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Results for “DIAGNOSIS, LABORATORY”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An approach to rapid laboratory diagnosis.

Laboratory procedures used to establish the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were evaluated using an experimental murine model. Touch preparations and suspension smears were prepared from lung tissue know to contain Pneumocystis cysts. These preparations were stained by a variety of methods known to demonstrate either cyst forms or sporozoites and trophozoites. Suspension smears proved to be superior to touch preparations in terms of cyst content and homogeneity of staining. Also, methods that stain cyst forms were superior to those that stain sporozoites and trophozoites for location and identification of organisms. The authors believe that suspension smears prepared from lung tissue and stained with toluidine blue O should be examined initially as a rapid screening method for Pneumocystis cysts. When the results of this initial screen are negative or inconclusive, additional suspension smears stainded by the modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method should be examined, pending availability of histologic sections.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metrological problems of laboratory diagnosis].

Medical laboratory diagnosis is progressing from one analysis to a group of analysis with rather intricate statistical processing of data via multidimensional analysis, at the same time it is necessary to define a patient's individual normal levels, i.e. a "health certificate". In this regard, the process may be achieved when complex analyzers, which have a reliable metrological support, and systems for collection of both clinical and laboratory information and its simultaneous analysis are put into laboratories' practical work.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1999

Basic problems of serological laboratory diagnosis.

Serological laboratory diagnosis is inflicted with at least two kinds of basic problems. One type relates to the fact that the serological diagnosis of infectious diseases is double indirect: First, to diagnose an infectious disease, the identification of the microbial agent is sought that caused the disease. Second, to identify this infectious agent, the patient's immune response to potential agents is measured. So, the serological test is neither measuring directly disease nor the cause of the disease, but the patient's immune system. Another type of problem is based on the fact that each person's immune system is very individual. The exact physicochemical properties of antibodies are unique for each clone of antibodies. The way an individual's immune system sees an infectious agent depends not only on the genetic makeup of the person but also on the personal experience from former encounters with infectious agents. Both types of problems lead to complexities in selecting the appropriate test, in interpreting the results, and in standardizing serological tests. Therefore, a close collaboration of the laboratory with the clinic is mandatory to avoid erroneous conclusions from serological test results, which might lead to wrong decisions in patient care.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1991

Laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystosis.

Laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystosis requires that appropriate specimens be properly obtained, that these specimens be appropriately processed in the laboratory, examined by competent personnel, and reported in a timely fashion. The laboratory section that performs the evaluation and the methods and stains used vary depending on the interests and capabilities of persons at each institution.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1981

The centralized prenatal genetics screening program of New York City: II. Establishment of prenatal diagnosis laboratory.

Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders is now being made available to an increasing number of New York City women through the establishment of a large centralized laboratory. This laboratory contracts to provide genetic diagnostic services to municipal and private hospitals throughout the New York City area. It is the first project of such magnitude in the United States. Prior to the receipt of samples for diagnostic purposes, the laboratory was required to meet the highest technical standards, as established by a Cytogenetics Advisory Committee. A set of guidelines was drawn up detailing the procedure and protocols for all the analyses and the reporting of results, including a timetable according to which results were to be obtained. The Cytogenetics Advisory Committee continues to review cases on a regular schedule. One of the unique aspects of the laboratory has been the development of back-up agreements with other area laboratories to assist in dealing with any problem that might disrupt the routine diagnostic service. The first year of operation of the laboratory has shown that financial, legal, and physical problems associated with designing and instituting a megacenter can be over-come. Similar programs should be encouraged.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Laboratory diagnosis of herpesviruses.

Laboratory diagnosis is made either by demonstration of the presence of virus, viral antigens or virus-specific nucleic acid sequences in suitable specimens or by measurement of antibodies--rise in titer or presence of viral-specific IgM--in blood samples from the patients. A number of biological features characteristic for the herpes viruses can be utilised for detection: the infectivity (isolation in tissue culture), the morphology (visualisation by electronmicroscopy), the antigenicity of viral specified proteins produced by infected cells (immunofluorescence, ELISA and RIA), and unique sequences in viral DNA (hybridisation). The different methods are described and evaluated in regard to viral detectability and speed of performance. Concerning diagnostic serology only the ELISA systems for measurement of viral-specific IgG, total antibodies and IgM have been described because these methods now have been introduced in most viral diagnostic laboratories, and many commercial available kits also operate according to these techniques.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1998

The laboratory diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies.

The laboratory diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies, including the thalassaemias, is of growing importance, particularly because of an increasing requirement for antenatal diagnosis of significant disorders of globin chain synthesis. This guideline discusses the laboratory tests which are most useful in the diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies and describes their role in specific clinical circumstances. Of the newer technical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is of considerable importance whereas isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunoassay for variant haemoglobins have a more minor role. Specific recommendations have been formulated for testing in relation to genetic counselling and for neonatal diagnosis. Methods used in specialized laboratories for fetal diagnosis have been tabulated. Genetic counselling requires: (i) identification of haemoglobins S, C, D-Punjab, O-Arab, E, Lepore and H, and (ii) the detection of carriers of alpha(0) and beta thalassaemia. It is recommended that subjects of all ethnic groups be screened for beta-thalassaemia trait, all except Northern European Caucasians for variant haemoglobins, and selected ethnic groups for alpha(0)-thalassaemia trait. Testing for beta-thalassaemia trait should be carried out when the mean cellular haemoglobin (MCH) is < 27 pg and testing for alpha(0)-thalassaemia trait should be considered when the MCH is < 25 pg. Appropriate methods include HPLC or haemoglobin electrophoresis for identification of variant haemoglobins and HPLC or microcolumn chromatography for quantification of haemoglobin A2.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed2001

Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infections.

The laboratory diagnosis of CNS infection is essential for optimal therapy. Acute infection requires rapid turn-around testing with high predictive values, that is, the ability of a test to accurately identify those patients who do or do not have disease caused by a specific etiology. The Gram's stain, fungal stains of direct smears, antigen testing for C. neoformans, and culture of bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, and some viruses are important tests for the diagnosis of acute infection. The laboratory diagnosis of chronic infection necessitates discussion between the clinician and laboratory technician to allow triaging of testing. Antigen tests for bacteria, fungi, and viruses; antibody tests for multiple microorganisms; and PCR testing for bacteria, M. tuberculosis, and many viruses are all important in limited clinical situations. All testing for acute or chronic disease depends on sufficient specimen that is transported to the laboratory in a manner that will not compromise viability or chemical integrity. Sterile containers that maintain moisture content, exclude oxygen for anaerobic requests, and are stored at proper temperatures (22 degrees C room, 4 degrees C refrigeration, or -20 degrees C freezer depending on pathogen and test) are mandatory. Many laboratory issues addressing the diagnosis of CNS infection are changing or evolving. Most important is the recognition that bacterial antigen testing for the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis rarely impacts patient management and is not routinely needed, CSF shunt infections differ from usual meningeal infections and require rapid diagnosis, and TB meningitis remains a difficult disease to diagnosis but may be confirmed first by PCR testing of CSF. In addition, Whipple's disease of the CNS can be confirmed using PCR with CSF; CJD has a marker protein, referred to as 14-3-3 antigen, that can be detected in CSF, and the diagnosis of fungal CNS disease requires careful interpretation of direct smears, antigen and antibody testing, and culture. Most difficult to diagnose among the CNS infections are viral meningitis and encephalitis. The appearance of new etiologies, such as West Nile virus, and the common use of PCR for the herpes viruses and enteroviruses represent important advances. Evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of CNS infection represent significant improvements over previous testing; however, the array of tests available demands more attention for appropriate selection, is significantly more expensive, and requires new skills for performance and interpretation. The responsibility for proper use of laboratory testing lies both with the clinician and laboratory technician.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1978

New dimensions in the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease.

The laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease has been made more precise by certain modifications in older methods and by the introduction of a variety of new technical procedures. The principal human isoamylases may now be distinguished and their activities in serum and urine measured. A test has been devised which helps indicate the presence of acute pancreatitis by showing relatively increased excretion of amylase in the urine as compared with creatinine. The ratio of amylase to creatinine in the urine appears to be a good index of relative hyperamylasuria. A screening test for pancreatic-type hyperamylasuria has been formulated that allows increased urinary excretion of this isoamylase to be identified. These additions and developments have sharpened the interpretation of hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria and have added new dimensions to the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease.

Acute Disease↗