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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Can there be a 'cosmetic' psychopharmacology? Prozac unplugged: the search for an ontologically distinct cosmetic psychopharmacology.

'Cosmetic psychopharmacology' is a term coined by Peter Kramer in his 1993 best-seller, Listening to Prozac. It has come to refer to the use of psychoactive substances to effect changes in function for conditions that are either normal or subclinical variants. In this paper, I ask: What distinguishes an existential ailment from clinical depression, or either of those from normal depressed mood, melancholic temperament, dysthymia or other depressive disorders? Can we reliably distinguish one from the other? Are the boundaries of illness and disorder really so distinct? If not, how can we know that treatment of 'depression' with Prozac in any given instance constitutes a cosmetic as opposed to, say, a medical or clinical use of psychopharmacology - a distinction that seems to turn on our ability to clearly differentiate the clinical from the cosmetic. If we cannot reliably distinguish between such conditions, can we even have a cosmetic psychopharmacology that is not a form of malpractice, broadly speaking? What if we unplugged Prozac from all the amplitude and hype that resulted in Listening to Prozac becoming an instant best-seller and simply asked whether or not we can clearly distinguish an appropriate cosmetic use of Prozac for 'depression' from an inappropriate cosmetic use of Prozac, and both of those from Prozac's appropriate clinical, that is, non-cosmetic uses? If we cannot make these distinctions, perhaps it is too early to say there can be such a thing as a cosmetic psychopharmacology.

Affect↗
PubMed1999

Contents of fragrance allergens in children's cosmetics and cosmetic-toys.

Fragrances are one of the major causes of allergic contact dermatitis from use of cosmetics. The aim of the current study was to assess the possible exposure of infants and children to fragrance allergens from cosmetic products and "toy-cosmetics". 25 children's cosmetics or toy-cosmetic products were analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Target substances were the fragrance allergens from the fragrance mix and 14 other fragrance substances, most of which have been described as contact allergens. The fragrance mix ingredients were either not present in children's shampoos/shower gels and cream/lotions, or they were present in fairly low concentrations. In hydro-alcoholic products, such as eau de parfum, eau de toilette, several ingredients of the fragrance mix were found: geraniol was present in 7/7 products, hydroxycitronellal in 6/7 and isoeugenol in 2/7 products. Isoeugenol was present in a maximum concentration of 0.07%. In one cosmetic-toy, cinnamic alcohol was present at 3.7% which exceeds the current industry guideline for safe products by a factor of 5. In all types of products other fragrance allergens were frequently found. In conclusion, children are already exposed at an early age to well-known allergens, sometimes at concentrations which are considered to be unsafe. As contact allergy usually persists for life, manufacturers of children's cosmetics should be aware of their special responsibility and apply the highest possible safety standards.

Allergens↗
PubMed1989

Late cosmetic outcome after conservative surgery and radiotherapy: analysis of causes of cosmetic failure.

Although the majority of patients with early breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy have acceptable cosmetic outcomes, the specific causes of a less-than-acceptable result are not well known. To assess the technical factors associated with late cosmetic failure, we reviewed the records of 593 patients treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, between 1968 and 1981. Median follow-up was 76 months with a range of 37-186 months. Using a 4-point scoring system (excellent, good, fair, poor) patients were noted to have cosmetic "failure" if scored as either fair or poor. Cosmetic results were similar at 3, 5, and 7 years with excellent or good scores seen in 88%, 90%, and 78% of patients, respectively. Three technical factors were associated with a significant worsening of the cosmetic results. The resection of 70 cm3 or more of breast tissue was more common among the failed patients than among matched patients with good or excellent results (p = 0.03). Eighty-nine percent of patients treated with a tangent pair technique had excellent results at 5 years compared to 69% of patients treated with a three-field technique (p = 0.004). The use of a larger volume implant was associated with a greater risk of a fair or poor cosmetic result compared to the use of a smaller volume implant. We conclude that overall cosmesis has been acceptable in this series, but there are technical (surgery and radiotherapy) factors which can be modified to optimize the cosmetic result without compromising local tumor control.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Contact allergies to cosmetics: testing with 52 cosmetic ingredients and personal products.

Fifty patients of both sexes with clinically suspected cosmetic dermatitis were subjected to patch testing with a cosmetic and fragrance series, approved by the Contact and Occupational Dermatosis Forum of India (CODFI), and with selected allergens from the Indian Standard Series (ISS). Most of these patients were young adults between 10-29 years; the mean age was 27.5 years. The majority of the patients had cosmetic dermatitis of <1 year duration (68%). The occupational profiles of the patients included students (46%), housewives (18%), teachers (10%) and laborers (4%). A miscellaneous group, comprised of tailors, farmers, staff nurses, beauticians, jewellers and engineers, accounted for the remaining 22%. The most commonly involved site was the face, followed by the forehead, neck and scalp. Patch testing of these patients revealed that, out of the 50 subjects tested, thirty-three (66%) reacted to one or more allergens. Fragrance components were the most common offending allergen (51.5%) followed by preservatives (39.3%), paraphenylenediamine (PPD) (21.2%), and cetrimide and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (12.1% each), in descending order of frequency. Hence, patch testing, with the standard series supplemented by personal cosmetics; should be considered for patients with cosmetic dermatitis to determine the offending allergen so as to avoid further contact with that allergen.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic raw materials and finished cosmetic products.

Surveys of cosmetic raw materials and finished products for the presence of the carcinogen 1,4-dioxane have been conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 1979. Analytical methods are described for the determination of 1,4-dioxane in ethoxylated cosmetic raw materials and cosmetic finished products. 1,4-Dioxane was isolated by azeotropic atmospheric distillation and determined by gas chromatography using n-butanol as an internal standard. A solid-phase extraction procedure based on a previously published method for the determination of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic finished products was also used. 1,4-Dioxane was found in ethoxylated raw materials at levels up to 1410 ppm, and at levels up to 279 ppm in cosmetic finished products. Levels of 1,4-dioxane in excess of 85 ppm in children's shampoos indicate that continued monitoring of raw materials and finished products is warranted.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed1987

Determination of preservatives in cosmetic products. I. Thin-layer chromatographic procedure for the identification of preservatives in cosmetic products.

A thin-layer chromatographic procedure is presented for the separation and identification of preservatives that are listed in the current EEC Council Directive on cosmetic products or have been permitted in the past. The method consists of an extraction of acidified cosmetics with methanol, separation of the extracts by thin-layer chromatography on aluminium oxide and silica gel-coated plates using one developing solvent, and visualization of the preservatives on the plates using short-wavelength UV light and six detection reagents. The retention behaviour and the detectability of 88 preservatives were investigated, of which 74 were characterized by this method. The preservatives in fourteen commercial cosmetic products were tentatively identified by the procedure described. In general this method will permit the routine detection of preservatives in cosmetics in an approximate concentration of 0.1% (w/w).

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics of women with cosmetic breast implants compared with women with other types of cosmetic surgery and population-based controls in Denmark.

Herein the authors describe characteristics of women with breast implants compared with women with other types of cosmetic surgery as well as population controls. All women who acquired breast implants from 1977 to 1997 were identified from the files of two private plastic surgery clinics in Denmark. Patient characteristics were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. The magnitude of differences between patient and control groups was estimated using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Women with breast implants had a significantly lower body mass index and reported a two-fold greater incidence of current smoking compared with women from the general population and compared with women with other cosmetic surgery. Women with implants reported a greater number of full-term pregnancies and were less likely than controls to have had their first birth at age 30 years or older. Women with implants were not more likely than women in either control group to report a history of diseases, including connective tissue diseases, cancer, or depression before their implant surgery. Women with cosmetic breast implants differ from women with other forms of cosmetic surgery and from general population controls with respect to characteristics that may importantly influence health outcomes and that need to be addressed in future breast implant studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cosmetic evaluation of breast conserving treatment for mammary cancer. 2. A quantitative analysis of the influence of radiation dose, fractionation schedules and surgical treatment techniques on cosmetic results.

The effects of surgical treatment techniques, radiation doses and fraction sizes on cosmetic outcome were analysed in a population of 161 patients with stage I and II breast cancer treated with breast conserving surgery and a wide range of radiotherapy doses. In 142 patients also quantitative measurements of nipple position asymmetries and breast contour retraction were carried out. The scoring and measurement results were analysed using a multivariate model to assess the relative importance of the various factors involved. In this material radiation dose to the breast was the most significant parameter correlated with cosmetic outcome (p = 0.0001). Radiation doses higher than 75 Gy in 37 fractions led to very poor results in more than 30% of patients. For the quantitative measurements of radiation fibrosis, a dose-response curve could be demonstrated over a dose range of 40 to 86 Gy in fraction sizes of 2 Gy. Above 50 Gy, increases in dose of 1 Gy correlated with an average displacement of nipple and breast contour of 1 mm, in upward direction and of 0.75 mm to the median. An increased amount of fibrosis was observed when part of the treatment was given in larger fraction sizes (4-6 Gy). Plotting the data against dose equivalent TE values, an alpha/beta value of 2.5 Gy could be estimated for the development of late fibrosis. Other treatment factors whose influence on cosmetic outcome could be identified and quantified were the differences in surgical techniques for the removal of the primary tumor (tumorectomy vs. segmentectomy, p = 0.05) and for the axillary clearance ("en bloc" dissection vs. separate incisions, p = 0.018). Also technical aspects of the radiotherapy on the regional lymph nodes, sometimes leading to matchline fibrosis, proved to be important (p = 0.0075). Finally, a number of tumor-related factors were assessed in order to take their relative importance into account, if necessary, when studying therapy factors. While tumor stage had only a limited impact in the range of tumors included in this study, the localisation of the tumor significantly influenced cosmetic outcome with worse results for inferior and medial localisations. While quantitative measurements were not correlated with all the factors identified for poor cosmesis, their great value is to quantify the radiation-induced fibrosis as well as the effects of different surgical techniques on nipple retraction.

Breast↗
PubMed1975

Cosmetics, the consumer, the factory worker and the occupational physician. Suggestions concerning ways to determine untoward dermatologic effects of cosmetics.

Methods for investigating contact eczematous patients and for measuring the sensitizing potential of various substances are well known and in general, sufficiently effective. This is not true for irritant dermatitis, or for possible (skin) irritant substances; moreover, cosmetics commonly do not contain acutely harmful ingredients. The use of various instrumental measurements (insensible H2O loss, CO2 release, electrical impedance, sweat rate) as indicators of the irritant potentials of substances is advocated. At the same time it is suggested that the factory physician actively investigate the workers in his factory, since these workers are exposed to known substances in known concentrations and combinations, possibly for extensive periods. This may prove to be part of a new role for him. A cosmetic may be one of several factors increasing impairment and only beyond a certain limit may this result in overt disease. Below that limit the health reserve is only partially depleted. Whether this is harmful to a person depends on other stresses, such as medicaments, work materials, other cosmetics and environmental chemicals. The effect of these must also be quantified. A model of these cumulative stresses and reactions is presented and discussed.

Cosmetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cosmetics for the eye area after cosmetic surgical procedures.

Cosmetic enhancement of the eye area after esthetic surgery allows the patient to get back into the mainstream of life faster. It also improves their psychic state by blocking out discoloration, helping to disguise incision scars and artistically coloring the face to enhance the results of the surgery. The patients automatically feel better, when they look better. After a surgical procedure, there are temporary and permanent structural changes that appear with blepharoplasty and laser surgery. Although these surgeries will take away loose skin, puffy fat deposits and wrinkles, they do not change the bone structure or eye placement. Before starting a makeup application, analyzation of the eyes for their structural features help the artist know the value of colors to be used. The measuring points of the brow along with the importance of framing the eye will also be discussed. Once the brows and the eyes have been analyzed, the artist needs to take into consideration the personality of the patient. This helps the artist decide on the colors, value, intensity and design which will be applied to the patient. Before eye makeup can be applied, the use of primers, concealers and/or camouflage creams will be used to block out any discoloration in the eye area. We will look at concerns in formulation of products that will go around the eyes after surgery. The application of cosmetic products should be used as an accessory. Women have a variety of dress styles: casual, business or evening. The style of makeup application should work in conjunction with what they are wearing and how they are feeling at the time. Just as there are many facets to a woman, there are various styles of application to fit her personality.

Cosmetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An epidemiological survey of the use of cosmetic skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria.

The use of skin lightening creams has become a socially acceptable phenomenon widely practised by both men and women in Lagos, Nigeria. Four hundred and fifty traders were selected to ascertain the extent of this practice and what socio-cultural and economic factors determine the use of these cosmetics. Prevalence of use of skin lightening cosmetics was 77.3% comprising ninety-six males (27.6%) and two hundred and fifty two females (72.4%). The trend cuts across all socioeconomic strata, age, sex and marital status. Hydroquinolone based products were the most commonly used products although cortico-steroids and mercury-based products were also widely used. Of eleven dermatological side effects that were reported, exogenous ochronosis was the commonest. Recommendations on how to correct this ill in the society have been proffered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Study on the elements in cosmetics by microwave digestion-iCP-AES I. The determination of Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Sr, Bi and Se in solid state cosmetics].

A safe and effective method for the microwave digestion of solid state cosmetic samples is described. The overall digestion conditions, including pressure, power, acids and time of digestion were evaluated by analysing Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Sr, Bi and Se of routine samples with ICP-AES. This method was applied to the determination of certified materials with good agreement.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed2004

Establishing a cosmetic surgery practice: an algorithm to management of the cosmetic surgery patient in your practice.

As oral and maxillofacial surgeons, we have the skills to provide this service at an exceptional level. Each of us must obtain the proper training and continually update our knowledge in this area so that we can continue to advance the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Our forefathers in the specialty paved the way for us, and that is why we have privilege to practice our specialty. Providing cosmetic surgery in your practice can be rewarding.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2003

Cosmetic considerations and nonlaser cosmetic procedures in ethnic skin.

The face of the aesthetic patient is changing to be more representative of the ethnic diversity of the United States population. It is imperative that the cosmetic dermatologic surgeon not only understand the concerns of the ethnic aesthetic patient but have an awareness of the unique needs of those with darker skin.

Adult↗