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PubMed2026

A guide to selecting high-performing antibodies for DJ-1 ( PARK7) (Q99497) for use in western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence.

DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein that plays a pivotal role in cellular protection against oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Mutations in the PARK7 gene are associated with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. Here we have characterized sixteen DJ-1 commercial antibodies for western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence using a standardized experimental protocol based on comparing read-outs in knockout cell lines and isogenic parental controls. These studies are part of a larger, collaborative initiative seeking to address antibody reproducibility issues by characterizing commercially available antibodies for human proteins and publishing the results openly as a resource for the scientific community. While the use of antibodies and protocols vary between laboratories, we encourage readers to use this report as a guide to select the most appropriate antibodies for their specific needs.

Protein Deglycase DJ-1↗
PubMed2026

Genetic Screening of Colombian Patients With Early-Onset Parkinson Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD), defined as symptom onset before 50 years of age, accounts for approximately 10% of patients and is suggested to have a greater genetic component than typical late-onset forms of the disease. Recessive variants in PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1, are the most common genetic cause of EOPD, however, most studies are in patients of white ancestry. This study aims to analyze genetic variants in PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 in Colombian patients to help address the gap in EOPD genetic research of South American populations. METHODS: We analyzed 43 unrelated patients with EOPD using Sanger sequencing for the PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 genes and employed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to detect copy number variants. Additionally, long-read whole-genome sequencing was conducted on 3 unresolved patients with age at onset before 30 years of age (long-read sequencing [LRS] patient A-C). RESULTS: We identified known pathogenic single-nucleotide variants and copy number variants in the PRKN gene accounting for 2 patients' disease (4.6% of patients). We observed 2 pathogenic variants in PRKN (c.155delA; p.N52Mfs*29 and c.1083+1G>A) in patient 1, who reported an age at onset of 16 years. We further detected a homozygous duplication of PRKN exons 5-6 in an additional patient, age at onset of 18 years. DISCUSSION: Our study helps characterize genetic contributors to EOPD in Colombian patients, demonstrating genetic forms (PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1) are rare. Our results highlight a need to include diverse populations in research to improve genetic understanding of disease.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2025

Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression pattern analysis of the glyoxalase gene family in Phyllostachys pubescens during abiotic stresses.

BACKGROUND: The glyoxalase pathway comprising of three enzymes i.e., glyoxalase I (GLYI), glyoxalase II (GLYII), and glyoxalase III (GLYIII), which play vital role in mitigating abiotic stresses by detoxifying the stress induced cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MG). Phyllostachys pubescens an ecologically and economically important forest species, plays vital roles in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. A genome-wide study was conducted to identify and characterize GLYI, GLYII, and unique DJ-1/GLYIII gene candidates in P. pubescens. The identified members were evaluated based on phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, gene duplication, presence of conserved domain(s) and cis regulatory region. RESULTS: A total of 19 GLYI, 18 GLYII, and 15 GLYIII members were identified, each featuring characteristic domains: glyoxalase, metallo-β-lactamase, and DJ-1/PfpI, respectively. The presence of different cis-elements in the promoter region of the glyoxalase genes gives insights into their role and regulation under hormonal response, developmental processes and stress adaptation. Besides this, stress responsive transcription factors binding sites also dominated the promoter regions of glyoxalase genes. Expression analysis of various glyoxalase genes demonstrated significant variability under different stress conditions, underscoring their potential roles in stress modulation. Significant upregulation of all of the PhGLYI, PhGLYII, and PhGLYIII were observed under cold, drought, heavy metal and salinity stress suggesting their involvement in oxidative stress management, osmotic regulation and remodelling cellular redox homeostasis. Among the glyoxalase genes, PhGLYI-15, PhGLYII-9, and PhGLYIII-3 showed consistent upregulation under various abiotic stresses. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that glyoxalase genes crucially contribute towards the improvement of cellular osmotic potential in moso bamboo under different abiotic stresses. This study enhances our understanding of glyoxalase genes' evolution and functional roles in plants and opens new avenues for developing stress resilient crop varieties for sustainable agriculture.

Lactoylglutathione Lyase↗
PubMed2025

Low-temperature embryo incubation suppresses off-target mutagenesis during CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Gene knockout using CRISPR-Cas9 is often employed in research aimed at elucidating gene functions in fish. However, CRISPR-Cas9 sometimes introduces unintended alterations, known as off-target mutations. These mutations can reduce the robustness of data during phenotypic analysis. In this study, we focused on the culture temperature, which is known to significantly influence mutagenesis, and examined whether low-temperature culture after introducing CRISPR-Cas9 into early embryos of medaka and zebrafish suppresses off-target mutations. Continuous incubation of medaka at 16 °C significantly reduced off-target mutation rates compared to those at 28 °C; the drawback is that it decreased the survival rate of medaka embryos. Therefore, low-temperature incubation was limited to early development in both zebrafish and medaka, and then the temperature was increased to 28 °C. Under these conditions, the mutation rates of the three off-target regions in medaka (Off-D, Off-P, and Off-A) significantly decreased, whereas those of the three target regions (DJ-1, p4hb, and avt) were unaffected. Similarly, the mutation rate of the zebrafish target region (ywhaqa) remained high, whereas the off-target (Off-Y1) mutation rate significantly reduced. Furthermore, this method effectively suppressed the germ line transmission of off-target mutations in medaka. This approach is effective to obtain more reliable data from the G0 generation of medaka and zebrafish and may reduce the screening effort required to remove individuals with off-target mutations in the F1 generation.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Mitochondrial resilience: a convergent framework for pathogenesis and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally described as a dopaminergic neurodegenerative disorder driven by α-synuclein aggregation and selective neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta. While this characterization captures the core clinical and pathological features, it does not fully explain disease initiation and progression. Converging evidence from human genetics, cellular and structural biology, and systems neuroscience now supports a unified framework in which PD results from the progressive erosion of mitochondrial resilience. Here, mitochondrial resilience denotes the capacity of neuronal mitochondrial networks to withstand stress and recover bioenergetic and cellular homeostasis through coordinated quality control, metabolic adaptation, and organelle communication. Rare, high-impact monogenic mutations in PINK1, PRKN (encoding Parkin), PARK7 (DJ-1), LRRK2, and SNCA, along with common risk variants identified in genome-wide association studies, converge on interconnected pathways that govern mitochondrial quality control, bioenergetics, organelle dynamics, and cellular stress responses. These vulnerabilities are most pronounced in the highly energetic dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, where sustained calcium cycling, high bioenergetic demand, and environmental stressors increase cellular susceptibility. Research has moved beyond early observations of respiratory chain impairment and oxidative stress to reveal context-specific disruptions in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, lysosomal trafficking, mitochondrial-derived vesicle dynamics, and neuroimmune signaling. This integrated framework reframes PD as a disorder of impaired cellular maintenance rather than solely a consequence of late-stage degenerative processes. It provides a translational shift from mechanism-based biomarkers to early detection of mitochondrial failure and supports therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring mitochondrial function and resilience, offering a direct route to disease-modifying neuroprotection in PD and potentially other neurodegenerative disorders.

LRRK2↗