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PubMed2026

CgMYC2 directly activates jasmonate-induced naringin biosynthesis in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa'.

CgMYC2 links jasmonate signaling to naringin biosynthesis by binding G-box motifs and activating flavonoid-pathway promoters in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' Naringin, the predominant bitter-flavanone glycoside in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa', has well-characterized biosynthetic enzymes, yet the transcriptional regulators coupling hormonal signals to pathway activation remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that CgMYC2, a jasmonate-responsive bHLH transcription factor, functions as a central activator of naringin biosynthesis. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment increased naringin content 3.45-fold in seedlings, coinciding with a rapid 6.6-fold induction of CgMYC2 that preceded the peak transcription of five core biosynthetic genes (CgPAL5, CgCHS, CgFNS, Cg7GlcT, and Cg1,2RhaT). Physical interaction between CgMYC2 and the JAZ protein CgJAZ3 was confirmed by pull-down and Co-IP assays, placing CgMYC2 within the canonical jasmonate signaling cascade. Y1H confirmed CgMYC2 binding to the Cg1,2RhaT promoter, EMSA demonstrated direct G-box-dependent binding to all five pathway promoters, and dual-luciferase assays showed transactivation of all five promoters, with the strongest activation for CgCHS. As complementary chromatin-level support, a single-sample CUT&Tag profile revealed G-box-enriched CgMYC2-associated chromatin regions across jasmonate-responsive and secondary-metabolic loci. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CgMYC2 reduced naringin content by ~21% and suppressed biosynthetic gene expression, supporting its positive contribution. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression in tomato activated the flavonoid pathway and elevated 16 flavonoid compounds, consistent with evolutionary conservation of the MYC2-G-box regulatory logic. These findings establish CgMYC2 as a central, JA-responsive activator bridging jasmonate perception and naringin biosynthesis, providing a molecular framework for the targeted improvement of bitter-flavonoid traits in citrus.

Citrus↗

PubMed2026

Structural basis of sex pheromone detection in aphids.

Sex pheromones play a central role in regulating animal behavior and reproduction. In insects, these signals are perceived through specialized odorant receptors (ORs) that mediate species-specific communication and safeguard genetic integrity. However, the structural basis of sex pheromone detection remains largely unresolved. Here, we identified two ORs in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, along with the conserved OR co-receptor (Orco), which together mediate recognition of the pheromone components nepetalactone and nepetalactol. Functional assays demonstrated that ApOR21-Orco and ApOR22-Orco specifically respond to nepetalactol and nepetalactone, respectively. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we resolved the structure of the ApOR22-Orco complex in three states - unbound closed, nepetalactone-bound closed, and nepetalactone-bound open - revealing a heterotetrameric ion channel formed by one ApOR22 and three ApOrco subunits. Ligand binding to ApOR22 triggers conformational rearrangements that induce asymmetric pore dilation, thereby enabling ion conduction. Together, these results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding sex pheromone perception in insects and establish a structural foundation for the rational development of environmentally sustainable pest-control strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

The link between phosphate starvation-triggered anthocyanin biosynthesis and jasmonate-driven regulation in tomato.

Phosphate Starvation Response (PSR) in plants integrates inorganic phosphate (Pi) sensing with hormonal and metabolic reprogramming. Recent evidence supports a PSR-jasmonate (JA)-anthocyanin axis in which the PSR-associated PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE (PHR)/PHR-like-SYG1-PHO81-XPR1-inositol pyrophosphate 8 (PHR/PHL-SPX-InsP8) module gates transcriptional activation, while the core JA components JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) and MYELOCYTOMATOSIS 2 (MYC2) mediate hormone-induced activation of secondary metabolism. In Solanum lycopersicum, PHR/PHL transcription factors (TFs) serve as core PSR hubs, with expanded regulatory networks and InsP-associated control layers that tune SPX buffering and transcriptional output. Downstream, JA signaling and MYC2-dependent transcription interface with anthocyanin regulators, including key MYB and bHLH TFs that form the MYB-basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-WD40 repeat (MBW) complex, thereby regulating tissue capacity for pigmentation under Pi starvation (PiS). Anthocyanin-rich tomato cultivars such as 'Indigo Rose' exemplify how genetic configuration can enhance MBW responsiveness and potentiate pigment accumulation under PiS. Here, we collate recent advances linking PSR gating, JA response, and anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in tomato, and propose a working model with testable predictions to accelerate causal validation, and enable breeding strategies targeting phosphorus use efficiency and nutritional quality.

Solanum lycopersicum↗

PubMed2025

Sphingobium yanoikuyae 41R9 Enhances Nitrogen Uptake by Modulating Transporter Genes and Root Development in Rapeseed.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are widely recognized for enhancing the absorption of mineral nutrients by crops. While Sphingobium species have been reported as PGPRs, their capacity to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, a strain 41R9, isolated from the rhizosphere of N-deficient rapeseed, was found to significantly enhance the growth performance of rapeseed under both low and normal N conditions. Genomic analysis revealed that strain 41R9 was closely related to Sphingobium yanoikuyae. 15N isotope tracer experiments confirmed that inoculation with strain 41R9 significantly boosted N uptake and translocation in rapeseed roots. Transcriptome profiling demonstrated that strain 41R9 directly upregulated N transporter genes (NRT2.5 and SLAH1/3), facilitating efficient N acquisition. Furthermore, strain 41R9 maintained jasmonic acid (JA) homoeostasis via JAZ-mediated negative feedback, balancing defense responses and root development, thereby improving the plant's N acquisition capacity in the roots. Metabolomic and in vitro assays further demonstrated that strain 41R9 displayed strong chemotaxis towards kaempferol, a N-deficiency-induced root exudate, suggesting kaempferol might as a chemical effector for S. yanoikuyae recruitment. These findings advance our understanding of PGPR-driven mechanisms in enhancing crop NUE and highlight the potential of harnessing PGPRs for sustainable agriculture.

Plant Roots↗

PubMed2026

Establishment of a CRISPR-Cas9 Library for Indica Rice and Identification of OsOPR5 (LOC_Os06g11210) as a Regulator of Root Architecture.

Functional characterization of a large number of rice genes remains a major challenge despite the availability of genome sequences and large-scale transcriptomic datasets. CRISPR-Cas9 library is a powerful approach for high-throughput targeted mutagenesis; however, its application in indica rice cultivars remains limited due to low transformation and regeneration efficiencies. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting 12,000 rice genes and evaluated its utility for functional genomics in the indica cultivar MTU-1010. Sanger sequencing and NGS analysis of the plasmid library revealed high sgRNA coverage and more than 80% accuracy. Transformation of the developed library into the indica cultivar MTU-1010 resulted in a high target editing efficiency, with 90% of analyzed transgenic plants carrying mutations at the intended target site. Functional analysis of one homozygous mutant identified a previously uncharacterized role for OsOPR5 (LOC_Os06g11210), a member of the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase family in root architecture. The opr5 mutants exhibited significant reductions in lateral root number, seminal and crown root number, and root length, demonstrating that OsOPR5 positively regulates root system architecture in rice. Notably, endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine levels were not significantly altered in the mutant, suggesting potential functional specialization or redundancy among rice OPR family members for JA accumulation. The root system architecture is a key determinant of water and nutrient acquisition; our results suggest that OsOPR5 may play an important role in adaptation under adverse environmental conditions. Collectively, this study establishes an efficient genome-editing platform for indica rice and identifies OsOPR5 as a novel regulator of root development.

Oryza↗

PubMed2025

GT1 regulates maize sex determination by affecting the jasmonate pathway.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a monoecious plant with male and female flowers physically separated on different inflorescences-the tassel and the ear. Maize sex determination is controlled by a series of complicated developmental signals. Here, we characterized an EMS-induced maize feminized tassel mutant,tasselsilk1 (tsk1), and identified GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) as the causative gene. Phenotypic analysis of tsk1 mutants revealed that pistils fail to abort in both the tassel and ear, resulting in long sterile silks in the tassel and the development of an extra small kernel from the lower floret in the ear. RNA-seq and CUT&Tag analysis indicated that GT1 functioned as a repressor for flower organ development by regulating the JA biosynthesis and signaling pathways, specifically by directly promoting the expression of TASSELSEED1 (TS1), ZmMYC2A, ZmMYC2B. Together, we identified a new allele of GT1 and proposed that GT1 functions through JA biosynthesis and signaling pathways to regulate sex determination in maize.

Zea mays↗

PubMed2025

Venus flytraps' metabolome analysis discloses the metabolic fate of prey animal foodstock.

Carnivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula survive in nutrient-poor habitats by attracting and consuming animals. Upon deflection of the touch-sensitive trigger hairs, the trap closes instantly. Panicking prey repeatedly collides with trigger hairs, which activate the endocrine system: mechano- and chemosensors translate the information on the prey's nature, size, and activity into jasmonate-dependent lytic enzyme secretion. This digestive fluid gradually degrades its exoskeleton and internal tissues. The released substances are absorbed by glands covering the inner trap surface. To understand Dionaea's modification of metabolism upon prey consumption, we compared the metabolic profiles associated with secretion and insect feeding. In favor of digestive enzyme secretion, the abundance of most amino acids decreased after JA-stimulation without prey present. By contrast, insect feeding resulted in an increase in almost all amino acids within the trap. In agreement with the export of prey-derived nitrogen, the abundance of certain amino acids also increased in the petiole. In response to feeding with urea, chitin, nucleic acids, or phospholipids, the amino acid profile remained relatively unchanged. This might indicate that the alterations in the Venus flytrap's metabolism depend both on the type of substance and on its amount.

Droseraceae↗

PubMed2025

The 13-lipoxygenase GmLOX6 is involved in JA biosynthesis and serves as a positive regulator of salt stress tolerance in soybean.

Salinity represents a major abiotic stressor that significantly impairs soybean growth and yield. Although jasmonic acid (JA) has been firmly established as a key regulator of plant defense against salt stress, the precise functions of lipoxygenase (LOX) genes responsible for initiating JA biosynthesis remain poorly defined. Here, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the soybean LOX gene family was performed, and a detailed functional characterization of GmLOX6 was carried out. Subcellular localization confirmed that GmLOX6 is targeted to chloroplasts, while enzymatic assays demonstrated that it acts as a 13-LOX enzyme with a strong preference for α-linolenic acid as substrate. To clarify its role under salt stress, we generated both overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout lines of soybean. Phenotypic and molecular evaluations revealed that GmLOX6 facilitates JA production under salt stress, thereby contributing to enhanced JA accumulation. This elevation in JA levels was associated with improved salt tolerance through multiple physiological adaptations, including the activation of antioxidant enzymes for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced Na+ extrusion to preserve ionic balance, and reinforced membrane stability. Moreover, GmRWP-RK11 was identified as a transcriptional repressor of GmLOX6. Functional disruption of GmRWP-RK11 via CRISPR/Cas9 conferred greater salt tolerance, further supporting its negative regulatory role. Collectively, these findings uncover a novel regulatory axis in which GmLOX6-mediated JA biosynthesis enhances soybean resistance to salinity through modulation of ROS homeostasis and Na+ transport. These insights provide an expanded understanding of the transcriptional and biochemical mechanisms underpinning JA-driven stress adaptation in soybean.

Glycine max↗

PubMed2025

Dual localization of JA receptor, CaCOI2, explains JA perception dynamics in chickpea.

Jasmonates (JAs) are a group of oxylipin-derived phytohormones involved in various biotic and abiotic stress responses and regulate plant development. JAs are perceived by receptor proteins called coronatine insensitive (COI). These JA receptors encode F-box proteins that form the SCFCOI ubiquitin ligase complex (comprising Skp, Cullin, and F-box) and activate JA signaling by promoting the degradation of the transcriptional repressor JAZ (JA associated ZIM domain containing) proteins via the 26S proteasomal pathway. However, JA signaling is not well understood in chickpea, a vital legume. In this study, we identified two potential chickpea JA receptors, named CaCOI1 and CaCOI2, and characterized CaCOI2 as a functional JA receptor. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that CaCOI2 is localized outside the nucleus but moves into the nucleus upon JA perception to activate signaling. Using domain-swapping experiments between CaCOI1 and CaCOI2, we demonstrated that the leucine-rich repeat region of the receptors, which interacts with bioactive JA such as JA-Isoleucine, also plays a crucial role in controlling the subcellular localization of CaCOI proteins. Our findings identify a functional JA receptor in chickpea and reveal new aspects of JA signaling and perception, which may also be relevant to other plants.

Cicer↗

PubMed2025

Analysis of genetic differences underlying chilling stress tolerance using whole genome Re-Sequencing in walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is prized worldwide for both its nutritional value and economic importance, yet it remains vulnerable to cold stress, with significant differences in tolerance among varieties. This study combined physiological analyses with whole-genome resequencing (WGS) to evaluate the cold stress responses of two varieties, ‘Qingxiang’ and ‘Liaoning No.8’. Under chilling stress (0 °C), we measured electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzyme activity, applying both exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and the jasmonate inhibitor DIECA. Genomic variations were analyzed using WGS. Results showed that ‘Liaoning No.8’ exhibited superior cold tolerance. Application of MeJA reduced electrolyte leakage by 37% and MDA accumulation by 52% on average, whereas DIECA exacerbated stress-related damage. WGS achieved 16.24–16.26× coverage and identified 2.73–2.78 million SNPs, 378–382k InDels, 25–26k SVs, and 7.2–7.9k CNVs. Twenty genes containing sequence variants showed transcriptional responses under cold stress that were significantly correlated with mutation density (r = 0.62, P < 0.01). One gene, XM_018985465.2, which lacked SNPs in ‘Liaoning No.8’, was expressed 4.2 times more in this variety, suggesting cis-regulatory influence. These findings highlight the role of jasmonic acid signaling in enhancing cold tolerance in walnut and offer genomic insights into its underlying adaptive mechanisms.

Juglans↗