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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Cue reactivity in cocaine-dependent subjects: effects of cue type and cue modality.

Thirty cocaine-dependent subjects were enrolled into a cue-laboratory study to determine the specificity and sensitivity of this paradigm as a craving measure. Subjects experienced three cue types (i.e., cocaine, arousing, and neutral stimuli) in three cue modalities (i.e., audio, visual, and manual). Cue types were administered in different experimental sessions with a period of 2 to 3 days between sessions. Our results showed that subjective and physiological craving for cocaine was relatively specific for the cocaine cue as compared with either the arousing or the neutral cue. The relative sensitivities of the cue modalities in decreasing order was manual, audio, and visual. We suggest that a modified conditioned-cue paradigm could be a useful tool in the repeated assessment of craving during a clinical study.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Texture and haptic cues in slant discrimination: reliability-based cue weighting without statistically optimal cue combination.

A number of models of depth-cue combination suggest that the final depth percept results from a weighted average of independent depth estimates based on the different cues available. The weight of each cue in such an average is thought to depend on the reliability of each cue. In principle, such a depth estimation could be statistically optimal in the sense of producing the minimum-variance unbiased estimator that can be constructed from the available information. Here we test such models by using visual and haptic depth information. Different texture types produce differences in slant-discrimination performance, thus providing a means for testing a reliability-sensitive cue-combination model with texture as one of the cues to slant. Our results show that the weights for the cues were generally sensitive to their reliability but fell short of statistically optimal combination--we find reliability-based reweighting but not statistically optimal cue combination.

Cues↗
PubMed2003

Olfactory and/or visual cues for spatial navigation through ontogeny: olfactory cues enable the use of visual cues.

This study analyzed the spatial memory capacities of rats in darkness with visual and/or olfactory cues through ontogeny. Tests were conducted with the homing board, where rats had to find the correct escape hole. Four age groups (24 days, 48 days, 3-6 months, and 12 months) were trained in 3 conditions: (a) 3 identical light cues; (b) 5 different olfactory cues; and (c) both types of cues, followed by removal of the olfactory cues. Results indicate that immature rats first take into account olfactory information but are unable to orient with only the help of discrete visual cues. Olfaction enables the use of visual information by 48-day-old rats. Visual information predominantly supports spatial cognition in adult and 12-month-old rats. Results point out cooperation between vision and olfaction for place navigation during ontogeny in rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Using the cue-availability paradigm to assess cue reactivity.

BACKGROUND: A recent meta-analysis on cue-reactivity research revealed that cue-specific craving for alcohol is substantially less robust than craving measured for other drugs of abuse. The small effect sizes for alcohol underscore the need for more powerful methods of assessing cue reactivity in humans. The cue-availability paradigm is a modification of the conventional cue-reactivity paradigm and is intended to increase the sensitivity of measuring cue-reactivity to alcohol in humans. METHODS: Seventeen non-treatment-seeking alcoholics were tested individually on two different sessions (after priming with alcohol and after priming with placebo-alcohol). Subjects were presented with a total of 32 cue-availability trials. On each trial, subjects were presented with either a target cue (alcohol) or a neutral cue (water). Each cue was available for drinking on 50% of the trials (availability condition). Cue-reactivity measures were self-reports of craving and mood. RESULTS: The alcohol prime had a robust effect on craving. Irrespective of the availability of the cue for consumption or the type of cue, craving was consistently higher when subjects were primed with alcohol than with placebo-alcohol. Negative mood was also higher when it was assessed after the alcohol prime. Negative mood decreased in alcohol-primed subjects when the alcohol cue was available for consumption. The alcohol cue also had a significant, although more modest effect on craving. The alcohol cue consistently elicited higher levels of craving relative to the water cue. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the priming effects of alcohol may be a significant factor contributing to the experience of craving and maintenance of drinking. The study also introduces the cue-availability as an additional new method for investigating manipulations of cue-reactivity in alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of pre-cues on voluntary and reflexive saccade generation. I. Anti-cues for pro-saccades.

Experiments on visual attention have employed both physical cues and verbal instructions to enable subjects to allocate attention at a location that becomes relevant within a perceptual or motor task some time later (cue lead time, CLT). In this study we have used valid visual peripheral cues (CLT between 100 and 700 ms) to indicate the direction and location of the next saccade. A cue is considered valid or invalid if its meaning with respect to the next saccade is correct or incorrect. A cue is called an anti- or pro-cue if the side of its presentation is opposite to or the same as the direction of the saccade required on a given trial. Correspondingly, a saccade is called an anti- or pro-saccade if it is directed to the side opposite to or the same as the stimulus presentation. A condition in which the cue and the stimulus are presented on opposite sides provides a simple way of dissociating voluntary attention allocation from automatic orienting. This paper considers the anti-cue pro-saccade task: the subjects were instructed to use the cue to direct attention to the opposite side, i.e. the location, where on valid trials the saccade target would occur. In the companion paper we have used the same physical condition, but we have reversed the instructions as to saccade direction and we have reversed the meaning of the cue, i.e. we designed a pro-cue anti-saccade task. In this first paper, the saccadic reaction times (SRTs) of pro-saccades of five adult subjects were measured in the gap paradigm (fixation point offset precedes target onset by 200 ms). With a CLT of 100 ms, valid anti-cues reduced the number of express saccades (i.e. saccades with SRTs in the range 80-120 ms) significantly compared with the control values (no cues). Valid anti-cues with increasingly long CLTs (100-700 ms) resulted in an increasing incidence of anticipatory saccades and saccades with longer SRTs (more than 120 ms), while the frequency of express saccades remained below the control value. When cue and saccade target were dissociated in location or in both location and direction, the effects of the cueing revealed a much lower spatial selectivity as compared to the effects that have been described for voluntary attention allocation by means of central cues. The results suggest that voluntary allocation of attention and cue-induced automatic orienting not only have different time courses but also have opposite effects on the generation of express saccades, and different spatial selectivities. A possible neuronal basis of these results is discussed considering related findings from electrophysiological studies in monkeys.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Slant from texture and disparity cues: optimal cue combination.

How does the visual system combine information from different depth cues to estimate three-dimensional scene parameters? We tested a maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) model of cue combination for perspective (texture) and binocular disparity cues to surface slant. By factoring the reliability of each cue into the combination process, MLE provides more reliable estimates of slant than would be available from either cue alone. We measured the reliability of each cue in isolation across a range of slants and distances using a slant-discrimination task. The reliability of the texture cue increases as |slant| increases and does not change with distance. The reliability of the disparity cue decreases as distance increases and varies with slant in a way that also depends on viewing distance. The trends in the single-cue data can be understood in terms of the information available in the retinal images and issues related to solving the binocular correspondence problem. To test the MLE model, we measured perceived slant of two-cue stimuli when disparity and texture were in conflict and the reliability of slant estimation when both cues were available. Results from the two-cue study indicate, consistent with the MLE model, that observers weight each cue according to its relative reliability: Disparity weight decreased as distance and |slant| increased. We also observed the expected improvement in slant estimation when both cues were available. With few discrepancies, our data indicate that observers combine cues in a statistically optimal fashion and thereby reduce the variance of slant estimates below that which could be achieved from either cue alone. These results are consistent with other studies that quantitatively examined the MLE model of cue combination. Thus, there is a growing empirical consensus that MLE provides a good quantitative account of cue combination and that sensory information is used in a manner that maximizes the precision of perceptual estimates.

Cues↗
PubMed2004

The basic laws of conditioning differ for elemental cues and cues trained in compound.

The cue-duration effect (i.e., longer cues result in less conditioned responding than shorter cues) was examined as a function of whether cues were trained alone or in compound. Compound (AX) or elemental (X) cues of either long or short duration were paired with the unconditioned stimulus. In testing with X alone, the cue-duration effect was observed with elementally trained cues, but not with compound cues. Instead, stronger responding resulted from training with long compound cues relative to short compound cues (i.e., a reversed cue-duration effect). Moreover, an overshadowing effect (i.e., decreased responding due to compound conditioning) was observed when conditioning was conducted with a short cue, but compound conditioning resulted in enhanced responding when it was conducted with a long cue (i.e., reversed overshadowing). These findings are consistent with other recent demonstrations that some laws of learning that apply to elementally trained cues do not similarly apply to cues trained in compound.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Calibration of magnetic and celestial compass cues in migratory birds--a review of cue-conflict experiments.

Migratory birds use multiple sources of compass information for orientation, including the geomagnetic field, the sun, skylight polarization patterns and star patterns. In this paper we review the results of cue-conflict experiments designed to determine the relative importance of the different compass mechanisms, and how directional information from these compass mechanisms is integrated. We focus on cue-conflict experiments in which the magnetic field was shifted in alignment relative to natural celestial cues. Consistent with the conclusions of earlier authors, our analyses suggest that during the premigratory season, celestial information is given the greatest salience and used to recalibrate the magnetic compass by both juvenile and adult birds. Sunset polarized light patterns from the region of the sky near the horizon appear to provide the calibration reference for the magnetic compass. In contrast, during migration, a majority of experiments suggest that birds rely on the magnetic field as the primary source of compass information and use it to calibrate celestial compass cues, i.e. the relative saliency of magnetic and celestial cues is reversed. An alternative possibility, however, is suggested by several experiments in which birds exposed to a cue conflict during migration appear to have recalibrated the magnetic compass, i.e. their response is similar to that of birds exposed to cue conflicts during the premigratory season. The general pattern to emerge from these analyses is that birds exposed to the cue conflict with a view of the entire sunset sky tended to recalibrate the magnetic compass, regardless of whether the cue conflict occurred during the premigratory or migratory period. In contrast, birds exposed to the cue conflict in orientation funnels and registration cages that restricted their view of the region of sky near the horizon (as was generally the case in experiments carried out during the migratory season) did not recalibrate the magnetic compass but, instead, used the magnetic compass to calibrate the other celestial compass systems. If access to critical celestial cues, rather than the timing of exposure to the cue conflict (i.e. premigratory vs migratory), determines whether recalibration of the magnetic compass occurs, this suggests that under natural conditions there may be a single calibration reference for all of the compass systems of migratory birds that is derived from sunset (and possibly also sunrise) polarized light cues from the region of sky near the horizon. In cue-conflict experiments carried out during the migratory season, there was also an interesting asymmetry in the birds' response to magnetic fields shifted clockwise and counterclockwise relative to celestial cues. We discuss two possible explanations for these differences: (1) lateral asymmetry in the role of the right and left eye in mediating light-dependent magnetic compass orientation and (2) interference from the spectral and intensity distribution of skylight at sunset with the response of the light-dependent magnetic compass.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between central cues and peripheral cues in covert visual orientation.

Four experiments were conducted to compare valid and invalid cue conditions for peripheral and central cues. Experiments 1, 3, and 4 used reaction time (RT) as the dependent variable. Experiment 2 used a threshold measure. Peripheral and central cues were presented on each trial. The peripheral cue was uninformative in all experiments. The central cue was informative in Experiments 1 and 2, where it predicted stimulus side on 70% of the trials. Experiment 3 included 50% and 100% central-cue prediction conditions as well as the 70% treatment. Experiment 4 included 60%, 75%, and 90% central-cue prediction conditions. The effects of the central and peripheral cues were independent and additive in all four experiments, indicating that: (1) both cue types can act simultaneously, and that the relationship between them is additive under the conditions used in these experiments, (2) informativeness is not a necessary condition for attentional effects with peripheral cues, and (3) covert visual orientation influences sensory thresholds and RT in similar ways. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the facilitation associated with peripheral cues was insensitive to manipulations which demonstrate that subjects use the informational value of the central cue to direct voluntary attention. The results are discussed with reference to two issues; first, the proposition that central and peripheral cues exert their influence on performance in independent information-processing stages, following the additive factor method, and, second, the problems raised for additive factors method when cues elicit both an "explicit" response-regarding the presence or absence of a specified letter-and an "implicit response"-involving the planning and possible execution of eye and hand movements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of different cue stimulus delivery channels on craving reactivity: comparing in vivo and video cues in regular cigarette smokers.

Exposure to smoking cues reliably produces increases in craving compared to exposure to appropriately matched neutral cues. While different types of stimuli have been used as cue materials in such studies, the channel through which cues are delivered is not often varied in a systematic fashion in smoking research. This study compared the effect of exposure to active in vivo cues compared to two cues, matched for content and time, delivered via videotape on self-reported smoking craving. Results revealed that active in vivo cues produced the highest Craving ratings. followed next by active video cues, and last by neutral video cues. These results suggest that craving is sensitive to stimulus delivery channel and that video presentation of smoking cues is a viable manipulation option in cue reactivity studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of the timing and identity of retrieval cues in individual recall: an attempt to mimic cross-cueing in collaborative recall.

Inhibitory effects in collaborative recall have been attributed to cross-cueing among partners, in the same way that part-set cues are known to impair recall in individuals. However, studies of part-set cueing in individuals typically involve presenting cues visually at the start of recall, whereas cross-cueing in collaboration is likely to be spoken and distributed over time. In an attempt to bridge this gap, three experiments investigated effects of presenting spoken part-set or extra-list cues at different times during individual recall. Cues had an inhibitory effect on recollection in the early part of the recall period, especially when presented in immediate succession at the start of recall. There was no difference between the effects of part-set and extra-list cues under these presentation conditions. However, more inhibition was generated by part-set than extra-list cues when cue presentation was distributed throughout recall. These results are interpreted as suggesting that cues presented during recall disrupt memory in two ways, corresponding to either blocking or modifying retrieval processes. Implications for explaining and possibly ameliorating inhibitory effects in collaborative recall are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of pre-cues on voluntary and reflexive saccade generation. II. Pro-cues for anti-saccades.

The reaction times of saccades (SRT) to a suddenly presented visual stimulus (pro-saccade) can be decreased and a separate mode of express saccades can occur when a gap paradigm is used (i.e. fixation-point offset precedes target onset by 200 ms). A valid peripheral cue, presented briefly (100 ms) before target onset, has been found to facilitate the generation of saccades to the target, thereby increasing the frequency of express saccades and decreasing the mean latency. This facilitation occurs only for cues that correctly indicate the direction of the subsequent target presentation (valid cues). The present study investigates the effects of valid cues on SRTs and error rate in the anti-saccade task (saccades in the direction opposite to the stimulus) by systematically varying the cue lead time (CLT) and using the gap and overlap conditions, i.e. fixation point remains on throughout the trial. For a CLT of 100 ms, both reaction times and error rates were significantly increased. With increasing CLT (200-500 ms), both the reaction times of the anti-saccades and the error rates returned to approximately control level, with CLT more than 200 ms in both the gap and the overlap condition. Additional experiments using non-informative cues in the overlap task showed that the reaction times of correct anti-saccades and the error rate were decreased when cue and stimulus appeared at the same side. Analysis of the erratic pro-saccades revealed that almost all of them were corrected, i.e. they were followed by a second saccade towards the required location. It is found that the correction times were usually very short, with intersaccadic intervals between 0 and 150 ms. We suggest that the orienting mechanism, elicited by a transient peripheral cue, relates to the command and the decision to make a pro- rather than an anti-saccade. The cue elicits pro-orienting towards its position when a pro-saccade is required, and anti-orienting when an anti-saccade is required. The orienting effect is transient and decays with CLTs of more than 200 ms; this result holds for both anti-saccades and pro-saccades. Since subjects reported that they could not prevent the erratic pro-saccades or were often not aware of them, we conclude that this orienting mechanism occurs automatically, beyond voluntary control.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effects of grammatic class and cue type on cueing responsiveness in aphasia.

This study investigated the effects of two types of cues (semantic and phonemic) and two grammatic classes (noun and verb) on cueing responsiveness. Subjects consisted of 10 Broca's, 10 Wernicke's, 8 conduction, and 8 anomic aphasics. Cues were administered following failure to name on confrontation. Responsiveness to the two types of cues was dependent on aphasic type and grammatic class. Broca's and conduction aphasics responded better to phonemic cueing, while anomic aphasics were more responsive to semantic cueing. With regard to grammatic class, aphasics responded better to phonemic cueing on nouns; however, no significant difference between types of cues was demonstrated on verbs. Neuropsychological implications for the cueing and naming processes are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Memory retrieval given two independent cues: cue selection or parallel access?

A basic but unresolved issue in the study of memory retrieval is whether multiple independent cues can be used concurrently (i.e., in parallel) to recall a single, common response. A number of empirical results, as well as potentially applicable theories, suggest that retrieval can proceed in parallel, though set forth a model that denies that possibility. In this paper, five quantitative models are developed to test broad candidate principles. In multiple experiments, subjects were trained to retrieve a vocal digit response for each member of a set of letter or color cues. In subsequent test and transfer phases, single cue trials were randomly mixed with dual cue trials on which the two cues always required the same response. For the first few repetitions of each new set of dual cue items, there was no evidence of parallel retrieval over any part of the RT distribution. After more repetitions, dual cue trials were performed faster than single cue trials, but only under conditions that were favorable to development of a "chunked" dual cue representation. These results indicate that associative independence is an important modulating variable that must be heeded in any general model of attention and memory retrieval. Further, the results are most consistent with a model that places the performance bottleneck prior to the retrieval stage of processing.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonism within the basolateral amygdala differentially alters the acquisition of cocaine-cue associations necessary for cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking.

The basolateral amygdala complex has been implicated in the formation and utilization of cocaine-cue associations in rat models of cue-induced reinstatement to cocaine-seeking behavior. We have previously demonstrated the importance of dopamine inputs to the basolateral amygdala complex in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior following chronic cocaine self-administration. Here we show that selective blockade of amygdalar dopamine D1 and D2 receptors during acquisition of cocaine-cue associations has distinctive effects on subsequent conditioned-cued cocaine-seeking behavior. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained to self-administer i.v. cocaine on a fixed ratio 1 schedule for 5 days. Subjects then received bilateral, intra-basolateral amygdala complex infusions of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390, 0.25-2.0 microg/side; experiment 1), a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist (raclopride, 0.625-5.0 microg/side; experiment 2), or vehicle just prior to a single classical conditioning session, during which a light+tone cue was discretely paired with passive infusions of cocaine in the absence of lever responding. Following five additional days of cocaine self-administration and 7-10 days of extinction training, animals underwent multiple tests for cue-induced reinstatement. SCH23390 (2.0 microg/side), administered at the time of cocaine-cue association only, produced an attenuation of reinstatement to cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. In contrast, low doses of raclopride potentiated, while a higher dose of raclopride attenuated cue-induced reinstatement. These results demonstrate unique contributions of D1 vs. D2 receptors in mediating dopamine inputs within the basolateral amygdala complex during the formation of cocaine-stimulus associations that are critical for cue-induced reinstatement.

Amygdala↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Individual differences in cue reactivity among smokers trying to quit: effects of gender and cue type.

Across studies, when presented with a variety of smoking cues, smokers and ex-smokers evidence distinct patterns of self-reported, physiological, and behavioral reactions. However, few studies have compared more than two different kinds of cues within the same experiment. Furthermore, despite the importance of examining the moderating effect of gender on smoking outcomes, few studies have examined gender differences in smoking cue reactivity. We examined the effect of eight distinct cue manipulations on heart rate, mean arterial pressure, smoking urges, and self-efficacy in a sample of 129 participants (50% female) who had recently quit smoking. Cue manipulations included (a) in vivo exposure, (b) an idiographically designed exposure of subjects' most recent relapse, (c) an idiographically designed exposure to subjects' highest risk situation, and (d) affectively valenced standardized scripts depicting situations generally associated with relapse. These manipulations were compared to a standard cognitive stressor (mental arithmetic) and to a resting baseline. Results revealed differences in the degree of reactivity to different manipulations, with in vivo cues producing the greatest changes. Gender differences in reactivity between the type of cues presented were found for mean arterial pressure, with standardized scripts producing greater changes for women. These findings have implications for understanding the reasons for differences in cue reactivity across manipulations and for gender differences in cue reactivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

When cues collide: use of stress and statistical cues to word boundaries by 7- to 9-month-old infants.

Prior research suggests that stress cues are particularly important for English-hearing infants' detection of word boundaries. It is unclear, though, how infants learn to attend to stress as a cue to word segmentation. This series of experiments was designed to explore infants' attention to conflicting cues at different ages. Experiment 1 replicated previous findings: When stress and statistical cues indicated different word boundaries, 9-month-old infants used syllable stress as a cue to segmentation while ignoring statistical cues. However, in Experiment 2, 7-month-old infants attended more to statistical cues than to stress cues. These results raise the possibility that infants use their statistical learning abilities to locate words in speech and use those words to discover the regular pattern of stress cues in English. Infants at different ages may deploy different segmentation strategies as a function of their current linguistic experience.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

Illuminant cues in surface color perception: tests of three candidate cues.

Many recent computational models of surface color perception presuppose information about illumination in scenes. The models differ primarily in the physical process each makes use of as a cue to the illuminant. We evaluated whether the human visual system makes use of any of three of the following candidate illuminant cues: (1) specular highlight, (2) full surface specularity [Lee, H. C. (1986). Method for computing the scene-illuminant chromaticity from specular highlights. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 3(10), 1694-1699; D'Zmura, M., & Lennie, P. (1986). Mechanisms of color constancy. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 3(10), 1662-1672], and (3) uniform background. Observers viewed simulated scenes binocularly in a computer-controlled Wheatstone stereoscope. All simulated scenes contained a uniform background plane perpendicular to the observer's line of sight and a small number of specular, colored spheres resting on the uniform background. Scenes were rendered under either standard illuminant D65 or standard illuminant A. Observers adjusted the color of a small, simulated test patch to appear achromatic. In a series of experiments we perturbed the illuminant color signaled by each candidate cue and looked for an influence of the changed cue on achromatic settings. We found that the specular highlight cue had a significant influence, but that the influence was asymmetric: greater when the base illuminant, CIE standard Illuminant A, was perturbed in the direction of Illuminant D65 than vice versa. Neither the full surface specularity cue nor the background cue had any observable influence. The lack of influence of the background cue is likely due to the placement of the test patch in front of the background rather than, as is typical, embedded in the background.

Color Perception↗