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Results for “Demographic Factors--statistics”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Statistical models of the demand for emergency medical services in an urban area.

First- and second-order statistical regression models are presented for the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) demand in an urban area as it relates to various socioeconomic, demographic, and other characteristics of the area. Individual models are formulated for different types of medical emergencies with the city of Atlanta, GA, serving as the data base. These models are generally shown to provide excellent fits to the empirical data.

Emergency Medical Services↗
PubMed1978

Discrepancies between admission and discharge diagnoses in a university hospital.

Admission screening and certification systems for utilization review are based on acceptance of attending physicians' admitting diagnosis. This study was conducted to: 1) determine the consistency of admission diagnosis as compared to discharge diagnosis: i) identify the characteristics of patients and diagnoses subject to higher rates of diagnostic discrepancy; and 3) analyze the apparent reasons for such discrepancies. The following methods were used: direct comparison of admission and discharge diagnosis on a sample (n = 955) of university hospital patients using a rating scale to measure the degree of change in specificity and category of diagnosis; analysis of diagnostic change by hospital service, demographic characteristics of patients, length of stay, and source of payment; review of charts with the greatest diagnostic discrepancy. Diagnostic changes were found in 26.8 per cent of all admissions (n = 230) and were most frequent in neurological, medical and pediatric patients. The rate of change varied with patient age and length of stay and was lowest in Medicaid patients. Changes were usually from general to more specific diagnosis in related categories, with 4.3 per cent being discharged undiagnosed and 2.9 per cent with unrelated diagnosis. Major causes for discrepancies were related to clinical and laboratory findings. No evidence was found for deliberate diagnostic manipulation to gain admission or to improve financial coverage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table.

The "problem of the sexes" has been one of trying to reconcile inconsistent male and female demographic rates. The present paper deals with that question in the context of a two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table. A "rectangular" population, with equal numbers of persons in each age-sex group, is introduced as a standard, and a standardization relationship expressed in equation (9) relates changes in rectangular population rates to changes in age-sex composition. The standardization relationship is shown to satisfy a number of desirable properties and produce a realistic two-sex model. The standardization approach is then applied to data from Sweden for 1973, and the results and their implications are discussed. In particular, it is seen that the total number of marriages in a two-sex population neither is nor should be bounded by the total numbers of marriages in the associated male and female one-sex nuptiality-mortality tables.

Female↗
PubMed1975

The effect of maternal demographic factors on infant mortality rates. Summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Part I.

Birth and infant death certificates for Louisiana in 1972 were matched and reviewed to identify groups particularly in need of close medical support and counselling during the identify groups particularly in need of close medical support and counselling during the life phases of preparation for reproduction, gestation, and parenthood. From all recorded birth and infant death certificates for 1972 (69,556 birth and 1,541 death certificates) infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were computed for maternal demographic (intrinsic patient physiocal and life-style characteristics) factors including age, race, parity by age cohort, education, and legitimacy. Excessive infant deaths were found among illegitimate offspring, except in mothers less than 15 years of age or nonwhites over 35 years of age; the less educated; those having too many children too soon; those of low birth weight; and whites relying on Charity Hospitals. An increased mortality rate was seen with nonwhites and with the younger and older mothers.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Contraceptive compliance with a levonorgestrel triphasic and a norethindrone monophasic oral contraceptive in adolescent patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the impact of two low-dose oral contraceptive pills on compliance and side effects in adolescent patients. STUDY DESIGN: The use of a levonorgestrel-containing triphasic pill (N = 114) was compared with that of a monophasic (1 + 35) norethindrone-containing pill (N = 110) at two different sociodemographic sites. RESULTS: No significant difference in compliance or pill satisfaction was observed between the pills. Socioeconomic factors were the overriding predictors of compliance. At 3 and 12 months of follow-up, there were significantly fewer complaints of overall side effects (p less than 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively), breakthrough bleeding (p = 0.017 and p = 0.018), and pill amenorrhea (p = 0.002 and p less than 0.001) among users of the triphasic pill. Mean weight change at 12 months was +1.1 kg for the monophasic pill and -0.1 kg for the triphasic pill. All known pregnancies occurred among noncompliant city clinic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents experienced fewer side effects with the triphasic pill than with the monophasic one, but compliance was the same.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for survival comparisons to a standard population.

PROPHAZ is a computer program created for the analysis of survival data using the general proportional hazards model. It was designed specifically for the situation in which the underlying hazard function may be estimated from the mortality experience of a large reference population, but may be used for other problems as well. Input for the program includes the variables of interest as well as the information necessary for estimating the hazard function (demographic and mortality data). Regression coefficients for the variables of interest are obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Utilizing large sample asymptotic theory, x2 statistics are derived which may be used to test hypotheses of the form C beta = 0. Input format is completely flexible for the variables of interest as well as the mortality data.

Computers↗
PubMed1992

Fitting cancer mortality data with cumulative damage models.

Cumulative damage models conceive the epidemiologically observed aspects of carcinogenesis as some kind of total balance over a complex biological process and suggest that this total balance might behave as a wear-and-tear process. The essential concepts of this mechanistic model are exposure to a carcinogenically damaging environment and resistance of a host system against those damages. Intensity of exposure and magnitude of host resistance are the parameters to be assessed. The paper describes (1) the statistical methods for fitting this model to birth cohort data; (2) for which cancer sites the model provides acceptable fits and for which it does not; and (3) how model extensions provide improvements in the goodness of fit. It is shown that from a theoretical viewpoint the consideration of extra-Poisson variation is needed for descriptive epidemiological applications. The practical examples indicate that the present version of the model provides acceptable fits for only a few cancer sites and that refinements are needed in the majority of sites. However, plausible model extensions suggest considerable improvements of goodness of fit.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1977

Socioeconomic factors affecting the utilization of surgical operations.

Between 1963 and 1970 public programs were introduced to reduce inequalities in access to medical care. We examined differentials in surgical utilization among socioeconomic groups in 1970 as well as changes between 1963 and 1970. Multivariate analysis of National Health Interview Survey data indicated that large increases in surgical utilization occurred among disadvantaged groups: the aged, lower educated and nonwhites in urban areas. Some differential by race and residence remains, but is strongly related to income. Income had a large positive effect on surgical utilization, but this effect was less strong in 1970 than in 1963. Education had a negative effect on surgical utilization. Eleven surgical procedures were selected and scaled on indexes of "complexity," "urgency" and "necessity." These indexes do not vary among demographic groups that have significant differences in surgical utilization. However, lower-income groups utilized to a lesser extent procedures rated lowest on the necessity scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human sex ratio as it relates to caloric availability.

The relationship between human sex ratios at birth and caloric availability per capita was examined across different countries. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the amount of food a country had available and the percentage of male births. Furthermore, increases or decreases in a country's caloric availability were related to corresponding changes in that country's sex ratio. These results provide evidence of adaptive sex ratio biasing in humans. The physiological mechanism by which this effect operates is probably higher mortality rates for male embryos and fetuses as a result of nutritional deficiencies and associated stressors.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1977

An epidemiologic study of homicides in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

Extensive demographic data concerning homicide victims and perpetrators in Allegheny County, 1966-1974, were obtained retrospectively from the records of the County Coroner's Office and Police Department. Analysis revealed that the demographic characteristics describing perpetrators and victims were essentially identical. Rates of homicide peaked in the young adult years of life. The race ratio (B/W) among victims was 18.7 for males and 6.7 for females, while sex ratio (M/F) was 5.4 for blacks and 1.9 for whites. An inverse relationship between the rate of homicide and socioeconomic status was present among both black and white races. The majority of victims were killed by a spouse, relative, or friend (66%), usually in familiar locations, i.e., residence or place of work (60%), and usually during an alteration (68%). Shooting was the method used to perpetrate 61% of the killings, most of which were by means of a handgun. An increasing trend of homicide was noted, particularly for the type perpetrated by shooting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Two methods for assessing the risk-factor composition of the HIV-1 epidemic in heterosexual women: southeast England, 1988-1991.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of HIV-1 in the heterosexual population in southeast England between 1988 and 1991 was examined using two methods. DESIGN AND METHODS: First, district neonatal seroprevalence was compared on a geographical basis to social and demographic variables reflecting risk-factor prevalence. Second, over the same period eight children who developed AIDS within the first 12 months of life were born. RESULTS: The differences in seroprevalence between districts could be explained by the proportion of livebirths to women born in parts of Africa. An estimated 92% of neonatal seropositives could be associated with this demographic variable. The proportions of livebirths to women born in other countries, the prevalence of notified injecting drug use, and area measures of social deprivation, were only poorly related to HIV seroprevalence, and had no additional explanatory value. Seven of the eight (87.5%) children who developed AIDS in the first year were born to black women from Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods suggest that a high proportion of heterosexually transmitted HIV in southeast England has been imported.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part I. Patient profile.

A large group of patients (236) was examined for myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. The parameters used for diagnosis of the syndrome were pain and tenderness in the head and neck muscles and temporomandibular joint, joint sounds, and limited function. It was found that the demographic profile of our patient population did not vary greatly from those reported previously in other studies. However, we did examine more details of the patients' backgrounds than any other single study. The relationships of age, sex, occupation, marital status, emotional stress, and head trauma were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Levels and patterns of infant and child mortality in Ghana.

This paper attempts to measure infant and child mortality levels and also to determine their structure by utilizing the results of the 1968-1069 National Demographic Sample Survey which was conducted under the directorship of the author. Among the major problems encountered in the exercise are the adjustment of the current raw mortality data and the estimation of infant and child mortality from independent source material. The estimated infant mortality rates range from 56 per 1,000 live births in the Accra Capital District to 192 in the Upper Region during the late 1960's. The urban rate is lower than the rural rate, 98, as against 161 per 1,000 live births. A large proportion of the deaths among children aged 0-4 occur in the second year of life, and deaths in this age group account for the bulk of the deaths within the age group 1-4 years.

Age Factors↗