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PubMed1990

Predictors of out-of-home placement of children with severe handicaps: a cross-sectional analysis.

In previous cross-sectional studies of out-of-home placement, wide ranges of age and levels of retardation were used. In contrast, we employed a sample restricted to severely and profoundly mentally retarded children under 18 years. Predictor variables examined included child age, maladaptive behavior, adaptive behavior, and presence of multiple handicaps. Different patterns of results were observed when groups of severely and profoundly retarded persons were analyzed separately and combined. Findings suggest that variables other than child characteristics should be included in analyses of the placement decision for children at high risk of placement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Incidence of compensatory enlargement and paradoxical shrinkage of coronary arteries in presence of atherosclerotic lesions: an intracoronary ultrasound study based on multiple cross-section analysis per artery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) the incidence of compensatory enlargement and paradoxical shrinkage in 50 de novo coronary lesions, using two different approaches: 1) a single cross-section analysis and 2) a multiple cross-section analysis per artery. A 3-D IVUS system based on contour detection of lumen and plaque was applied (image acquisition speed: 0.5 mm/s, digitization rate: 5 images/s). In each cross section, we determined: 1) the lumen area (LA), 2) the external elastic membrane area (EEMA), 3) the plaque+media complex (p+m), 4) the relative EEMA = cross section EEMA/reference EEMA, 5) the relative p+m area = cross-section p+m area/reference p+m area, 6) the lumen area stenosis: 1-(cross-section LA/reference LA). In the single cross-section analysis, compensatory vessel enlargement was defined as narrowest EEMA > reference EEMA, and paradoxical vessel constriction as narrowest EEMA < reference EEMA. In the multiple cross-section analysis, compensatory vessel enlargement was defined as the presence of a significant positive correlation between relative EEMA and relative p+m area and paradoxical vessel constriction as a significant negative correlation between relative EEMA and lumen area stenosis. RESULTS: In the single cross-section analysis, compensatory vessel enlargement and paradoxical constriction occurred in 58 and 42% of cases respectively. The multiple cross-section per artery analysis showed compensatory vessel enlargement in 80% of cases and paradoxical constriction in 36% of cases and revealed the combination of compensatory enlargement with paradoxical constriction in 22% of the analyzed segments. CONCLUSIONS: Compensatory enlargement of coronary arteries was underestimated by the single cross-section analysis and was observed in 80% of cases when a multiple cross-section per artery analysis was applied. Paradoxical shrinkage was less common and often occurred in combination with compensatory enlargement within the same analyzed segment.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The impact of pituitary adenoma on morbidity. Increased sick leave and disability retirement in a cross-sectional analysis of Swedish national data.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify sick leave and medical retirement for the year 1989 in adults with a history of nonsecreting pituitary adenoma. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional analysis of official Swedish data from 1989 was performed. Sick leave and disability pension data for these patients were obtained from the Swedish National Social Insurance Board, which also supplied information on sick leave taken by an age- and gender-matched control population of 5121 individuals. Uptake of disability pensions and the reasons for drawing these pensions in the study group were compared with national statistics. STUDY POPULATION: A group of 809 eligible adults with nonsecreting pituitary adenoma was identified from the national cancer registry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: Almost a quarter of the patients with a history of pituitary adenoma had retired due to ill health (23.8%); this was twice the figure expected from national statistics (11.5%). Similar results were obtained when men and women were considered separately. Some patients (17%) had received disability pensions before the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma, but the majority (75%) retired on medical grounds at least 1 year after their diagnosis. The reasons for early retirement in the study group were largely related to the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma (e.g. neoplasm, endocrine disorders), but there was some evidence of an increase in the number of disability pensions awarded because of diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs. Patients with a history of pituitary adenoma took significantly more sick leave in 1989 than those in the control group (mean 40.2 vs 24.0 days), and this significant difference applied to both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: A cross-sectional analysis of Swedish national data from 1989 showed excess morbidity, relative to reference data, in patients with a history of nonsecreting pituitary adenoma. Suboptimal conventional hormone replacement therapy and untreated growth hormone deficiency might to some extent explain the increased morbidity found in the present study.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2002

Individual income, income distribution, and self rated health in Japan: cross sectional analysis of nationally representative sample.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects on self rated health of individual income and income distribution in Japan. DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis. Data collected on household income, self rated health, and other sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level from comprehensive survey of the living conditions of people on health and welfare in a nationally representative sample from each prefecture. SETTING: Prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: 80 899 people aged >15 years with full records in survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dichotomous variable for self rated health of each respondent (0 if excellent, very good or good; 1 if fair or poor). RESULTS: Inequality in income at the prefecture level measured by the Gini coefficient was comparable with that in other industrialised countries. Unadjusted odds ratios show a 14% increased risk (odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.27) in reporting poor or fair health for individuals living in prefectures with higher inequality in income. After adjustment, individual income was more strongly associated with self rated health than income inequality. Additional inclusion of regional effects showed that median income at the prefecture level was inversely related to self rated health. CONCLUSIONS: Individual income, probably relative to the median prefecture income, has a stronger association with self rated health than income inequality at the prefecture level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Cross-sectional analysis of triplet birth weight.

Parameters of fetal growth in triplet gestations are poorly studied and controversial. A cross-sectional analysis of triplet birth weight was performed to elucidate fetal growth patterns. Birth weight and gestational age data were analyzed on 580 infants in 196 triplet sets (eight stillborn infants excluded) between 1985 and 1988. Ovulation induction was used in approximately one half the gestations and early obstetric and ultrasonographic dating was available in all pregnancies. The mean triplet set and individual triplet weights versus gestational age were calculated with distinctly linear growth displayed between 22 to 38 weeks' gestation. Mean intratriplet differences at all gestational ages were determined. A comparison of singleton and triplet growth curves was constructed to show the distinct growth characteristics of triplets.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1994

Cross-sectional analysis of the differences between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in England, Brazil and Sweden.

This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the differences between SLE outpatients seen in Rheumatology departments at University centres in England, Brazil and Sweden, using a standard protocol. The demographic characteristics, extent and activity of disease of 209 patients with SLE were studied; 112 patients were seen in England, 33 in Brazil and 64 in Sweden. The median age of disease onset of Brazilian and English patients was 25 years and of Swedish patients 31.5 years. Disease activity was measured by the BILAG index. In most systems Brazilian patients experienced more activity than English patients and English patients more activity than Swedish patients. Non-Caucasians experienced more active disease than Caucasians. No sex or occupational differences were observed in disease activity. English patients were the most likely to have experienced photosensitivity, oral ulcers and haematological disorders, Brazilian patients renal disorders and Swedish patients discoid rashes. Brazilian patients were the most likely to be prescribed only one drug for treatment of SLE and to be taking steroids and the highest dose of steroids, in contrast to the European patients who were often prescribed steroids and an antimalarial agent or azathioprine. The results of this cross-sectional assessment of disease activity using a standardized instrument indicate that there are real differences in the extent and degree of activity of SLE in different national groups. This reflects a combination of genetic, environmental and social influences on disease expression and has implications for treatment and monitoring of SLE patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

A new, clinically-based algorithm for the diagnosis of HIV in African tuberculosis patients: cross-sectional analysis from Mzuzu, Malawi.

We aimed to create an improved, clinically-based algorithm for the diagnosis of HIV in tuberculosis (TB) patients. Cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from adult TB patients consecutively diagnosed at a Malawian district level hospital. Of 225 patients, 187 with valid HIV results were included in the study. Sixty-seven per cent were HIV seropositive. Urban address, history of skin rash and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and, on examination, oral candidiasis and lymphadenopathy, were associated with HIV co-infection. Using these clinical characteristics, a case definition for HIV was constructed. The Mzuzu clinical case definition was highly sensitive (86%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.81, significantly larger than existing World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definitions. The Mzuzu definition is proposed for further evaluation in settings where HIV serological testing is not readily available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Cell-mediated immunity in pregnancy evaluated using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes. A cross-section analysis.

In vitro tests of cellular immune response using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of 55 patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2-3 month pregnant, 4-5 month pregnant, 6-7 month pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or nil cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses. However, a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Cellular immunity in pregnancy: blast transformation and rosette formation of maternal T and B lymphocytes: A cross-section analysis.

In vitro tests of cellular immune responses, using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes, were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of fifty-five patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2--3 months pregnant, 4--5 months pregnant, 6--7 months pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or null cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses, but a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Hepatitis C infection and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in British Columbia: a cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in British Columbia. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: The British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA), a Canadian provincial tertiary oncology referral center. SUBJECTS: Consecutive patients with B-cell NHL registered onto the BCCA lymphoma database in 1996 and part of 1997 and a control group of patients with T-cell NHL registered on the database from 1995 through 1997. Patients with HIV infection were excluded from the analysis. A second control group (n = 1085) consisted of health-care workers tested for HCV infection following a needle-stick injury. INTERVENTIONS: Stored sera from patients with B-cell NHL (n = 88) and T-cell NHL (n = 37), identified from the database, were tested for the presence of HCV infection with commercially available serologic tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HCV seropositivity in the B-cell lymphoma group compared to the control groups (T-cell NHL and health-care workers). RESULTS: 2.3% of the B-cell NHL group, none of the T-cell NHL group and 1% of the health-care worker control group were positive for HCV infection. These results were not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSION: Patients in British Columbia with B-cell NHL do not have an increased prevalence of HCV infection. These data suggest that the lymphotrophism of HCV may differ by regional, racial and genotypic variations around the world.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Factors associated with poor pulmonary function: cross-sectional analysis of data from the ERCF. European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis.

The European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis began collecting longitudinal data on European cystic fibrosis patients in 1994. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with low values of % predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) upon patient enrollment. Data from 7,010 patients aged > or =6 yrs were included. Clinical conditions, microbiological isolates and medications reported at enrollment or within the following 180 days were analysed for age-specific associations. Factors associated with FEV1 that were lower by >10% of pred values were: lower weight for age percentiles, haemoptysis, pneumothorax, pulmonary symptoms at presentation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, oral corticosteroids, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, dornase alfa, oxygen and assisted ventilation and, in patients >12 yrs old only, use of airway clearance techniques, inhaled bronchodilators, oral nutritional supplements, pancreatic enzymes and insulin or oral hypoglycaemics. Slightly impaired lung function (5-10%) was associated with: diabetes (> or = 18-yrs-old), gastro-oesophageal reflux, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, asthma-like symptoms, portal hypertension, Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. Sex, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus were not associated with impaired pulmonary status. Regular exercise (especially in older patients) and nasal polyposis were associated with slightly better FEV1. The results confirm those of previous studies and suggest selective prescribing in sicker patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Comparison of longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis: maternal age and stillbirth ratio.

Previous studies have reported a U or J shaped association between stillbirth ratio and maternal age and have led to attempts to determine the causes behind the association. These analyses have generally been based on cross-sectional data. This study contrasts the descriptions of the association resulting from cross-sectional and the more appropriate longitudinal analysis of the same body of data. It is concluded that cross-sectional analysis substantially underestimates the maternal age of which stillbirth ratio reaches a minimum for each birth order examined. Additionally, the basic shape of the relationship is sometimes altered. Weighted logistic polynomial regression is used to describe the associations. Traditional interpretations of the results of a cross-sectional analysis have been that women who postpone childbearing until the late twenties thereby increase their risk of stillbirth. A consequence of the present findings is the rejection of the claim that women who choose employment during the period of their early twenties automatically incur elevated risk of stillbirth in their postponed pregnancies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The consequences and costs of maternal substance abuse in New York City. A pooled time-series, cross-section analysis.

We use a pooled time-series cross-section of live births in New York City between 1980 and 1989 to investigate the dramatic rise in low birthweight, especially among Blacks, that occurred in the mid 1980s. After controlling for other risk factors, we estimate that the number of excess low birthweight births attributable to illicit substance abuse over this period ranged from approximately 1,482 to 3,359. The increase represents between 3.2 and 7.3% of all LBW over the period resulting in excess neonatal admission costs of between $18 and $41 million.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1995

Ultramicrotomy of diamond films for TEM cross-section analysis.

Ultramicrotomy has been used to prepare TEM cross-sections of typical hard dielectric, semiconductor, and metal coatings, providing a critical capability in the study of structure-property relationships of thin films. Ultramicrotomy of thin film coatings requires meticulous attention to technique and handling. The sample to be microtomed must be very small, well bonded to the epoxy embedding medium, and precisely oriented. In this article we report the ability to microtome TEM cross-sections of diamond and cubic boron-nitride (cBN) coatings.

Diamond↗

PubMed1999

Cross-sectional analysis of renal transplantation osteoporosis.

We report a cross-sectional study of 54 adult female renal transplant recipients. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and mid- and total radius, and 38 patients underwent transiliac crest bone biopsy. Osteopenia was widespread with 31/54 (57%) of patients osteoporotic at one or more sites. Seventeen out of 54 (32%) of the patients had a prevalent low-trauma fracture. There was a clear trend in BMD reduction across spine, hip and midradius, with the predominantly cortical midradial site showing the greatest loss. We found no relationship between BMD and body mass index, parathyroid hormone (PTH), dose of immunosuppressant, years since transplantation, age at menopause, or years since menopause. Histologically, abnormal biopsies could be classified into three categories: hyperparathyroid (n = 20), adynamic (n = 14), and osteomalacic (n = 2). Mean PTH was lower (p = NS) and mean cumulative prednisolone dose was higher (p = 0.04) in the adynamic group compared with the hyperparathyroid group, but because of overlap between groups neither was an effective discriminator of histology. We suggest that bone biopsy is indicated in these patients to direct appropriate treatment. At the cellular level, there were significant negative correlations between osteoclast function (eroded surface, r = 0.47, p = 0.003) and osteoblast numbers (osteoblast surface, r = -0.40, p = 0.01) and cumulative exposure to prednisolone. We postulate that suppression of osteoblast function by prednisolone with unopposed bone resorption may result in relative hypercalcaemia and low PTH. This progressive reduction in bone turnover may promote or prolong the adynamic state.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Why birds kill: cross-sectional analysis of U.S. Air Force bird strike data.

In the past, bird strikes have been analyzed in an effort to reduce costs by reducing strikes. No one has evaluated bird strike data from the perspective of injury prevention and the cost in human lives. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 22,423 bird strikes reported in the U.S. Air Force in 1974-88. Summary statistics revealed patterns previously reported by others. Relative risk analysis of fatal and injurious bird strikes revealed several statistically significant associations. Fatal or injurious outcomes were associated with strikes in the F-4 and B-1. In addition, windshield penetration was likely to cause death or injury. Flying on a bombing range or flying at speeds greater than 556 km/h (300 knots indicated airspeed) were also more likely to lead to a serious outcome. This analysis can be used as an adjunct to previous analytical methods and, I hope, can provide insight into more focused strategies for saving both lives and aircraft.

Accident Prevention↗

PubMed2025

Health conditions in adults with atrial fibrillation compared with the general population: a population-based cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) prevalence is rising due to population ageing and comorbidity is an increasing problem. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and association of coexisting health conditions among adults with AF in the general population. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) primary care electronic medical records in England linked to hospital admissions as of 30 November 2015. CPRD is broadly representative of the UK general population in terms of age, sex and ethnicity. We estimated prevalence and used logistic regression examining risk factors of age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES) to compare prevalence of 252 physical and mental health conditions and 23 higher level health condition groups in adults with AF compared with adults without AF. RESULTS: 34 338 adults with AF (57% male; 83% ≥65 years) and 907 739 without AF (49% male; 23% ≥65 years) were identified. Adjusted for age and sex, adults with AF were significantly more likely to have 20/23 (87%) health condition groups than adults without AF. The most prevalent health condition groups in adults with AF were cardiovascular (prevalence of 89% in adults with AF vs 26% in adults without AF, adjusted OR (aOR) 5.82, 95% CI 5.60 to 6.05), gastrointestinal (62% vs 37%, aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.38) and orthopaedic (58% vs 24%, aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.35). 151/252 individual conditions were significantly more common in adults with AF including cardiovascular conditions such as cardiomyopathy (4.5% vs 0.3%, aOR 9.58, 95% CI 8.88 to 10.35) and heart failure (18% vs 0.7%, aOR 9.07, 95% CI 8.70 to 9.46), and non-cardiovascular conditions such as pleural effusion (16% vs 1.8%, aOR 3.55, 95% CI 3.42 to 3.67) and oesophageal malignancy (0.3% vs 0.0%, aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.70). Associations were similar after SES adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: While cardiovascular conditions are highly prevalent and strongly associated with AF, a wide spectrum of non-cardiovascular conditions were also strongly associated, requiring a greater understanding of managing comorbid conditions with management principles contradictory to AF.

Humans↗

PubMed1986

Relationships between usual nutrient intake and bone-mineral content of women 35-65 years of age: longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis.

In a 4-yr clinical trial, effect on single-photon absorptiometric measurements of arm bones of usual intakes of energy and 14 nutrients plus vitamin-mineral supplements was studied in 99 women, aged 35-65, randomly assigned to placebo (NS) or calcium-supplemented (1.5 g)(S) groups. Cross-sectional analysis of initial bone measurements showed vitamin C (r = 0.313, p less than 0.05) and niacin (r = 0.353, p less than 0.01) correlated with ulna in postmenopausal subjects (n = 67). Longitudinal analysis of bone-change rates of postmenopausal subjects (NS + S) showed higher calcium intakes associated with lower loss rates of humerus bone-mineral content (BMC) (r = 0.360, p less than 0.01). In postmenopausal NS but not S subjects, energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and folate correlate significantly with change in radius BMC; high levels of intake correlated with slower loss (p less than 0.05). Several nutrients besides calcium are related to bone loss in women.

Adult↗