Sound-spectrographic cry analysis of normal and abnormal newborn infants. A review and a recommendation for standardization of the cry characteristics.
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Crying↗
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Cri du chat (cat cry) syndrome.
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Cri-du-Chat Syndrome↗
[Familial occurrence of the cat's cry (cri du chat) syndrom resulting from a balanced t(5 : 12) translocation (author's transl)].
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Adult↗
Recollected grief. "I, not remembering how I cried out then, will cry it o'er again".
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Adolescent↗
Acoustic features and auditory perceptions of the cries of newborns with prenatal and perinatal complications.
This article describes 2 experiments which examine the relation between neonatal cry features and obstetric histories. Experiment 1 shows that 24 clinically healthy, normal newborns who may be at risk due to a high number of prenatal and perinatal complications can be distinguished from 24 low-complications infants by harmonic and durational features of the cry. High-complications infants required more stimulation to elicit the cry, had a longer latency to cry onset, a shorter first cry expiration, a higher cry pitch, and cried less in total time than low-complications infants. In experiment 2, naive adults rated the high-complications infant cries as more aversive, grating sick, urgent, distressing, piercing, discomforting, and arousing than low-complications infant crues. Factor analyses showed that although the low-complications infant cries were described along one dimension of discomfort, a second factor emerged conveying the "sick" nature of the sound of the cry of the high-complications infants. It was suggested that certain cry features may reflect the risk status of the infant.
Adult↗
The role of auditory stimuli in crying inhibition in the neonate.
An experiment on the latency and duration of the cessation of spontaneous crying supported evidence that a low frequency intense auditory stimulus inhibits crying in neonates. There was a slight increase in the length of the first pause in crying during exposure to a 200-c/s tone, but no difference in the latency of this first pause. Since crying intensity reaches 80 db SPL at the infant ear, it is hypothesized that auditory stimuli juxtaposed during crying is in fact masked. Hence to be effective, an auditory stimulus must be presented at the beginning of a natural pause in crying. An experiment on rhythm in cry patterns did not support the hypothesis that crying may be a naturally rhythmic pattern of behavior analogous to sucking and susceptible to psychophysical investigation. There was a large variance within and between Ss for the mean latency and duration of cry bursts and pauses. Exper. III asked mothers with infants of 10 days, 7 weeks, and 13 weeks of age to keep a crying activity schedule in their own homes. This study revealed a discontinuity between neonates and older infants in the conditions and patterns of crying. Interview data did indicate that reliable positive orienting responses did occur to natural auditory stimuli in a naturalistic setting.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Discrimination of infants' cry-signals.
A technique for clustering infants' cry-signals on the basis of perceptually discriminable acoustic characteristics is reported. A cry-sequence containing all pairwise combinations of 24 signals was constructed. These signals have been used previously in cry-recognition studies (e.g., Wasz-Hockert, et al., 1968) and consist of six each of pain, hunger, pleasure, and birth. 20 musically competent subjects were tested individually and instructed to compare each cry with the one immediately preceding it in the sequence. Forced-choice "similarity" scores were summed for every pair of cries. These "similarity scores" were data for both a manual and a computerized clustering method. There was absolute agreement between these two methods, and the clusters of cry-signals correspond very closely to the four original cry groups. This seems a valid technique for examining the acoustic similarity of infants' cry-signals.
Adolescent↗
Pain cry in full-term asphyxiated newborn infants correlated with late findings.
115 pain-induced cries from 45 full-term newborn infants with pre- and perinatal asphyxia were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. All the infants had signs of intrauterine asphyxia and Apgar score of 6 or less at 5 min. The mean birth weight was 3170 g. The pain cries were recorded before the age of 8 days, 83% of the cries before 3 days of age. The cry analysis was compared with the pain cries of 75 full-term, healthy newborn infants of corresponding birth weight and gestational age. The results showed significant differences between the cries of the asphyxiated newborn and the healthy infants. The duration of the phonation was shorter, the maximum and minimum pitch of the fundamental frequency was significantly higher. Bi-phonation and vibrato occurred more often, double harmonic break and glottal roll less often. An increase in rising, falling-rising and flat types of melody was observed. Retrospectively, the cries were more abnormal if the infant was found to be neurologically damaged at t he check-up at 2-8 years.
Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
Spectrum analysis of the cry sounds of well-nourished and malnourished infants.
The cry sounds of 12 well-nourished and 12 malnourished male infants were compared using behavioral and acoustic measures. The cry of the malnourished infant had an initial longer sound, higher pitch, lower amplitude, more arrhythmia, and a longer latency to the next cry sound than the cry of the well-nourished infant. The similarity betweenthe cry of the malnourished infant and the cry of the brain-damaged infant suggested tha malnutrition may affect the regulatory function of the central nervous system. This hypothesis was supported by additional findings which showed that the abnormal cry patterns in the malnourished infants were associated with a low-level orienting response to a pure tone stimulus as measured by the magnitude of heart-rate deceleration.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Cry analysis in infants with severe malnutrition.
Sound spectrographic investigations of the cries of 5 infants, age 7 m to 2 y, with severe malnutrition (one with kwashiorkor and four with marasmus) were compared with the cries of 15 healthy children of corresponding age. The cry of the child with kwashiorkor resembled those of the normal infants. The cries of the marasmic children showed a significant increase in the minimum and maximum pitch, and the occurrence of biphonation and flat melody types. These features have also been found in the cries of children with brain damage. We therefore believe that cry and analysis can be an additional means of investigating to what degree the brain is affected in children with malnutrition.
Child, Preschool↗
Bacillus thuringiensis pathogenicity islands encode regulatory circuits controlling insecticidal Cry toxin expression during vegetative growth.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal toxins, including Cry and Vip3 proteins, that are widely used for biological pest control. Cry proteins are classically expressed during sporulation under the control of sporulation-specific σ factors, whereas Vip3 is produced during vegetative growth, suggesting distinct regulatory pathways. Notably, many cry and vip3A genes are clustered within pathogenicity islands (PAIs), such as BtPAI-1. However, whether these PAIs also encode regulatory mechanisms coordinating toxin expression remains unclear. Here, we identify VipR, a BtPAI-1-encoded transcriptional regulator, as an activator of insecticidal gene expression during the vegetative phase in Bt strains HD-1 and CT-43. In these strains, VipR promotes the transcription of BtPAI-1 associated insecticidal genes, including vip3A and selected cry genes, resulting in premature Cry protein accumulation and increased insecticidal activity. In addition, VipR contributes to the vegetative-phase expression of the non-BtPAI-1 cry9Aa genes in strain BGSC 4AE1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that vipR is widely distributed in one-third of Bt strains, and is strongly associated with PAIs. Futhermore, heterologous expression of vipR in BGSC 4J5 and HD-73 was sufficient to activate vegetative-phase transcription of some cry independently of sporulation-specific σ factor cascade. These results support a role for VipR in coordinating vegetative-phase expression of insecticidal genes in the Bt strains examined and suggest that BtPAI-1 can encode both insecticidal determinants and regulatory functions that influence their expression. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory architecture of Bt pathogenicity islands and may facilitate the engineering of strains with enhanced insecticidal activity.
Bacillus thuringiensis↗
Spectrographic analysis of pain cry in neonates with cleft palate.
52 phonations of 13 cleft palate neonates were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. 17 phonetical attributes were included in the study and the first signal after the pain stimulus was analyzed. The cries of the cleft palate infants were compared with the crying of 75 normal babies of the same age. No change in the fundamental frequency, melody type and duration of the cries was seen in association with these anatomical defects. Two of the characteristics studied, vibrato and the 'tonal pit', occurred significantly more often in cries of the cleft palate infants than in cries of the control series. The changes in the qualities seen in association with cleft palate and/or cleft lip do not mimic the abnormalities produced by brain damage.
Cleft Lip↗
Some developmental aspects of infants cry.
Respiratory activity during crying was measured in a semilongitudianl study of 10 normal infants aged two days to eight months. Temporal aspects of respiration during crying showed marked change with age: athe duration of the expiratory phase steadily increased, while the duration of the inspiratory phase remained remarkable constant, producing an ever-lower I-fraction. A previous study reported no developmental changes in the temporal aspects of the acoustic cry signal from one to seven months of age. Reasons for the divergent findings of the present study arepresented, and it is suggested that respiratory behavior may be a better indicator of developmental changes in the crying act thanthe acoustic signal.
Child Development↗
Effects of training versus non-training in identification of infant cry-signals: a longitudinal study.
The effects of training on the ability to identify 4 infants' cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 60 college students (aged 18 to 30 yr.). Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. In a follow-up retest 10 wk. later, scores for the birth and hunger cry-signals improved significantly (p less than .05) for subjects without training, while scores for subjects with training remained about the same. The suggestion that repeated exposure to cry-signals may serve as training was discussed.
Adolescent↗
The temporal relationship between infant heart rate acceleration and crying in an aversive situation.
The temporal relationship between heart rate (HR) acceleration and crying was examined in 16 8-16-month-old infants. Consistently, the HR acceleration began well before the onset of crying, suggesting that such acceleration is not merely a by-product of crying. The accelerations observed were above and beyond a return to baseline following orienting. The crying itself validates the association between these instances of HR acceleration and negative effect.
Affect↗
High-resolution, genotype-free mapping of genetic variation with CRI-SPA-Map.
Genetic variation within species shapes phenotypes, but identifying the specific genes and variants that cause phenotypic differences is costly and challenging. Here, we introduce CRI-SPA-Map, a genetic mapping strategy combining CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering, selective ploidy ablation (SPA), and high-throughput phenotyping for precise genetic mapping with or without genotyping in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In CRI-SPA-Map, a donor strain carrying SPA machinery is mated to a genetically different recipient strain harboring a genome-integrated selectable cassette. In the resulting diploid, CRISPR-Cas9 cuts the cassette for replacement with DNA from the homologous donor chromosome. Donor chromosomes are then removed using SPA to yield haploid recombinant strains. To establish CRI-SPA-Map, we mated a W303 SPA strain to 92 strains from the BY4742 yeast knockout collection that carry gene deletion cassettes on the left arm of chromosome XIV and created 1,451 recombinant isolates. Whole-genome sequencing verified that deletion cassette replacement introduced short donor DNA tracts of variable length, resulting in a finely recombined mapping population. Using only the known location of the gene deletions, which marks where donor DNA is introduced, we identified a 6.5 kb-region shaping yeast growth. Further dissection of this region pinpointed two causal variants in two genes, MKT1 and SAL1. Engineering these variants alone and in combination revealed gene-by-environment interactions at both genes, as well as epistatic interactions between them that were in turn dependent on the environment. CRI-SPA-Map is a cost-effective strategy for creating high-resolution recombinant panels of yeast strains for identifying the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Journal Article↗
Paradigm shift for cry gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis.
In most Bacillus thuringiensis strains, the cry genes are transcribed by RNA polymerases containing sporulation-sigma factors E or K, leading to the formation of an insecticidal crystal within the mother cell along spore development. The kurstaki HD1 strain, a parent of commercial strains, also releases the insecticidal proteins Cry1I and Vip3A in the extracellular medium. vip3A expression is activated by the transcriptional regulator VipR at the onset of the stationary phase. Here, we expanded the VipR regulon in strain HD1 by identifying the VipR-binding box upstream from the cry2Aa, cry2Ab, and cry1Ia genes, and conducting transcription assays. Unexpectedly, a VipR box was located in the promoter of a putative N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase (ami) gene upstream from cry1Ac in strain kurstaki HD73, closely related to the HD1 but devoid of vipR. Introduction of vipR in this strain led to the expression of the ami-cry1Ac operon, resulting in an early and increased production of Cry1Ac. We demonstrated that Cry1Ac was also produced in a VipR-dependent manner in an HD73 ∆spo0A mutant. Similarly, an HD1 ∆spo0A strain produces all the insecticidal proteins encoded in its genome, including cry2Ab, previously considered unexpressed. A genomic analysis also revealed the presence of putative VipR-binding sequences in lepidopteran-active strains, upstream from cry genes such as cry1E, cry1F, cry9D, and cry9E. Overall, our results break the dogma on the regulation of cry1A and cry2A genes and provide evidence of sporulation-independent Cry toxin production in biopesticidal Bt strains.IMPORTANCEBacillus thuringiensis is a remarkably efficient entomopathogen due to its ability to produce various insecticidal proteins, such as Cry or Vip. This property has made it a highly effective biopesticide used worldwide. Our work modifies the paradigm of cry1 and cry2 genes being regulated solely by sporulation-specific sigma factors and thus exclusively expressed during this process. Indeed, we demonstrated that the VipR regulator controls the transcription of vip3Aa, cry2Aa, cry2Ab, cry1Ia, and the ami-cry1A operons encoded by a strain closely related to that of commercial biopesticides and specifically turns on their expression from the onset of the stationary phase, leading to the production of insecticidal crystals independently of sporulation. By providing new knowledge on the regulation of insecticidal protein genes, these findings bring new insight for the genetic improvement of Bt strains used as commercial biopesticides.
Bacillus thuringiensis↗
A comparison of the patterns of mother-baby interaction for a group of crying, irritable babies and a group of more amenable babies.
Ten babies aged 9-14 months, with a previous history of excessive crying behaviour and sleeplessness were matched with similar more contented babies. The twenty mother-baby pairs were observed individually in a 30-minute play session to test the hypothesis that prolonged crying behaviour of babies over several months would have an aversive effect on their mothers to the extent that even after this behaviour had ceased the mothers would interact with the babies less and these pairs would be less responsive to each other's overtures than the non-crying mother-baby pairs. Significant differences were seen between the two groups, 'the criers' group of pairs interacting less (P less than 0.01) and were less responsive to their partners (P less than 0.01); the most marked difference being the percentage of overtures made by the 'cryer' babies which were not responded to by their mothers (P = 0.001).
Child Behavior↗