules by brushing with and without an abrasive dentifrice.

Daily toothbrushing with and without an abrasive dentifrice was performed on the ground surfaces of human cervical dentin attached to resin plates, which had been exposed to the oral cavities of 4 subjects for 8 weeks. Brushing with a dentifrice containing calcium hydrogen phosphate as an abrasive caused most of the dentinal tubules to open. The patency of dentinal tubules is thought to induce dentin hypersensitivity. Brushing without a dentifrice, on the other hand, resulted in occlusion of the dentinal tubules with organic pellicle-containing minerals. Furthermore, abrasion did not occur; however, no bacterial plaque or dental calculus were retained. The occluded tubules which were distributed over the entire dentin surfaces will likely prevent hypersensitivity. Such organic-mineral materials occluding the tubules can be derived from saliva and embedded by the brushing. We suggest that use of a non-abrasive dentifrice will prevent or reduce dentin hypersensitivity in the cervical regions.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Saliva and salivary pellicle composition and proteomic profile in smokers vs. non-smokers and its effect on dental erosion.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the salivary composition and proteomic profile of saliva and the salivary pellicle in smokers compared to non-smokers, and to examine potential differences in the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle. METHODS: Twenty-five smokers and 25 non-smokers were included. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were analysed regarding flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and protein content. Saliva and salivary pellicle samples were analysed by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for proteome profiling. In an in situ experiment, intraoral splints were loaded with bovine enamel and dentine specimens for 120 min. Pellicle-covered specimens were extraorally eroded (HCl, pH 2.3, 60 s). Calcium release was determined photometrically and compared to pellicle-free controls. RESULTS: Except for phosphate in stimulated saliva (padj.=0.003), salivary parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. Proteome profiling detected 1759&#xb1;154 proteins (cumulative 1963) in saliva, and 4262&#xb1;362 proteins (cumulative 4625) in the salivary pellicle. The relative abundances of 282 (unstimulated saliva), 338 (stimulated saliva), and 4 (salivary pellicle) protein groups differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially abundant human proteins revealed biological processes such as coagulation, immune response, and carcinogenic reactive oxygen species processes to be impacted by smoking. The salivary pellicle had a significant erosion-protective effect in enamel compared to the control (41.4 &#xb1; 6.3 nmol/mm2), but no differences between smokers (33.2 &#xb1; 10.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) and non-smokers (32.7 &#xb1; 8.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) were found. CONCLUSION: The proteomic profiles of both unstimulated and stimulated saliva and the salivary pellicle differ between smokers and non-smokers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the different proteomic profiles indicating a significant impact of smoking on the oral cavity, the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle of smokers and non-smokers does not differ.

Dental Pellicle↗
PubMed1983

Microscopy of the dentine of enamel-free areas of rat molar teeth.

Dentine of the enamel-free areas (EFA) of first mandibular molar teeth of rats aged between 20-150 days was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Demineralized sections were stained with Gram-Twort's stain and examined for dental caries. In newly erupted teeth, a few dentinal tubules opened on the EFA surface. As teeth became worn down, extensive areas of EFA showed numerous patent tubules. In primary dentine, no occlusion or partial occlusion of tubules was apparent at any age except at the occlusal surface. It is postulated that this surface narrowing was caused either by dentine debris or salivary deposits. The only other covering of tubule openings appeared to be a thin salivary pellicle which in older animals was plaque-like. Patent tubules in primary dentine contained odontoblast processes which even in worn teeth extended to EFA surfaces. Processes in adjacent enamel-covered dentine also extended to the enamel-dentine junction. Only a few examples of bacterial invasion of EFA dentine were seen: in younger animals bacteria occupied cracks in the EFA surface, but in older animals they also occupied tubules. The EFA dentine does not appear to respond to attrition by infilling of the tubules; the persistence of vital odontoblast processes in worn teeth suggests that dead tract formation is not extensive. Continuous occlusal wear may restrict the progress of caries in EFA but odontoblasts in the rat may be also physiologically and immunologically involved in restricting the ingress of bacteria into otherwise poorly protected EFA.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

In vitro efficacy of a whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite.

OBJECTIVES: The studies described in this paper aimed to assess the stain removal efficacy, fluoride efficacy and abrasivity to enamel and dentine of a new whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite, using appropriate in vitro models. METHODS: Stain removal efficacy was assessed using the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) method. Fluoride efficacy was assessed using remineralisation, demineralisation and fluoride-uptake methods. Abrasivity was assessed using an enamel and dentine wear method. RESULTS: The results showed that the new whitening toothpaste was able to remove extrinsic tooth stain more effectively than three commercially available toothpaste formulations. The fluoride efficacy was superior to a non-fluoridated control and was not significantly different to a clinically tested fluoride-containing toothpaste. The abrasivity data showed that the calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste is no more abrasive to enamel or dentine than two other commercially available whitening toothpastes. CONCLUSIONS: The studies show that the new whitening toothpaste is effective in extrinsic stain removal, has an efficacious fluoride source and does not have an undue degree of abrasivity to enamel or dentine compared to other relevant commercially available products.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An in situ investigation into the abrasion of eroded dental hard tissues by a whitening dentifrice.

This crossover study aimed to investigate abrasion of previously eroded hard dental tissues by a whitening dentifrice compared to a regular dentifrice. After a 3-day lead-in period, 14 volunteers were randomly assigned to use one of the toothpastes while wearing a removable appliance, containing 3 enamel and 3 root dentine slabs on each side. On the first day salivary pellicle was allowed to form. Twice daily for the following 3 days, one side of each appliance was immersed in an acidic carbonated drink ex vivo while the other side remained unexposed. Specimens were then brushed with the allocated dentifrice. After a 3-day washout period, new sets of enamel and dentine slabs were mounted in the appliances and the participants commenced period 2 using the alternative toothpaste. Acid-treated specimens always showed more wear than untreated specimens. The whitening dentifrice did not significantly increase the wear of softened enamel compared with the regular dentifrice. Brushing with the whitening toothpaste led to significantly greater wear of sound enamel and of both eroded and sound dentine than the regular dentifrice. The results suggest that whitening dentifrices may not increase the wear of acid-softened enamel but may have a more deleterious effect on dentine than regular toothpastes.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues--solubility of dentinal smear layer in dilute acid buffers.

While the acid etch technique has largely solved the problem of bonding restorative materials to enamel, attempts to improve adhesive bonding to dentin have so far had only limited success. One aspect to which insufficient attention has been paid is the presence of a smear layer on cut surfaces and of pellicle on surfaces exposed to saliva, both of which would reduce or prevent durable adhesive bonds. The present study attempts to evaluate the usefulness of various acidic solutions in removing these surface layers while causing minimal damage to the vital contents of the dentinal tubules. A series of twelve 0.16 M buffer solutions were applied to cut dentin surfaces which were then washed, dried and sputter-coated with gold/palladium in preparation for examination by scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that the smear layer on cut dentin surfaces can be substantially removed in vitro by a 30 second exposure to an isotonic solution of buffered monobasic acids having pKa values between 3.8 and 2.5. Since these solutions did not always remove material from grooves in the prepared surface clinical techniques should aim at producing a smooth cut surface. The response of the vital pulp to this treatment still awaits investigation.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1979

Transmission and control of dentinal pain: resin impregnation for the desensitization of dentin.

With the exception of direct electrical stimulation, it seems that all procedures known to produce dentinal pain may mechanically distort the structure of pain-sensitive nerves in the pulp and predentinal area and that this effect is mediated by a hydrodynamic link. Nature may contribute to insensitive dentin by: production of irregular, atubular dentin at the pulpal wall; obliteration of dentinal tubules by sclerosis; and mineralization of a superficial layer, pellicle or plaque, at the exposed surface. Few clinical methods are capable of accelerating these mechanisms. A technique of resin impregnation for the desensitization of exposed dentin has been presented. After proper pretreatment, that includes drying the dentin surface, resin tags can be obtained in the outer part of the dentinal tubules and may immediately and permanently relieve dentinal pain. This technique seems to be a good alternative to other methods, especially for patients with occlusal or incisal exposures caused by abrasion, grinding, or fracture, in which other methods cannot provide immediate and long-lasting desensitization.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Effects of brushing with a dentifrice for sensitive teeth on tubule occlusion and abrasion of dentin.

By using a dentifrice or toothpaste for sensitive teeth, the brushing-induced effects on dentinal tubule occlusion and abrasion of human sound dentin were investigated with a scanning electron microscope and a scanning laser microscope. The dentifrice contained diatomaceous earth and silica as abrasives and strontium chloride hexahydrate as an active ingredient. Thirty dentin pieces of human premolar teeth with an average of 20% occluded dentinal tubules were attached to resin plates and exposed to the oral cavities of five adult subjects for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Brushing with and without dentifrice was performed 1 min per day, respectively. Brushing with the dentifrice gradually decreased the mean average of occluded tubules from about 91 to 77% during 2 to 8 weeks, although there were no significant differences among the individual values. However, the mean abrasive loss of the dentin surfaces brushed with dentifrice significantly increased from about 52 to 143 microm in depth. The brushed surfaces of the dentin showed a rough topography with numerous toothbrush scratches but no organic pellicle was found. On the other hand, brushing without dentifrice caused about 99% of the dentinal tubules to occlude in 2 and 4 weeks and 100% in 8 weeks. The brushed dentin surfaces at 8 weeks were entirely covered with organic pellicle containing fine mineral granules derived from saliva, and the abrasive loss was about 1.4 microm in mean depth. Such results indicate that brushing with abrasive dentifrices for sensitive teeth remarkably erodes dentin, and suggest that the brushing should cause the dentinal tubules to open again for a certain period of time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 1. The occlusal surface and enamel thickness.

Gross and microscopic examinations were undertaken on 46 cheek (molar and premolar) and 4 incisor equine teeth that were fractured, or sectioned either with a lathe or diamond saw. Specimens were examined without treatment, after decalcification or acid etching, utilising light, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In some horses, the occlusal surface of the teeth were covered with an organic pellicle. The occlusal surface of the underlying equine enamel contained different wear patterns, including polished areas, local fractures, wedge-shaped pits, striations and depressions. Occlusal dentine showed depressions whose depth was related to its occlusal surface area, with larger surface areas having deeper depressions. The thickness of equine enamel varied greatly throughout its folds in the transverse plane, and was thickest in areas where folds were parallel to the long axis of the maxilla and mandible. Enamel thickness remained constant in the longitudinal plane (throughout the length of the tooth). Peripheral enamel was more deeply infolded in lower than in upper cheek teeth and this appeared to compensate for the absence of infundibula (deep, cup-like enamel indentations that are partially filled with cement) in the lower cheek teeth.

Animals↗