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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

A method for selectively limiting lumen diameter in corrosion casting.

Corrosion casting is a technique frequently used to evaluate the form and spatial relationship of three dimensional biological structures, such as vascular networks, in vitro [Scann. Microsc. 5 (1991) 1097; Schraufnagel, D.E. The lung microstructure. In: Motta, P.M., Murakami, T. Fujita, H. eds. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Vascular Casts: Methods and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992:123-137]. However, because corrosion casts tend to reproduce the complexity of surrounding vascular structures as well as the structures of interest, the use of this technique in highly complex vascular systems may obscure important changes such as A-V shunts because they may get lost among the myriad of capillaries. We developed a novel modification for creating vascular corrosion casts by utilizing polystyrene microspheres to selectively embolize normal capillary networks and thereby reduce the overall complexity of the cast. his technique may aid investigators in the evaluation of a variety of vascular beds and is useful in demonstrating non-capillary arteriovenous communications.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Three-dimensional architecture of human cutaneous vascular lesions: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts.

Corrosion casts were made from angiosarcoma of the scalp of an elderly person, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma, diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis, cavernous hemangioma and arteriovenous malformation and were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The normal scalp from a cadaver was studied as a control for the angiosarcoma of the scalp. the SEM of the vascular corrosion casts clearly demonstrated the fine three-dimensional (3-D) architectures of malignant and benign cutaneous vascular lesions; the superficial fine and medium-sized vascular networks of the skin were replaced by abnormal balloon-like dilatations, extravasated fringes, glomerular structures, sinusoidal vessels or localized bulla-like structures of the capillary loops, depending on the nature of the cutaneous vascular lesions. The corrosion cast technique is helpful for understanding the 3-D patterns of various vascular lesions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vasculature of bovine placentas studied by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts.

Corrosion casts, obtained after injection of Tensol or Mercox, from 10 placentas of Holstein breed cows, were studied. The investigation was performed in fetal cotyledons, which are attached to uterine caruncles to form units, called placentons. Arteries and veins form, together, vascular cylinders, with the venous half cartridge partially surrounding the arterial one. The morphological differences between arterioles and venules concern the type of distribution, branching, surface (nuclei, oblique folds, anular narrowings).

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Vascular arrangement in the oral mucosa of Rana esculenta. Scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts.

Corrosion casts of the blood vessels in the oral mucosa of Rana esculenta were examined by the scanning electron microscope. Special attention was paid to the palatine capillaries characterized by numerous blind diverticula. Microanatomy and topography of these peculiar vessels suggests their involvement in gas exchange. The diverticula of the capillaries visible in the casts in form of nodules of various shape and size were examined in detail.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of fetal and maternal microvasculature in ruminant placentomes by corrosion casting.

Vascular corrosion casting is a useful tool for studying the vascular architecture of complex organs. The synepitheliochorial placenta of ruminants is composed of two closed blood circuits, a fetal and a maternal one. The microvasculature of each circuit has the shape of the corresponding cotyledon (villous trees) and caruncle (crypts). These two compartments interdigitate with each other in a complementary fashion. Understanding three-dimensional vascular arrangements is facilitated by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Methods to be used in the generation of vascular casts from fetal and maternal placentomal blood vessels are described, with special emphasis on casting resins and corrosion using potassium hydroxide. The procedure of splitting larger casts following gelatin embedding and freezing is also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Choroidal and iris angioarchitecture of the newt: a scanning electron-microscopic study of vascular corrosion casts.

The corrosion cast technique provided for the first time an excellent three-dimensional visualization of the vascular pattern of the choroid and iris in the newt eye. The results show the presence of a single arterial afference to the choroidal and iris capillaries: the ophthalmic artery is the origin of both ciliary arteries and the long posterior ciliary artery. Slightly behind the equatorial circumference of the eyeball the venous drainage consists of a single vessel on the dorsal side and two distinct vessels on the ventral one. It receives blood from both iris and choroid. The surface of the plastic endocasts shows some details of fine luminal structures of the endothelial cells. Shallow depressions may be regarded as imprints of endothelial cell nuclei, and they are distinctly different for arteries and capillaries. The angioarchitecture of the newt eye differs from that of brain in that hairpin-shaped capillary loops are not observed at all.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary capillary density in rats given monocrotaline. A cast corrosion study.

A mechanism for monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in experimental animals may be the loss of small blood vessels, but when pulmonary arteries have been studied, the results have been controversial. In this report, the density of the entire lung microvasculature as measured by gray-scale analysis of scanning electron microscopic images of corrosion casts is reported. In the first experiment, monocrotaline, 60 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally into Sprague-Dawley rats. After 16 days, the pulmonary vascular tree was cast with methylmethacrylate. The vascular density index of the casts at a magnification x 100 on the alveolar surface was 0.40 for the monocrotaline-treated animals and 0.48 for the saline-treated control animals (p less than 0.01). On the pleural surface, it was 0.51 for the monocrotaline animals and 0.67 for the saline animals (p less than 0.001). A second experiment found no significant difference in vascular density index between different doses of monocrotaline. Light and scanning electron microscopy suggest that capillary and small vessel thrombosis may account for the decrease in the density of vessels in pulmonary microvascular casts that occurs in response to monocrotaline.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphological study of the fetal vasculature of the human term placenta: scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts.

Microvascular corrosion casts of the fetal vessels of the normal human placenta were studied using the scanning electron microscope. All available evidence suggests that when prepared under standard conditions the resultant casts accurately replicate the original luminal morphology of the vessels, and are comparable between placentae. In conjunction with stereo-pair photography this technique allows for the rapid and unequivocal interpretation of the three-dimensional configuration of villous vasculature. Previously described structures such as dilated capillary loops and perivascular capillary networks can be viewed in new and dramatic perspective. It is hoped the technique may thus be of assistance to physiologists in the interpretation of experimental data concerning placental transport. Further work is in progress to apply the technique to the investigation of possible changes in fetal vasculature occurring in abnormal pregnancies.

Capillaries↗
PubMed1998

The vascular architecture of the chick chorioallantoic membrane: sequential quantitative evaluation using corrosion casting.

Microvascular corrosion casting was used for evaluating qualitatively and quantitatively angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Series of CAMs from day 8 to 18 were examined. The density of plexus capillaries increases rapidly until day 10 and then remains constant. The vessels connected to the plexus (first order vessels) increase in number and length between days 10 and 12. The vessels initiating from first-order vessels (second order) also increase in number but remain nearly the same in lengths and diameters. Compared to previous studies using stereomicroscopy, significant differences in vessel numbers and lengths exist, which can be explained by the low resolution and magnification resulting in too low vascular densities of the pre- and post-capillaries. The third-order vessels increase in number until day 12 when they reach a plateau, whereas higher-order vessels increase in number. These results give an insight into the vascular development of this organ, and provide the basis for assessing the targets and effects of angiogenic or antiagiogenic agents.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

The vascularization of the pituitary gland of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). A scanning electron microscope study of vascular corrosion casts.

Microvascular corrosion casts of the pituitary gland of one to nine-day-old chickens (Gallus domesticus, white leghorn hybrids) were analysed with the scanning electron microscope. Results show that the chicken median eminence is supplied by branches of the infundibular and the neural-lobe arteries. They form a flat two-dimensional primary capillary plexus, which lacks any capillary loops and is continuous with the plexus in the neural lobe. The capillaries occupy about 60% of the total area of the median eminence. A subependymal plexus is present, showing no contact with the plexus of the median eminence. The chicken neural lobe consists of many hollow buds. These buds are supplied by branches of the neural-lobe artery, which gives rise to a two-dimensional capillary meshwork similar to that of the median eminence. An anterior group of portal vessels, comprising 14-16 vessels with a mean diameter of 37 microns, and a posterior group of portal vessels, comprising 2-4 shorter and slightly thinner vessels, arise from the median eminence are the sole blood supply for the adenohypophysis (distal lobe). Anterior portal vessels supply the cephalic lobe and the most rostral area of the caudal lobe, and posterior portal vessels supply the caudal lobe of the distal lobe. There are no short portal vessels connecting the neural lobe with the distal lobe. The (sinusoidal) capillary bed of the distal lobe is laminated. The chicken hypophysis drains into the cavernous sinus, which empties into the cerebral carotid veins. Within the period studied (days 1-9 after hatching) no age-related changes were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Arterial segmentation in the goat (Capra hircus) spleen. A study by corrosion cast.

50 corrosion casts of the splenic artery and its tree were studied to observe the arterial segmentation in the goat spleen on the basis of the intrasplenic distribution. The following observations were made: (i) 74% showed the presence of two arterial segments, a right and a left one; (ii) 10% revealed three arterial segments, a hilar, a right and a left one, and (iii) 16% showed the absence of arterial segmentation in the goat spleen.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hypophyseal angioarchitecture of common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) revealed by scanning electron microscopy study of vascular corrosion casts.

The vascular corrosion cast technique in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the study of pituitary microvascularization in the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis). The pituitary vascular casts were obtained by infusion of low viscosity methyl methacrylate plastic (Batson's no.17) mixture. It was found that the blood supplies to the pituitary complex were from branches of the circle of Willis and could be divided into two groups. The first group consisted of two to four superior hypophyseal arteries (SHAs) branching off from the internal carotid artery supplying each half of the median eminence (ME), infundibular stalk (IS), and pars distalis (PD). The SHAs supplying the ME branched into internal and external capillary plexi. The internal plexus had a larger capillary size (approximately 15 microns in diameter), was deeper in position, and had denser and more complex capillary loops than those in the external plexus. The capillaries of the external plexus were approximately 10 microns in diameter. The two plexi drained into 15-20 hypophyseal portal veins (HPVs) which were located mainly along the ventral and ventrolateral surfaces of the IS before breaking up into large capillaries (approximately 18 microns in diameter) with an anteroposterior arrangement within the PD. The second group consisted of one inferior hypophyseal artery (IHA) on each side branching off from the internal carotid artery. These arteries gave off branches to pierce the dorsolateral and ventrolateral aspects of infundibular process (IP) before branching off to form a capillary network. They also gave rise to radiating capillaries to supply the pars intermedia (PI) surrounding the cortical area of the IP. The hypophyseal cleft separating the PI from the PD was clearly seen with very few blood vessels. The capillaries in both PD and IP joined to form confluent hypophyseal veins draining the blood into the cavernous sinus.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts--technique and applications: updated review.

The present paper states very briefly the main steps leading to the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. From the terms presently used (injection method, microcorrosion cast, injection replica, vascular corrosion cast, vascular cast) the use of "vascular corrosion cast" for lymphatic and blood vessels is recommended. Specification and pretreatment (kind, volume, dosage of anticoagulants, vasoactive substances and spasmolytica used) of the animals examined are referenced as they are available from the literature. The recommendation is given to pay more attention to these parameters than done so far. The steps necessary for producing reasonable and suitable vascular corrosion casts are critically described. Special attention is paid to the physical and chemical properties of the casting media and their significance for polymerization, shrinkage, casting quality, corrosion resistance, and thermal and spatial stability. Emphasis is also focused on the advantages of cutting the vascular corrosion casts embedded in an ice block by a band saw, a self constructed multi-blade cutting device or a mini wheel-saw placed in the chamber of a cryomicrotome. From the drying methods presently used freeze-drying is stressed because of minimal specimen damage. To render casts conductive in most cases sputter-coating is sufficient. It is recommended to run the SEM with 5-10 kV since the resolution received still reveals all details the casting media presently can replicate. Further the application of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts in fully differentiated normal tissue, in pathologic tissue as well as in developing tissues and organs is stated. Lastly possibilities and conditions are discussed under which SEM of vascular corrosion casts can serve to quantify vascular structures in order to make the technique more than pure descriptive.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Microcirculation of the extra-ocular muscles of rats. A scanning electron-microscopic corrosion cast study.

Specific researches, employing corrosion casts, were performed on different skeletal muscles, but not on extra-ocular muscles (EOMs). The microvascular bed of EOMs was studied by the corrosion cast technique in the rat. Two histologically and physiologically different layers were present in the EOMs. On the whole, the capillary pattern of EOMs was less dense than in the other skeletal muscles. The EOM orbital layer turned out to have a higher number of transverse anastomoses and tuning-fork divisions than the global layer had. These different microcirculatory patterns can be related with the physiological function and the anatomical situation of the EOMs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cooling to heat of fusion (HOF), followed by rapid rewarming, does not reduce the integrity of microvascular corrosion casts.

This study utilized microvascular corrosion casting techniques to evaluate changes in the microvascular patency of rat hindpaws cooled to four different subzero temperatures. Left hindpaws of anesthetized rats in group 1 were cooled to -5 degrees C, in group 2 to -15 degrees C, in group 3 to heat of fusion (HOF), and in group 4 to HOF and then to -15 degrees C. Although freezing did not take place in the hindpaws of groups 1 and 2, initiation of freezing in the tissues, as indicated by HOF, did occur in groups 3 and 4. Cooled hindpaws were rapidly rewarmed. Right hindpaws served as controls. Microvascular corrosion casts were made from the left and right hindpaws of all animals. There was no significant difference when the mean cast weights of cooled hindpaws from groups 1, 2, and 3 were compared to the mean cast weights of their respective control hindpaws. In group 4, there was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) when the mean cast weight of the cooled hindpaws (47.69 +/- 9.05, mg +/- SEM) was compared to that of the control hindpaws (80.63 +/- 12.23). Since, in this acute experiment, a loss of vascular integrity occurred when the hindpaws in group 4 were cooled to -15 degrees C after reaching HOF, the initiation of freezing alone was not sufficient to reduce mean cast weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts--technique and applications.

The present paper states very briefly the main steps leading to the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. From the terms presently used (injection method, microcorrosion cast, injection replica, vascular corrosion cast, vascular cast) the use of "vascular corrosion cast" for lymphatic and blood vessels is recommended. Specification and pretreatment (kind, volume, dosage of anticoagulants, vasoactive substances and spasmolytica used) of the animals examined are referenced as they are available from the literature. The recommendation is given to pay more attention to these parameters than done so far. The steps necessary for producing reasonable and suitable vascular corrosion casts are critically described. Special attention is paid to the physical and chemical properties of the casting media and their significance for polymerizations, shrinkage, casting quality, corrosion resistance, and thermal and spatial stability. Emphasis is also focused on the advantages of cutting the vascular corrosion casts embedded in an ice block by a band saw and a self constructed multi-blade cutting device offer. From the drying methods presently used freeze-drying is stressed because of minimal specimen damage. To render casts conductive in most cases sputtercoating is sufficient. It is recommended to run the SEM with 5-10 kV since the resolution received still reveals all details the casting media presently can replicate. Lastly the application of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts in fully differentiated normal tissue, in pathologic tissue as well as in developing tissues and organs is stated.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Vascular Corrosion Casting: Review of Advantages and Limitations in the Application of Some Simple Quantitative Methods.

Vascular corrosion casting has been used for about 40 years to produce replicas of normal and abnormal vasculature and microvasculature of various tissues and organs that could be viewed at the ultrastructural level. In combination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the primary application of corrosion casting has been to describe the morphology and anatomical distribution of blood vessels in these tissues. However, such replicas should also contain quantitative information about that vasculature. This report summarizes some simple quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting. Casts were prepared by infusing Mercox resin or diluted Mercox resin into the vasculature. Surrounding tissues were removed with KOH, hot water, and formic acid, and the resulting dried casts were observed with routine SEM. The orientation, size, and frequency of vascular endothelial cells were determined from endothelial nuclear imprints on various cast surfaces. Vascular volumes of heart, lung, and avian salt gland were calculated using tissue and resin densities, and weights. Changes in vascular volume and functional capillary density in an experimentally induced emphysema model were estimated from confocal images of casts. Clearly, corrosion casts lend themselves to quantitative analysis. However, because blood vessels differ in their compliances, in their responses to the toxicity of casting resins, and in their response to varying conditions of corrosion casting procedures, it is prudent to use care in interpreting this quantitative data. Some of the applications and limitations of quantitative methodology with corrosion casts are reviewed here.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A new method for the joint visualization of vascular structures and connective tissues: corrosion casting and 1 N NaOH maceration.

Corrosion casting combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been widely used to study the morphofunctional aspects of microcirculation in many organs. In this study, we present an optimization of the corrosion casting (CC) technique associating it with NaOH 1 N maceration method to obtain a clear visualization of the relationships existing between the microvascular architecture of an organ and its extracellular matrix. Briefly, experiments were performed macerating the tissue previously injected with a low viscosity acrylic resin in 1 N NaOH and then observing it at SEM. In this study, we present an application of this technique to better evaluate the extracellular components of the vascular wall in medium-sized and capillary vessels both in skin and in kidney. The results obtained yielded clear images of the three-dimensional layout of medium-sized and capillary vessels in comparison with the extracellular environment. Furthermore, detailed information was obtained on the three-dimensional layout of fibers constituting the walls of venules, arterioles, and capillaries. In addition, the tubular collagenic structures surrounding the excretory tubules of the kidney and the dermal glands of the skin were depicted and their relationships with their vascular supply described in detail.

Animals↗