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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

The highest incidence in the world of rectal cancer is in Czech Republic.

Czech Republic is among the countries with the highest incidence of rectal cancer. The aim of the prospective study was to monitor the surgical treatment of patients with the diagnosis of rectal cancer. Certain aspects were examined: mainly the safety distance of the lower resection line during the operation of rectal cancer, the types of operations carried out, the amount of lymphatic nodes spotted in mesorectum and the possibility of laparoscopic utilization. In our study we focused on patients with rectal cancer who were operated within the three-year period (2000-2002) at the Department of Surgery at University Hospital of Ostrava. During this time there were 188 patients with rectal cancer treated. In the trial we shaved proved that in the direction from aboral margin of tumour the possibility of submucosal spread decreases in accordance with the literature. The submucosal spread of tumour occurs in 11.8% of cases. The spread of the tumour was not found at a distance of 5 cm below the bottom margin of tumour. In cases of microscopical positivity below the bottom margin of tumour there was a middle or low differentiated adenocarcinoma. The spread of well differentiated adenocarcinoma was not found. (Tab. 4, Fig. 5, Ref. 18.)

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Efforts to eradicate poliomyelitis in the Czech Republic].

The Czech Republic is one of the first countries where the paralytic form of poliomyelitis was eradicated by vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine. The effectiveness of vaccination was monitored every year up to 1992 by assessment of the immunity against polioviruses in a large group of sera from volunteers (cca 1500 subjects). This made it possible to improve occasional drops of immunity of the population, in particular in type 3. However, the absence of the paralytic form of poliomyelitis does not imply eradication of poliomyelitis which means elimination of wild polioviruses from the circulation in the population of a country. The circulation of wild polioviruses is monitored in the Czech Republic in cases of acute mild pareses, in particular, however, in waste waters of some large towns. A wild poliovirus was not detected so far. These investigations must started and be conducted up to the time when the Czech Republic will be granted the status of "country with eradicated poliomyelitis".

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1993

[Results of treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children using the BFM 83 protocol in the Czech Republic. Cooperative Group for Childhood Leukemia in the Czech Republic].

At the beginning of the eighties the Czech Republic had a chance to cure completely less than 30% of children treated on account of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Introduction of a very intensive protocol ALL-BFM 83 in all leukaemia centres in the Czech Republic in the mid-eighties led to radical improvement of the prognosis of the sick children. In 1985-1990 339 children were treated by therapy differentiated according to the degree of risk. Remission was achieved in 90.5%, by Dec. 31 1991 61% of the children lived in their first complete remission. Based on the above results the 5-year probability of survival was calculated for the whole group as 62%. Children with a standard risk of an adverse course and children where the diagnosis was made at the age of 1-10 years had the most favourable prognosis. The poorest therapeutic results were recorded in children with a high risk of an adverse course and in children under one year at the time of the diagnosis. During the investigation period a relapse of the disease occurred in 25% patients, most frequent was an isolated medullary relapse in 13%; leukaemia of the CNS was diagnosed in 7.5% and 5.5% of the boys suffered from leukaemic infiltration of the testes. The newly introduced nation-wide protocol ALL-BFM 90 gives further hope of an improved prognosis of children with ALL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in the Czech Republic. The Working Group for Monitoring Resistance in the Czech Republic].

In 1991 the authors made an investigation on the resistance of clinically important bacteria. Seventeen antibiotic centres in the Czech Republic participated in the investigation. The resistance to antibiotics of 32,567 strains of twelve bacterial species isolated from hospitalized patients depends on 1. the type of bacteria and antibiotics, 2. the source (specimen of pathological material) and 3. the locality (hospital). The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin with the exception of one hospital is not more than 6%, in rare instances also resistance to vancomycin was encountered. The frequency of resistance of gram-negative rods to so-called reserve antibiotics (cephalosporins of the third generation, quinolones and amikacin) depends markedly on the type of bacteria, being highest in typical causal agents of hospital infections--Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Providencia rettgeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. With the exception of cephalosporins the resistance of gram-negative rods and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine is much greater than in strains from other clinical materials. The frequency of resistance in faculty hospitals which concentrate patients with more serious diseases is high, the highest resistance was, however, recorded in the North Bohemian area--in pneumococci against penicillin (13%) and in haemophili against ampicillin (17%). Every hospital is a closed ecological niche with a typical bacterial population and resistance rate. A competent estimate of an adequate and probably effective antibiotic for immediate initiation of treatment of an urgent infection can thus be made only by somebody with close and steady knowledge of the state of resistance in a given hospital.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of the effectiveness of targeted vaccination with the meningococcal polysaccharide A and C vaccine in one location in the Czech Republic].

In the Czech Republic where meningococcal disease occurred only sporadically for a very long period and Neisseria meningitidis B prevailed, the use of a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was never indicated. This situation changed in 1993 when a new clone of Neisseria meningitidis C:2a:P1.2(P1.5) appeared in the Czech Republic, found to be responsible for a new epidemiological and clinical situation. The disease caused by this new clone is more serious, showing a high fatality rate (20%) and frequently an atypical clinical course. In May 1993, the highest age-specific incidence in the most affected locality was established in the age group of 15-19 years (52.1/100,000), while in the whole Czech Republic the respective figure was 2.4. A vaccination campaign focusing on the most affected age group started in this locality at the beginning of June 1993, using a polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine A+C (Mérieux). During two weeks 6191 students of the age group of 15-19 years were vaccinated, i.e. 96% of all students of this age group, 64.5% of the population 15-19 years old and 5.6% of the whole population of this locality. This age targeted vaccination prevented the spread of the meningococcal invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis C in this locality. The decrease in morbidity in this locality is statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). In another affected locality, where vaccination was not age targeted and showed a very low coverage, the incidence of the invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis C did not decrease. During the following period (1993-1994) the new meningococcal clone spread to all regions of the Czech Republic. Active surveillance of meningococcal invasive disease has been conducted with the aim to recognize as early as possible an emerging epidemiological indication for targeted vaccination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Smoking behaviour of Czech adolescents: results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey in the Czech Republic, 2002.

The Czech Republic Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a school-based survey of students in grades 7-9, conducted in 2002. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce representative data for all of the Czech Republic. On a large sample of students (N=4,149) from 7-9th grade it reveals that smoking among children has been continually growing. According to the results of this study, over 34% of the respondents smoke. Results of the study help us to understand social and attitudinal factors that affect adolescent smoking habits. Social factors include particularly the convenient availability of cigarettes and the lack of the legal regulation of the retail of cigarettes: over one half of all smokers under 15 years of age regularly purchase cigarettes in regular retail outlets; 72% of them reported never having been restricted in their purchases because of their age. Advertising and media coverage appears to be another important factor that affects smoking in this age group. Over 80% of children under 15 years of age reported that they have been exposed to the tobacco advertising. The study also allows an interesting analysis of the exposure to the environmental tobacco smoke. Compared to non-smokers, this exposure has been significantly higher in the case of smokers--both in their homes and at other locations (58% vs. 25%, and 90% vs. 57% respectively). The analysis of the data also revealed a strong misconception about the health risks related to passive smoking among smokers. The study provides three key findings for health promotion: (1) it is necessary to exert a continuous pressure on the political representation to strictly enforce the regulations of tobacco distribution and availability to minors; (2) school health education as well as community oriented prevention programs need to explicitly communicate non-smoking as a standard; and (3) it is important to increase the attractiveness and availability of smoking cessation programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) quality assurance network in the Czech Republic.

INTRODUCTION: The Czech thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) quality assurance network was established in 1997. Its aim is to pursue a regular independent quality audit in Czech radiotherapy centres and to support state supervision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The audit is realised via mailed TL dosimetry. The TLD system consists of encapsulated LiF:Mg,Ti powder (type MT-N) read with Harshaw manual reader model 4000. Basic mode of the TLD audit covers measurements under reference conditions, specifically beam calibration checks for all clinically used photon and electron beams. Advanced mode consists of measurements under both reference and non-reference conditions using a solid multipurpose phantom ('Leuven phantom') for photon beams. The radiotherapy centres are instructed to deliver to the TLD on central beam axis absorbed dose of 2 Gy calculated with their treatment planning system for a particular treatment set-up. The TLD measured doses are compared with the calculated ones. Deviations of +/-3% are considered acceptable for both basic and advanced mode of the audit. RESULTS: There are 34 radiotherapy centres in the Czech Republic. They undergo the basic mode of the TLD audit regularly every 2 years. If a centre shows a deviation outside the acceptance level, it is audited more often. Presently, most of the checked beams comply with the acceptance level. The advanced TLD audit has been implemented as a pilot study for the present. The results were mostly within the acceptance limit for the measurements on-axis, whereas for off-axis points they fell beyond the limit more frequently, especially for set-ups with inhomogeneities, oblique incidence and wedges. CONCLUSIONS: The results prove the importance of the national TLD quality assurance network. It has contributed to the improvement of clinical dosimetry in the Czech Republic. In addition, it helps the regulatory authority to monitor effectively and regularly radiotherapy centres.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2000

First auditory brainstem implant in the Czech Republic.

In the Czech Republic, the first implantation of a stimulation electrode into the brainstem was performed on 11 January 1999 in the Department of ORL, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol. The selected patient was a 40-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) who had previously undergone bilateral vestibular schwannoma surgery. Both tumours had been radically removed, the left-sided tumour in 1987, the right-sided one in 1988. She had been completely deaf since the last operation, i.e., for 11 years. The surgery was realized by the international cooperation of three teams. Placement of the electrode pad of the Nucleus CI21 + 1M system on the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei was performed. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs) proved the correct position of the electrode array. The post-operative course was uneventful. Six weeks after the surgery the patient received her speech processor. Since that time, the patient already absolved several sessions of a speech processor tune-up. She uses the device as an aid in lip-reading. No adverse or pathological side effects have been observed. The patient was the 45th person in Europe to receive an ABI and the first in the Czech Republic.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Tuberculosis control and surveillance in changing health reform in the Czech Republic.

In the Czech Republic a centralized, governmentally budgeted and vertically structured health system has been reformed to a liberalized health system with fragmentation of organisation, responsibilities and funding after 1989. Tuberculosis (TB) control and TB surveillance followed the general health system reform and implementation of liberalized health insurance system. In the liberalized health system the feasibility and accessibility of methods of TB control rather improved. In contrary to that TB surveillance in the liberalized system suffered bu absence of vertical mechanisms ensuring the completeness and validity of data collected in a centralised notification system (recording and reporting system). The rate of control notification dropped up to 50%. TB surveillance was therefore supplemented in 1996 by vertically oriented mechanisms of the hygienic (public health) service. TB consultants were appointed at regional and mostly also on district level as part-time jobs of the hygienic service and entitled to supervise all notifications from the given region (district), particularly what regards completeness of bacteriological data. As a consequence complete and reliable reports on epidemiological situation are issued and an assessment of antituberculous chemotherapy of new TB cases is made by a regional cohort analysis starting 1st quarter 1998. TB situation in the Czech republic is regarded as stable, being under control, with a decreasing trend of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases and increasing trend of bacteriologically not confirmed pulmonary TB. The TB is slowly shifting to high risk groups of population.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2004

[European action plan on alcohol in the Czech Republic--no substantial progress].

Czech Republic joined European action plan on alcohol for years 2000 to 2004 and signed its accomplishment. However, since 2000 situation has worsened. Alcohol consumption raised in 2001 (the last known data) to 10.0 litters of 100% alcohol (that is 159.9 litters of beer, 8.2 litters of distillates and 16.2 litters of wine per person per year). The only positive aspect was the small rise of consumption tax in distillates and that some thesis of the European action plan on alcohol were included into the governmental document "Long-term improvement of the health status of the population in Czech republic--Health for everybody in the 21st century". The proclamation has had no practical effect. Highly adverse is the situation with alcohol consumption in children and adolescents, which was described in the last study. Risks related to the high alcohol consumption in Czech republic include: High incidence of alcohol related death, including children, adolescents and young people (injuries, traffic accidents, poisonings, suicides, liver and tumor diseases); higher morbidity; lower productivity at work and worse position of Czech workers in concurrent environment; worse reproduction health, higher incidence of inborn defects caused by alcohol taken during pregnancy (including its beginning, when women do not know it); frequent social and family problems caused by alcohol abuses; increased risk of consumption of non-alcoholic drugs in children and adolescents. Alcohol belong to throughway drugs and its consumption in early age represents for children and adolescents a risk factor for other addictive drugs; alcohol is related namely to violent and negligent delicts; flagrant alcohol excesses together with alcohol related criminality harm the prestige of Czech Republic to foreign visitors and can drive them back.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Current multi-element distribution in forest epigeic moss in the Czech Republic--a survey of the Czech national biomonitoring programme 2000.

The content of 35 elements was determined in moss samples collected at 250 sites in the Czech Republic (CZ) in 2000. Four main areas of increased element contents in moss were revealed in the CZ (southern Moravia, Czech part of the former Black Triangle I territory, industrial northeastern Moravia, and the surroundings of a smelting town in southwestern Bohemia). The bioindicated high levels of Al, Ce, Co, Ga, La, Li, Pr, S, Th, U, V and Y atmospheric deposition loads in southern Moravia have never been reported in any paper before. Correlations were found in element content in moss vs. altitude, precipitation sums and bedrock types of the moss sampling plots. The current variability of element content in the CZ moss samples can be explained by the operation of not more than six factors.

Altitude↗
PubMed1994

[Population development in the Czech Republic in 1993].

The "Czech Republic's demographic development in 1993 was characterized particularly by conspicuous abatement of nuptiality, continuance of natality decline, marked reduction of induced abortions...,continued decrease of infant and neonatal mortality rates and by considerable shrinkage of population increase due to migration. [A] steep fall of nuptiality became the most pronounced feature of population development in 1993.... The number of children born in 1993 in the Czech Republic was the [lowest] since 1918 and the crude birth rate...was the lowest...since 1785.... Marked diminution of abortions signifies another outstanding phenomenon of population development in the Czech Republic. There has [been a]...decline of deaths, [a] decrease of crude death rate and [a] medium life span extension." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Abortion, Induced↗