Position paper on human germ line manipulation presented by Council for Responsible Genetics, Human Genetics Committee Fall, 1992.
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The phrase "playing God" so popular with journalists takes on a serious meaning in the debate over germline genetic intervention. While guarding against the dangers of human pride implied in the phrase "playing God," special attention is given here to the Christian concept of the human being as created in the divine image, the imago dei. Human beings are dubbed "created co-creators." In this light ethical arguments proscribing germline intervention are examined and refuted, leaving the door open for creative responsibility on the part of the present generation for our future progeny.
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In its 2004 report, "Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies", The President's Council on Bioethics analyzed ethical issues raised by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and made recommendations for improvements.
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The possibility of using genetic analysis to predict response to medicines has led some to make the optimistic claim that personalized medicine--"the right medicine, for the right patient, at the right dose"--will only be a matter of time. Indeed, pharmacogenetic tests could be one of the earliest practical applications that information from the Human Genome Project will have on our lives. Many patients experience side effects from medicines, and the use of pharmacogenetics in the drug discovery process has the potential to improve efficacy and safety of some treatments. However, both the research and the clinical applications raise ethical, legal, social and regulatory issues that need to be addressed before targeted prescription becomes reality. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics has established a Working Party to consider these issues and has recently issued a consultation document on the subject.
Because the science of genetics can have such profound effects on medicine and mankind, society must define the characteristics of a moral framework within which to make decisions about genetic issues. University of Manitoba medical student Deepak Kaura, who claimed third prize in CMAJ's 1995 Logie Medical Ethics Essay Contest, examines the ethics of genetic intervention in humans.
Analysis and comparison of genetic screening programs shows that the extent of development of programs varies widely across Europe. Regional variations are due not only to genetic disease patterns but also reflect the novelty of genetic services. In most countries, the focus for genetic screening programs has been pregnant women and newborn children. Newborn children are screened only for disorders which are treatable. Prenatal screening when provided is for conditions for which termination may be offered. The only population screening programs for adults are those for thalassaemia carrier status in Cyprus, Greece and Italy. Social responses to genetic screening range from acceptance to hostility. There is a fundamental tension between individual and community in the debates in various European countries about implementation of screening programs. Opposition to genetic screening is frequently expressed in terms of arguments about "eugenics" with insufficient regard to the meaning of the term and its implications. Only a few countries have introduced explicit legislation on genetic screening. Legislation to address discrimination may provide more safeguards than legislation protecting genetic information itself.