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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Craniological research--an important study method in stomatological pathology].

Reviews 30-year experience in studies of the maxillodental system in ancient and modern residents of Siberia on craniological material. Craniological studies permitted the authors to trace the evolution of the maxillodental system, reveal the genetic relations between ethnic groups, detect the "genetic loading", and disclose the effects of morphological signs on the formation of the maxillodental system.

Craniology↗
PubMed1991

[Component analysis of craniologic characters of silver foxes (Vulpes fulvus Desm.) and their changes arising under domestication].

The data on cranial measurements performed in silver foxes indicate that there are differences in sizes measured between the farm foxes--bred population and the population selected for domestication. A method of principal components was used to analyse the cranial measurements and their changes under domestication. The first component covers about 50% of cranial diversity, which is interpreted as variation in the total skull size. This component clearly separates the two sexes, but not different populations. The second component presumably reflects the growth rate allometry between the skull length and width. The third and fourth components are measurements of skull width; the fifth one reflects the sizes of brain skull. None of these components clearly separate the foxes from farm--bred and domesticated populations. However, some differences in distribution are observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Origins of Uralic-speaking populations:craniological evidence.

Data on 55 modern cranial samples representing Uralic and other Eurasian populations were subjected to canonical variate (CV) and principal component (PC) analysis for 6 nonmetric and 14 metric traits, respectively. While PC1 and CV1 reveal strong east-to-west gradients among the Uralians, PC2 and CV2 separate most of them from the remaining groups, suggesting that they have descended from an ancestral proto-Uralian population. The biologically "Uralic" features survive in modern Uralic groups despite the fact that the initial split was followed by a long period of hybridization with widely dissimilar people. Our results confirm that the ancestors of many Turkish-speaking groups as well as the Yukaghirs belonged to the proto-Uralic community.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1991

[Intracranial allometry and craniologic changes during domestication of silver foxes].

Skull proportions and pattern of intracranial allometry in farm foxes of bred domesticated populations are compared. Changes in skull measurements and bivariate allometry are observed in domesticated males, which in this respect become closer to domesticated females. The changes in the allometry pattern in the domesticated population points to deep modifications of regulatory ontogenetic processes which underlie the allometric growth. However, morphological changes in domesticated foxes cannot be only accounted for by allometry.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Use, in craniology, of vectors for the demonstration of the degree of forehead and face inclination in the chimpanzee and present-day and fossilized man].

It is demonstrated, by mathematical method using vectors, that: (1) the inclination of the forehead, the sign of which is negative (simian type) in all Apes studied here, changes its sign and becomes positive (human type) in Plesianthropus, La Ferrassie I and contemporary Man. It remains negative (simian type) in Sinanthrope XI and La-Chapelle-aux-Saints; (2) the inclination of the face has a positive sign (simian type) in all Apes and Plesianthropus, but becomes negative (human type) in the genus Homo; (3) the fronto-gnathic angle which always remains less than 90 degrees in all Simians, becomes greater than 90 degrees in the genus Homo, and Plesianthropus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Vesalius on the variability of the human skull: book I chapter V of De humani corporis fabrica.

Vesalius' short chapter on craniology and the "unnatural" shapes that skulls could take is a uniquely interesting illustration of the young anatomist's position halfway between a traditional belief in a standard or canonical "natural" human anatomy and the host of variations confronted in his day-to-day observation of actual cadavers. His interest in variability is marked in both editions of De humani corporis fabrica (1543, 1555), and it is no coincidence that two of the anatomical features that today bear the great anatomist's name are atypical. In their shape, all of the five skulls that illustrate Chapter 5 of Book I of the Fabrica fall within margins of variability recognized as standard today, but even in Vesalius' own century it was noticed that the sutures in the four "unnatural" skulls do not occur in real life. The article considers the meaning of this unusual departure from his reliance upon observation and includes a translation of Vesalius' craniology chapter from the original Latin, with annotations and two appendices containing his 1555 revisions and clinical addenda.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1980

The effects of race, sex, and nutrition on craniofacial differeniation in rats. A multivariate analysis.

Wistar and Holtzman rats were fed (a) control diet ad libitum (controls); (b) restricted control diet (undernourished); and (c) low-protein diet ad libitum (malnourished), from weaning to 70 days of age. Mahalanobis D2 distances between cranial groups were assessed. Besides, differences among traits were assessed by the analysis of variance and Tukey test. The relative influence of each factory yielded a decreasing sequence: protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM)-Protein deficit (PD)-race-sex. However, this sequence differed between races. The significant sexual dimorphism in Wistar controls disappeared because of PCM and PD. Race and sex, race and nutrition, and race, sex, and nutrition interacted. Traits were classified into: (a) specific, (b) nonspecific, and (c) invariable. The specific race traits were alveolar length and foraminal width. The specific nutritional traits were neurocranial and splanchnocranial length and heights, alveolar and neurocranial widths, and the neuro-splanchnocranial index (NSI) and the neurocranial vertico-transversal index (NVTI). There were no specific sexual traits. It was concluded that nutritional factors can modify a taxonomic distance in three different ways: (a) evoking morphological differences among populations of the same racial group, (b) altering differences among racial groups, and (c) modifying the pattern of sexual dimorphism of a population. It is suggested that craniological studies should take into account only the set of specific traits, disregarding both specific traits due to other factors and nonspecific ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Changes in skull components of the squirrel monkey evoked by growth and nutrition: an experimental study.

Twenty weanling 6-month-old male squirrel monkeys were allotted to the following treatments: 1) first control animals were killed at weaning; 2) second control animals were killed when 24 months old; and 3) malnourished animals were fed on a low-protein diet and killed at age 24 months. Lateral and vertical teleradiographies were taken. Growth of the neurocranial and splanchnocranial components were measured by volumetric (size estimators) and morphometric (shape estimators) indices. All facial components grew. The neurocranial components showed a heterogeneous behavior: The anteroneural component remained stable, and the increase of the midneural component was compensated by a decrease in the posteroneural component. Malnutrition affected the growths of 1) the craniofacial complex, 2) the splanchnocranium, and 3) the respiratory and midneural components. Growth influenced skull shape through 1) increases of the splanchnocranium and the midneural component relative to the neurocranium; 2) decreases of the masticatory and optic components relative to the splanchnocranium, and 3) decreases of the anteroneural and posteroneural components relative to the neurocranium. Malnutrition influenced skull shape through the relationship between the anteroneural component and the neurocranium. These results confirmed the existence of functional interrelationships among the cranial components. A new approach to craniological studies is suggested.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Metrical reconsideration of the Skhul IV and IX and Border Cave 1 crania in the context of modern human origins.

The "out-of-Africa" models for origins of modern Homo sapiens incorporate Skhul as one site documenting that early origination. However, only Skhul V is usually considered in the comparative craniology of the question, neglecting the other substantial crania, Skhul IV and IX. Craniometric comparison demonstrates that IV and IX amplify the picture of continuous gradations of Neandertal-to-modern variations throughout the Levant; much variation is thus represented within this one site, raising serious questions about Neandertals and moderns being discrete and long-separated species. Qafzeh 6 too is craniophenetically closer to Neandertals than to the true anatomically modern people of the European Upper Paleolithic. Proper distance analysis of Border Cave 1 cranium shows it is actually far removed from modern African populations. References to Qafzeh, Skhul, and Border Cave as "fully anatomically modern" require reconsideration.

Africa↗
PubMed1998

Three-dimensional imaging and osteometry of adult human skulls using helical computed tomography.

To make a digital image database of human craniology, we optimized the three-dimensional (3-D) images of 29 dried human skull specimens by helical computed tomography (CT). For the verification of the quantitative exactitude of these image data, we manually measured nine items of direct distances between standard anthropologic points on each skull and the corresponding distances projected on the CT monitor by specifying the respective points. The results obtained by the two methods of manual and CT measurements were compared and statistically analyzed. The CT measurements were so exact that the lower limit of correlation coefficients (95% of the confidence interval) between the two results was more than 0.8 in six items; i.e., maximal cranial length and breadth, minimal frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, distance between ectomolares and nasion-basion length. In contrast, the CT results were less well correlated with the manual measurements of three items; i.e., distance between bilateral mastoidales, total facial height, and nasal breadth. We concluded that the qualitative representation of 3-D CT images was adequate, although some quantitative data may be incorrect. The inaccuracy is suspected to be due to the difficulty in specifying the standard points on the CT images, and due to the differences in measurement procedures between the direct and projected distances.

Adult↗