Clinical facts and curios.
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Spatial transcriptomic tools are an upcoming and powerful way to investigate targeted gene expression patterns within tissues. These tools offer the unique advantage of visualizing and understanding gene expression while preserving tissue integrity, thereby maintaining the spatial context of genes. Curio is a robust spatial transcriptomic tool that facilitates high throughput comprehensive spatial gene expression analysis across the entir e transcriptome with high efficiency. Here, we present a bioinformatics protocol for performing whole transcriptome gene expression analysis of mouse brain tissue using Curio. Specifically, we demonstrate using computational techniques to visualize expression patterns of various HOX genes in the mouse brain.
Certainly in treatment of the carcinoid tumor surgery has a well-established curative and palliative potential. The primary challenge is a knowledgable marriage between stage of disease and aggressiveness of operative procedure. Nonsurgical treatment of the malignant disease per se has thus far not produced optimum results and, in the opinion of this author, should still be confined to a clinical research setting. It would seem very doubtful, however, that the more mundane types of trials, empirically testing drug after drug and arbitrarily concocted drug combinations, is the most productive road to follow. There is an evident need for more sophisticated approaches to this tumor, which has unique metabolic characteristics that should be pharmacologically exploitable. Past experience has indicated that such a setting may permit dramatic therapeutic accomplishment. There is a strong need for animal models or established cell lines which would facilitate preclinical therapeutic exploration. The carcinoid syndrome presents an unparalleled opportunity for fundamental physiologic observations and for experimental therapeutic study that can have applicability not only in palliating the syndrome itself but also in the management of other pathophysiologic states that may involve more subtle abnormalities of the same hormonal mechanisms. The patient with the carcinoid tumor should not just be a fascinating curio for grand rounds exhibition. He should be a focal point for research involving an experienced, multidisciplinary clinical team supported by devoted basic scientists. If our patient resources and efforts can be concentrated in this manner, the carcinoid should be a strong candidate for the next medically curable human cancer.
The first museums on history of nature were opened in early Enlightenment and had originated from baroque curio galleries at most of the European courts. Peter the Great, too, had his "Art Chamber" converted to a universal museum primarily designed to didactic purposes. Much of the space was devoted to anatomic and teratological exhibits. To complete these collections, Peter repeatedly ordered all malformations to be handed over ("Monster Decree"). When travelling abroad, he purchased anatomic, zoological, botanic, and mineralogical collections, such as the famous collection previously owned by Frederik Ruysch in Amsterdam, with injected anatomic specimens with period-style decorations. The Art Chamber collection was later on described by K. W. Burdach, anatomist, and K. E. v. Baer, anthropologist. Many of its exhibits are still at show.
Horizontal DC-electrooculograms were recorded in subjects rotating on a horizontal turntable sinusoidally at 0.1 Hz and 35 to 40 degrees amplitude. The subjects either fixated a stroboscopically illuminated vertically striped pattern (1.15 to 3.45 degrees period) rotating with the turntable or initiated Sigma-OKN before the rotation began and tried to maintain Sigma-OKN during rotation. In a third paradigm, interaction of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and Phi-OKN was studied. VOR-suppression by fixation was complete within the limits of EOG-recording precision (+/- 1 degree X s-1) for flash frequencies fs greater than 10 flashes X s-1. VOR-suppression decreased monotonically with fs between 10 and 1 flashes X s-1. A similar dependency on fs was found for VOR-suppression during Sigma- or Phi-OKN. Above 10 flashes X s-1 VOR-suppression remained incomplete; below 5 flashes X s-1 VOR-suppression was stronger with the Sigma-OKN paradigm than during fixation and depended on spatial frequency of the pattern. During sinewave rotation of the subject the perceived speed Vp of Sigma-movement correlated to the movement of gaze in space and not to the movement of the eye in head. In a control experiment with normal optokinetic stimulation, OKN-suppression by fixating a small flashing target was found to depend on fs in a similar way as VOR-suppression in the experiments described above.
Spontaneous fistulas presenting as direct communication between the carotid siphon and cavernous sinus are very rare. They occurred in two patients where a dissection as possible cause is discussed. The diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are described.
Effects of noise of low-flying military jet aircraft were investigated from demoscopic and epidemiological points of view. Areas with different low-altitude flight noise exposure were compared with one another as to subjective annoyance, casual blood pressure and ear symptoms. With the same energy equivalent sound pressure level (Leq), the subjective disturbance caused by military low-altitude flight noise was essentially greater than that due to ordinary flight noise (in the neighbourhood of civil airports). A comparison of several areas revealed that frequencies of ear symptoms (tinnitus lasting more than one hour and permanent hearing threshold shifts of greater than 30 dB) were higher only in areas where maximal flight noise levels considerably exceeded 115 dB (A) accompanied by rapid noise level increases. Blood pressure measurements yielded significantly higher values (group difference 9 mm Hg systolic) in girls living in these highly exposed areas. Acoustic limits are proposed with respect to public health.
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