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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Antioxidant capacity of polyphenolic extracts from leaves of Crataegus laevigata and Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) subjected to drought and cold stress.

Crataegus laevigata and Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) were subjected to drought and cold stress treatments, and polyphenolic extracts from control and stress-treated plants were assayed for antioxidant capacities using a modified version of the Total Antioxidant Status Assay (Randox, San Francisco, CA). In addition, these plants were analyzed for levels of flavanol-type substance [(-)-epicatechin] and flavonoid (vitexin 2' '-O-rhamnoside, acetylvitexin 2' '-O-rhamnoside, and hyperoside) constituents that are important metabolites in hawthorn herbal preparations used to treat patients with heart disease. Drought and cold stress treatments caused increases in levels of (-)-epicatechin and hyperoside in both Crataegus species. Such treatments also enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The results from this study thus indicate that these kinds of stress treatments can enhance the levels of important secondary metabolites and their total antioxidant capacities in leaves of Crataegus.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1990

High-performance liquid chromatography of flavonoids in Crataegus oxyacantha L. IV. Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in flower, leaf and bud extractives of Crataegus oxyacantha L.

RP-HPLC has been used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of some flavonoids in flowers, leaves and bud extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha L. Peak identification was obtained by comparison with retention times of pure standard substances and by UV analysis. Luteolin, luteolin-3', 7-diglucoside, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin have been identified and determined.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Crataegus extract blocks potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiac myocytes.

Crataegus extract is used in cardiology for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure (NYHA II) in Germany. However, little is known about the electrophysiological actions of Crataegus extract in the heart. Recently, it was shown that Crataegus extract prolongs the refractory period in isolated perfused hearts and increases action potential duration in guinea pig papillary muscle. It was the aim of this study to find out the mechanism of the increase in action potential duration caused by Crataegus extract. Using the patch-clamp technique, we measured the effects of Crataegus extract (10 mg/l; flavonoid content: 2.25%, total procyanidin content: 11.3 +/- 0.4%) on the inward rectifier and the delayed rectifier potassium current in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. To get some insight into the mechanism underlying the positive inotropic effect of Crataegus extract, we also looked for effects on the L-type calcium current. Crataegus extract slightly blocked both the delayed and the inward rectifier potassium current. The inhibition amounted to 25% and about 15%, respectively. This amount of inhibition of these repolarising currents is sufficient to explain the prolongation of action potential duration caused by Crataegus extract. To our surprise we could not detect any influence of Crataegus extract on the L-type calcium current. In summary, our results show that Crataegus extract blocks repolarising potassium currents in ventricular myocytes. This effect is similar to the action of class III antiarrhythmic drugs and might be the basis of the antiarrhythmic effects described for Crataegus extract. Our measurements of the L-type calcium current indicate that Crataegus extract's positive inotropic effect is not caused by phosphodiesterase inhibition or a beta-sympathomimetic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in rats.

The effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias was investigated in Wistar rats on the heart in situ and on Langendorff preparations. Seventeen rats were fed for 8 weeks with 0.5 g/kg b.w. Crataegus extract per day, standardised to 2.2% flavonoids. Twenty age-matched untreated rats served as controls. In the hearts in situ as well as in the Langendorff preparations the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 20 min and subsequently reperfused for 30 min. ECG was continuously recorded and the time spent between start of ischemia and onset of arrhythmias was measured. In addition, during ischemia and reperfusion the number of ventricular premature beats and bigemini and the duration of salvos and ventricular flutter and fibrillation were determined. The ischemic area was evaluated in all experiments and coronary flow was measured in Langendorff preparations. In the present experiments, no cardioprotective effects of Crataegus oxyacantha could be detected, neither in the heart in situ nor in the Langendorff preparations. Although the ischemic areas were identical, arrhythmias occurred even earlier in the Crataegus collectives than in the controls. Also the number and duration of ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias tended to occur longer and more frequently in the Crataegus collectives, whilst coronary flow remained unchanged. The phenomenon that Crataegus rather aggravates than prevents arrhythmias may be reduced to a Crataegus induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+)-concentration proven true for the positive inotropic effects of Crataegus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Protective effect of crataegus extract on the cardiac mechanical dysfunction in isolated perfused working rat heart.

The effect of the water-soluble fraction of Crataegus (Crataegus extract) on the cardiac mechanical and metabolic function was studied in the isolated, perfused working rat heart during ischemia and reperfusion. Ischemia (15 min) was produced by removing afterload pressure, and reperfusion (20 min) was produced by returning it to the original pressure. In the control (no drug) heart, ischemia decreased mechanical function to the lowest level, which did not recover even after the end of reperfusion. Crataegus extract (0.01 or 0.05%) was applied to the heart from 5 min before ischemia through the first 10 min after reperfusion. With the high concentration of Crataegus extract (0.05%) the mechanical function recovered during reperfusion incompletely without increasing coronary flow, but the low concentration of Crataegus extract (0.01%) did not. In the heart treated with the high concentration of Crataegus extract, the reperfusion-induced recovery of the energy metabolism was accelerated, and the level of lactate during ischemia was lower than that in the control heart, although the myocardial levels of free fatty acids during ischemia and reperfusion were not greatly affected. These results demonstrate that Crataegus extract (0.05%) has a cardioprotective effect on the ischemic-reperfused heart, and that the cardioprotective effect is not accompanied by an increase in coronary flow.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1996

Myocardial protection by pretreatment with Crataegus oxyacantha: an assessment by means of the release of lactate dehydrogenase by the ischemic and reperfused Langendorff heart.

The effect of the pretreatment with the powder of crataegus oxyacantha on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during ischemia and reperfusion was studied in an isolated rat heart model. Male Wistar rats were divided into control and crataegus group (for which the standard diet was mixed with a 2% crataegus powder standardized to 2.2% flavonoids). The investigations started 3 months after commencing the treatment. The hearts were isolated and a retrograde perfusion was performed at constant pressure according to the technique of Langendorff. The experimental protocol comprised 10 min equilibration, according to the technique of Langendorff. The experimental protocol comprised 10 min equilibration, according to the technique of Langendorff. The experimental protocol comprised 10 min equilibration, 110 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and 30 min reperfusion. The coronary effluent was sampled for the LDH determination after 5, 30, 90, 120 and 150 min. The LDH activity, which was initially very low in both groups (control, 16.5 +/- 4.3; crataegus, 26.0 +/- 8.8 mU/min) increased slightly during the ischemia, and very strongly as soon as the heart was reperfused. However, the increase in the crataegus group was significantly lower (1777.3 +/- 451.9 vs control 3795.3 +/- 511.9 mU/min, p = 0.01). At the end of the reperfusion period, LDH activity decreased markedly but did not reach the ischemic values. The attenuation of the LDH release by crataegus pretreatment suggests a preservation of the cell membrane and a protection from myocardial damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Procyanidins in crataegus extract evoke endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta.

The extract of Crataegus, a mixture of flavonoids and procyanidins extracted from hawthorn, Crataegus oxyacantha, L. and C. monogyna Jacq., relaxed vascular tone or increased production of cyclic GMP in the rat aorta, but flavonoid components of Crataegus extract, hyperoside, rutin and vitexin, did not affect the vascular tone. The aim of the present study was to characterize the endothelium-dependent relaxation elicited by procyanidins fractionated from Crataegus extract in isolated rat aorta. Procyanidins caused endothelium-dependent relaxation which was associated with the production of cyclic GMP. Both responses to these procyanidins were inhibited by methylene blue or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine, but not by indomethacin. Relaxation in response to procyanidins was not affected by atropine, diphenhydramine, [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]substance P, propranolol, nifedipine, verapamil and glibenclamide, but were markedly reduced by tetraethylammonium. These findings showed that procyanidins in Crataegus extract may be responsible for the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in isolated rat aorta, possibly via activation of tetraethylammonium-sensitive K+ channels.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacities of Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) callus extracts.

Crataegus (Hawthorn) has long been used as a folk medicine and is widely utilized in pharmaceutical preparations mainly because of its neuro- and cardiosedative actions and its low toxicity. The pharmacological effects of Crataegus have mainly been attributed to the polyphenolic contents. In this study, the production of polyphenols by ten-year-old Crataegus monogyna calli was studied in relation to growth variation and antioxidant capacity within a subculture period. Assays based on the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and stability in oil-in-water emulsion were used to characterize the antioxidant actions of the callus cultures. High TEAC (3.66 micromol/g dry weight) and FRAP (208.19 micromol Fe2+/g dry weight) values were observed when maximal growth was reached(days 30-35), and this seemed to be influenced by optimum total phenol (47.40 mg/g dry weight), proanthocyanidin (20.81 mg/g dry weight), flavonoid (7.01 mg/g dry weight), anthocyanin (6.18 mg/g dry weight), (-)-epicatechin (1.77 mgl/g dry weight), procyanidin B2 (3.97 mg/g dry weight), and chlorogenic acid (1.11 mg/g dry weight) production during that period. The TEAC values were strongly associated with total flavonoids and to a lesser extent with total phenols, anthocyanins and total proanthocyanidins. The FRAP antioxidant values correlated to total phenols, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids, respectively. The polyphenolic rich calli were as effective as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in preventing hydroperoxide and conjugated diene formation in a 30% oil-in-water emulsion prepared with stripped sunflower oil, during 7days storage at 30 degrees C. Crataegus monogyna cell culture represents an important alternative source for natural antioxidants.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2003

A randomised double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of a standardised extract of fresh Crataegus berries (Crataegisan) in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure NYHA II.

A placebo controlled, randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial conducted in accordance with the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) shows the efficacy and safety of a standardised extract of fresh berries of Crataegus oxyacantha L. and monogyna Jacq. (Crataegisan) in patients with cardiac failure NYHA class II. A total of 143 patients (72 men, 71 women, mean age of 64.8 (8.0 years) were recruited and treated with 3 times 30 drops of the extract (n = 69) or placebo (n = 74) for 8 weeks. The primary variable for the evaluation of efficacy was the change in exercise tolerance determined with bicycle exercise testing, secondary variables included the blood pressure-heart rate product (BHP). Subjective cardiac symptoms at rest and at higher levels of exertion were assessed by the patient on a categorical rating scale. An overall assessment of efficacy at the final visit was provided by the patient and the investigator. In the ITT population there was a significant increase in exercise tolerance in both groups between visit 1 and visit 3. The difference between the treatment groups was 8.3 watts in favour of the standardised extract of fresh Crataegus berries (p = 0.045). The result is confirmed in the PP population (p = 0.047). Changes in BHP at 50 watts and at comparable maximum load were in favour of Crataegus extract but the results are not statistically significant. The subjective assessment of cardiac symptoms at rest and at higher levels of exertion did not change significantly and the patient and investigator overall assessment of efficacy were similar for the two groups. The medication was well tolerated and had a high level of patient acceptability. The significant improvement, due to the fact that dyspnoea and fatigue do not occur until a significantly higher wattage has been reached in the bicycle exercise testing allows the conclusion that the recruited NYHA II patients may expect an improvement in their heart failure condition under long term therapy with the standardised extract of fresh Crataegus berries.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Dose-response related efficacy in orthostatic hypotension of a fixed combination of D-camphor and an extract from fresh crataegus berries and the contribution of the single components.

Independent, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled studies using sublingual/oral administration of D-camphor, an extract from fresh crataegus berries, and a combination of the two (CCC) yielded the following results: Both the D-camphor and the extract from fresh crataegus berries, the components of CCC, contribute to the pressoric effects of the combination. The underlying hemodynamic mechanisms can be attributed to an increase in total peripheral resistance induced by an increased tone of the arterioles with both components and the effect of crataegus is intensified by an additional direct positive action on cardiac performance. Conceivably, the D-camphor component is the main factor in inducing the rapid initial effect, whereas the extract from fresh crataegus berries adds a long-lasting effect. For CCC, a dose-dependent increase in supine blood pressure and prevention of orthostatic fall in blood pressure following tilt table-induced orthostasis in patients with orthostatic dysregulation was demonstrated as well. The effect revealed a very rapid onset of action within 1 min following administration, confirming the traditional use in emergency situations such as orthostatic (pre)syncope. Thus, these studies show that CCC, depending on the pressoric activity of its two mono-components, exerts a significant effect that counteracts an orthostatic fall in blood pressure and thereby provides a rationale for its application that reemphasizes the decades-long usefulness of this phyto-combination.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Determination of flavones in Crataegus pinnatifida by capillary zone electrophoresis.

A capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of four flavones in Crataegus pinnatifida is developed. The four flavones in Crataegus pinnatifida are separated on baseline within 15 min using 50mM borax buffer containing 15% acetonitrile and adjusted to pH 8.15 with phosphoric acid. The detection limits of vitexin-2"-rhamnoside, hyperside, rutin, and vitexin are 0.35, 0.30, 0.40 and, 0.29 microg/mL, respectively. The recovery of these flavones is as follows: vitexn-2"-rhamnoside 96.8%, hyperside 99.9%, rutin 97.1%, and vitexin 97.8%. The results are in accordance with those obtained in the high-performance liquid chromatography system. The content of flavones is higher in Crataegus pinnatifida leaves than in its fruits, and hyperside is not detected in either Crataegus pinnatifida fruits or flowers.

Buffers↗
PubMed2002

Screening low fire blight susceptible Crataegus species for host suitability to hawthorn leaf-curling aphids (Dysaphis spp.).

The group of hawthorn leaf-curling aphids (Dysaphis spp.) hosted by the common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq. may play an important role in the biological control of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), by increasing reproduction opportunities for the indigenous hymenopteran parasitoid Ephedrus persicae Froggatt. Unfortunately, most fruitgrowers hesitate to introduce the common hawthorn in their orchards because they fear fire blight infections which may be transmitted by this highly susceptible hawthron species. This potential hazard led us to investigate the suitability to leaf-curling aphids of alternative Crataegus species. As representative for these closely-related aphids, the species Dysaphis apiifolia petroselini (Börner) was used in the trials. Ten Crataegus species characterized by their very low susceptibility to fire blight were examined from two angles. Firstly, aphid sexuals were introduced in autumn onto the different species to verify whether egg laying could take place. Secondly, the development of fundatrices and gall formation were followed the next spring. Although eggs and mature fundatrices could be obtained on almost all species, no fundatrice-hosting galls were recorded in spring. The possible causes of these negative results with respect to the geographical origin of the particular Crataegus species involved in this work are discussed.

Animals↗