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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Some medico-socio-demographic factors and intra-uterine growth retardation.

In the present prospective pilot study an attempt has been made to find out the correlation between some maternopaternal factors (demographic, socio-economic and medical) that suggest a high risk for intra-uterine growth retardation. The mean height and booking weight of women in study group were significantly less than the height and weight of women in control group (p < 0.001 for both). The mean paternal height and weight were also significantly less in the study group as against controls (p < 0.05 for and p < 0.01 respectively). In the study group 54.54% of women consumed less than 1500 calories/day as compared to 32.72% in the controls (statistically significant difference, (p < 0.01). The mean haemoglobin was significantly lower in the study cases (8.1 g/dl) as compared to controls (9.6 g/dl) (p < 0.001). The mean platelet count in study cases (1.64 +/- 0.34 lac/cmm) was significantly lower than that in the controls (2.08 +/- 0.25 lac/cmm) (p < 0.001). The rate of instrumental vaginal delivery, emergency caesarean section for foetal distress, incidence of intrapartum foetal distress, and number of babies with low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were significantly more in the study group (p < .05 and p < 0.001 respectively for operative delivery and Apgar scores).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Drug use during early pregnancy. The impact of maternal illness, outcome of prior pregnancies and socio-demographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: Socio-demographic factors have been associated with drug use in pregnancy. However, information on maternal illness has rarely been included in previous studies. The aim of this study was therefore to estimate the impact of maternal illness and prior pregnancy outcome on the use of analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infectives and antihistamines in early pregnancy controlling for socio-demographic factors. METHODS: One thousand nine-hundred and forty-five parous pregnant women from Norway and Sweden were included in an interview study. Information on drug use, obstetric history, maternal illness and socio-demographic factors was collected by specially trained midwives at gestational week 17 and form the basis for the present analyses. RESULTS: After control for socio-demographic factors, reported illness was associated with the use of analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infectives and antihistamines during early pregnancy. The use of analgesic/antipyretic and anti-infective drugs differed between study sites. Sociodemographic factors such as age, parity, marital status, education, occupation and smoking habits did not influence drug use in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Maternal illness during pregnancy was associated with drug use in early pregnancy. When studying factors related to drug use during pregnancy, it is important to include information on maternal illness. Socio-demographic factors may be confounders and lead to erroneous conclusions about the factors related to drug use.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The seasonality of live birth is strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors.

The number of births varies markedly by season, but the causes of this variation are not well understood. The proposed explanations include temperature or photoperiod (affecting hormonal concentrations, sperm quality or sexual activity), seasonal variation in pregnancy loss, or cultural factors. In this paper we examined whether birth seasonality is influenced by socio-demographic factors. We used data on all live births registered in the Czech Republic in 1989-1991 (n = 387 496). Differences in the degree of seasonality between socio-demographic groups (defined by maternal age, marital status, education and birth order) were examined by inspection of curves, by comparing coefficients of variations of monthly numbers of births, and by calculating the ratios of the number of births in the 3 peak months (March to May) to the number of births in the 3 lowest months (October to December). We found large differences in the size of the seasonal variation in births by socio-demographic factors. The seasonal variation was highly pronounced in mothers who were 25-34 years old, had higher education, were married, and were pregnant with their second or third child. By contrast, birth seasonality was weak in mothers who were < or =19 years or > or =35 years old, unmarried, had low education, and expected their first or fourth or higher order birth. In a multivariate model, all four socio-demographic variables contributed significantly to seasonal variation. These results suggest that the seasonality of births is, at least in this population, strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Patterns of alcohol consumption in young Australian women: socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours and physical health.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours and physical health conditions are associated with non-drinking, binge drinking and hazardous/harmful drinking in young Australian women. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from the baseline survey of 14,762 young women (aged 18-23 years) enrolled in the Women's Health Australia study in 1996. Associations between a range of drinking patterns and socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours and health conditions were examined. RESULTS: Half the women were 'low intake' drinkers, a third 'rarely drank' and 9% were non-drinkers; however, 70% reported binge drinking with one-quarter of the binge drinkers doing so at least weekly. Non-drinkers were more likely than drinkers to be married, pregnant, non-smokers, born in non-English speaking countries, to live in the Northern Territory, and to have lower levels of education, employment, and private health insurance. 'Low intake/binge weekly' drinkers (12%) and 'hazardous/harmful' drinkers (5%) were more likely than 'low risk' drinkers to be unmarried; to live in shared accommodation, alone or with their parents; to live in rural or remote areas; to have ever had any sexually transmitted infection; to be current smokers or ex-smokers and to have used unhealthy weight-control practices. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm findings from other countries about the importance of social conditions as determinants of alcohol consumption by young women. IMPLICATIONS: Health promotion to reduce young women's alcohol consumption needs to be carefully targeted to take account of their demographies, living environments and beliefs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Demographic factors as predictors of coping strategies among police officers.

This study examined the effects of demographic factors on coping responses among police officers. A sample of 233 police officers completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988). The regression analysis showed that the higher the reported educational attainment, the more police officers reported coping which was emotion-focused and seeking social support. The rank of the officer was directly related to reported emotion-focused coping. These results are discussed relative to research on the relations of demographic factors and coping responses among police officers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

The Camden schizophrenia surveys. II. High prevalence of schizophrenia in an inner London borough and its relationship to socio-demographic factors.

BACKGROUND: Investigation of the geographical distribution of schizophrenia and its relationship to socio-demographic factors is useful for planning services. METHOD: Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 980) were identified by key informants within an inner London borough and point prevalence calculated for broad, Feighner and DSM-III-R schizophrenia. The distribution of cases was tested for significant variation using the Poisson process model. Regression models using the Jarman-8 score and its component variables were tested for their ability to predict the prevalence of schizophrenia. RESULTS: A high point prevalence of schizophrenia (5.3 per 1000 resident population) was demonstrated. Case distribution showed a marked and significant variation associated with socio-demographic factors. The prediction of prevalence was more accurate for broad than for narrower definitions of schizophrenia; unemployment rate performed best. CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment rates and Jarman-8 scores may provide crude estimates for resource allocation in planning mental health services, highlighting the need for additional services in deprived inner city areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Demographic factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine estimated by radioimmunoassay.

In order to assess the impact of demographic factors on serum levels of cyclosporine (CsA) estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in renal allograft recipients, 493 pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 212 patients. Neither the presence of diabetes mellitus nor the CsA dosing frequency affected the measured pharmacokinetic parameters. Age over 45 years led to slower CsA clearance with resultant increase in maximum serum concentration (Cmax) per administered milligram, and increased volume of distribution. Female patients showed more rapid drug clearance, but greater volume of distribution. Concomitant hepatic impairment reduced drug clearance, increasing the area under the curve (AUC) per administered milligram of drug, and the Cmax. Patients treated with a rapid steroid taper showed a shorter half-life and lower Cmax than those receiving a slow steroid taper. Nephrotoxicity was associated with increased AUC per administered mg, while patients with acute tubular necrosis requiring dialysis showed poorer drug absorption, lower Cmax, and longer time to peak. The only effect of cimetidine administration was a slightly shortened time to peak. Serial analyses posttransplant in 17 patients suggested a tendency toward improved drug absorption with no effect on other parameters. These studies demonstrating the significant impact of demographic factors thus afford a basis on which to predict the trend of anticipated CsA levels as measured by RIA in renal allograft recipients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consanguinity and associated socio-demographic factors in the United Arab Emirates.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between socio-demographic factors and consanguineous marriages in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in the cities of Al Ain and Dubai between October 1994 and March 1995. A multi-stage sampling design was used and a representative total sample of 2,200 UAE females aged 15 years and above were included in this study. Data on 2,033 (85.8%) UAE national families who consented to participate in the study were obtained. The rate of consanguineous marriages in the sample was found to be 50.5% with 95% estimated population confidence limits 49.2-51.8%. The socio-demographic factors considered were: husband's age, wife's age, husband's and wife's educational levels, husband's occupation, wife's occupation, housing conditions, husband's parental kinship, wife's parental kinship, and kinship between the spouses. Consanguinity is more common among women with educated husbands (secondary or university/high) than among women with less educated husbands. The results indicate that the frequency of consanguineous marriages significantly increases when the husband's educational level is higher (p = 0.003). The distribution of relationship between spouses over the two generations of the study group and their parents is presented. The incidence of consanguineous marriages among the parents is 53% and 62% for the women and their husbands, respectively, and the overall incidence is 57%. The parallel patrilateral marriage is obviously the favoured practice when considering the parent's kinship distributions. The results of step-wise multiple logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of consanguineous marriages show that the husband's education and husband's parent's consanguinity status only are significantly associated variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Demographic factors and pregnancy--who chooses abortion?].

The number of pregnancies terminated as induced abortions has been analysed from data recorded in the Norwegian Birth Registry and the Norwegian Abortion File at the Central Bureau of Statistics. During the time period 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1991, 871,439 pregnant women were registered. Among single women the proportion of pregnancies terminated as induced abortions varied between 40 and 75% throughout the study period. Cohabitant women chose abortion significantly more often than married women. Among married women the proportion of pregnancies interrupted varied with the woman's age and the number of children. Among women 20-34 years of age with one or no child, more than 97% of the pregnancies proceeded to term. Women undergoing abortion comprise a heterogeneous group, judged by demographic factors. Future studies must focus on social factors as well as demographic factors, in order to uncover the complexity of the reasons for choosing abortion.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

Perinatal mortality rates and associated socio-demographic factors in two rural districts in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To determine perinatal mortality rates and associated socio-demographic factors in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. DESIGN: Cross sectional community based survey. SETTING: Murewa and Madziwa rural districts. SUBJECTS: Women aged 15 to 50 years who had been pregnant over the preceding two years before the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to eligible women by trained interviewers. Information pertaining to the women's socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive health profile and pregnancy outcome was documented. A post hoc case control analysis was undertaken to determine the risk factors associated with poor perinatal outcome. Women who had a poor perinatal outcome were designated cases and those with a good outcome were designated controls. RESULTS: The average perinatal mortality rate for both districts was 111 per 1,000 live births (Murewa 182 per 1,000 and Madziwa 48 per 1,000). Factors significantly associated with perinatal mortality were ethnicity, marital status, subjective standard of living and the women's level of formal education. Being Zezuru or being married was associated with poor perinatal outcome. Living well and having high levels of education were also associated with poor perinatal outcome. Perinatal mortality was not significantly associated with maternal age or spouse level of education. CONCLUSION: This study showed unacceptability high perinatal mortality rates in these rural districts. The true socio-demographic factors associated with perinatal mortality could not be ascertained in this study because of confounding factors. There is need to study quality of antenatal, intrapartum and neonatal care offered by health centres in these districts. In addition there is need to strongly advocate a perinatal programme to address these high mortality rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Substance use and socio-demographic factors among aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school students in New South Wales.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence rates of substance use and associated socio-demographic factors among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) secondary students. METHOD: This paper presents ATSI data from population-based school surveys conducted in 1996, 1992 and 1989 in New South Wales and replicates identical analysis using the three datasets. RESULTS: The proportion of ATSI students in each survey ranged from 2.5% to 3.8%. After adjusting for age, gender and socio-demographic factors, ATSI students were more likely to smoke cigarettes, and to have tried cannabis and other illicit substances. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students were more susceptible to, and maintained a higher rate of, substance use than non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. Socio-demographic differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students in age, rural/urban status, living with both parents, reporting poor school performance, low parental supervision and high school absenteeism remained significantly associated with Aboriginal status and substance use. IMPLICATIONS: This is one of the first studies examining substance use in a large and representative sample of in-school ATSI youth. These results provide information useful for public health advocates, and require policy changes more likely to reduce substance use among ATSI youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Do social and demographic factors influence the nature and localisation of somatic complaints?

Demographic characteristics of specific somatic complaints were studied systematically in 60 consecutive patients whose main complaints were bodily symptoms without organic pathology, to determine if the social and demographic factors in any way influenced the nature or localisation of specific common somatic complaints. The Scale for Assessment of Somatic Symptoms was used to systematically acquire details of individual complaints. The commonest somatic complaints identified were weakness of body or mind (72%), headache (67%), fatiguability (37%) and burning sensations (35%). Subjects with less education reported weakness of body and mind, and multiple sites of pain more often, but lethargy and fatiguability less often than those with higher education. Rural subjects reported burning sensations and pain in their extremities more frequently. A sensation of 'gas' was more often reported by younger subjects, and pain in the extremities by male subjects. The factors which determine the choice of somatic complaints remain elusive and the exact reasons for these demographic relationships are unclear at present.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Influence of demographic factors on annual Down's syndrome births in Ohio, 1970-1979, and the United States, 1920-1979.

Because of the high correlation between advanced maternal age and the risk of Down's syndrome, the demographic factors of population age structure and age-specific birth rates are expected to have considerable effect on Down's syndrome births. The principal objective of this research was to clarify the past and present role of dramatic changes in these two demographic factors within the United States in determining the number and incidence of Down's syndrome births, and the percentage of these births to women greater than or equal to 35. The main hypothesis is that demographic events, modified by increasing use of amniocentesis, adequately account for the general trends regarding Down's syndrome births reported in the recent literature, as opposed to other explanations such as environmental factors or a real biologic increase in Down's syndrome births in younger women. The hypothesis was tested using estimates of the annual number of Down's syndrome births in Ohio for 1970-1979, obtained through use of the Lincoln-Peterson Capture-Recapture method of estimating population size. These were compared to predicted N derived from Ohio demographic data and single year maternal age Down's syndrome risk rates from Upstate New York. The two values of N were in statistical agreement in 8 of the 10 years compared, and show an overall incidence of Down's syndrome in Ohio during the 1970s of 1.20. Using USA government demographic data and Ohio 1970-1979 single year maternal age Down's syndrome risk rates, predicted Down's syndrome births were derived for the USA during 1920-1979. The results show a long-term decline over the period in predicted number (6870 to 4232), incidence (2.42 to 1.23), and percentage of Down's syndrome births to women greater than or equal to 35 (64.3 to 23.4). A precipitous decline in all three values was obtained for the 1960s and early 1970s, with an abrupt end to the declines during the mid 1970s. Predicted number of Down's syndrome births rose 10.4% during the last half of the decade from a low of 3835 in 1975, and is expected to continue to rise rapidly throughout the 1980s, principally as a result of the large increase in the number of women moving into the older age categories.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of demographic factors on prenatal diagnosis and elective pregnancy termination because of abdominal wall defects, Hawaii, 1986-1997.

OBJECTIVE: The intent of this study was to investigate the impact of various demographic factors on the antenatal diagnosis and elective termination of abdominal wall defect pregnancies. METHOD: Data were obtained from a birth defects registry in Hawaii between 1986 and 1997. RESULTS: The antenatal diagnosis rate was higher for gastroschisis than for omphalocele (76 vs. 60%). However, gastroschisis pregnancies were substantially less frequently electively terminated than omphalocele pregnancies (8 vs. 29%). Factors such as year of diagnosis and delivery, maternal age, race/ethnicity, residence, and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening affected the prenatal diagnosis and/or elective termination of both omphalocele and gastroschisis pregnancies, but frequently in different ways. CONCLUSION: This investigation determined that antenatal diagnosis and elective termination varied with the type of abdominal wall defect and selected demographic factors.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1998

Race and cigarette smoking among United States adolescents: the role of lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: Cigarette smoking is on the rise among adolescents in the United States. Although both African-American and white adolescents have experienced increases in cigarette smoking over time, the prevalence of smoking has remained consistently lower among African-American adolescents than their white counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the race differential in the prevalence of cigarette smoking is attributed to differences in selected lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted among African-American and white adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years) who participated in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey. Analyses were restricted to those who had complete data on all study variables (n = 5569). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence odds ratios (POR) of current smoking for white adolescents (versus African-American adolescents) before and after adjustment for confounding factors. RESULTS: The crude POR of current smoking for white adolescents compared with African-American adolescents was 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 2.1 to 3.9). Simultaneous adjustment for confounding factors resulted in a POR of 2.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.8 to 3.7). CONCLUSIONS: Selected lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors do not account for the race differential in the prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking. This study underscores the need for more research on contributors to the race gap. Such research could advance theoretical understanding of the etiology of cigarette smoking among adolescents and lead to more effective smoking prevention programs for all youths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Socio-demographic factors, health behavior and late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer in Germany: a population-based study.

Late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer is associated with poor survival. Identification of individuals at high risk of late-stage diagnosis could be an effective step to reduce breast cancer mortality. We examined the association of socio-demographic factors and health behavior with breast cancer stage in a population-based sample of 380 female breast cancer patients in Saarland, Germany. Overall, 182 women (47.9%) were diagnosed with late-stage (regional or distant) breast cancer. After control for potential confounding by multivariate logistic regression, an increased risk of late-stage diagnosis was observed for older age (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.0-3.2), foreign nationality (OR = 3.9; 95% CI 0.7-20.8), living in large households (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.9), non-participation in general health check-up (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 0.9-2.4) and low interest in health care (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.0-2.7). The proportion of late-stage cancer was clearly decreased when tumors were detected by screening (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.8). Certain socio-demographic factors and characteristics of health behavior seem to represent independent risk indicators of late-stage diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Demographic factors in the disability determination process: a logistic approach.

Identifying the demographic factors that affect the likelihood of being allowed disability insurance benefits under the social security program is important in assessing the operation of that program and has been the focus of continuing research. Previous studies in this area, which have been limited to cross-tabular analyses of aggregated data and the examination of a few variables at a time, have uncovered apparently sizable differences in the probability of allowance by age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. This article uses a much more rigorous statistical technique--a logit maximum likelihood procedure--to examine the same question. That technique permits exploration of the relationship between a particular characteristic and the probability of allowance while controlling for the effect of other characteristics considered in the analysis. The findings show that cardiovascular primary diagnoses had a higher probability of allowance than did almost all other primary diagnoses. Mobility restrictions, older age at the onset of disability, and residence in States with temporary disability programs also were associated with a higher probability of allowance. Applicants who were black or from the South were found to have a lower probability of allowance. In general, those results applied to both men and women.

Demography↗
PubMed1993

Down syndrome: effects of demographic factors and prenatal diagnosis on the future livebirth prevalence.

In northwest European countries maternal age is increasing. This will lead to an increase of the prevalence of Down syndrome conceptuses. Meanwhile, the increased use of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis (PCD) will lead to a decrease in the prevalence of Down syndrome among livebirths. We were interested to know what the result of these two opposite developments would be in the near future, and we describe here a model to quantify these processes and the resulting livebirth prevalence of Down syndrome. The model is demonstrated for The Netherlands from 1992 to 2001. The predicted livebirth prevalence for The Netherlands in 1992 is 1.36 per 1000. Demographic factors will cause an increase to 1.76 per 1000 in 2001 with present indications for PCD and a utilization ratio of 50%. An increase of the utilization ratio to 90% in 2001 will lead to a prevalence of 1.22 per 1000, a little less than the present prevalence. Alternative screening programs, including maternal serum screening, could lead to a further decrease of the livebirth prevalence. The model described here can be used for evaluation of the consequences of alternative forms of Down syndrome screening.

Birth Rate↗