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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Proposed calfhood immunization program for the commercial dairy herd.

Immunization programs never will usurp the central role of sound management practices and good nutrition in the disease prevention program of the commercial dairy operation. However, certain immunizations against diseases such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and clostridial infections should be routine. Other diseases such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine virus diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, colibacillosis, and pasteurellosis should be considered if it can be determined that the herd is infected chronically. The present knowledge of other disease conditions, vaccine effectiveness and safety makes the use of vaccines for other diseases of questionable value.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fecal rotaviruses, adenoviruses, coronavirus-like particles, and small round viruses in a cohort of rural Costa Rican children.

Excretion patterns of fecal viruses were studied in a cohort of 51 rural Costa Rican children. The presence of rotavirus, adenovirus, coronavirus-like particles, and small round viruses was investigated by electron microscopy (EM) in 2,516 extracts of weekly fecal specimens. Rotavirus was in addition studied with ELISA. The incidence of diarrhea was 0.7 episodes per child-year. Rotavirus was the most common virus (0.53 infection/child-year), followed by adenovirus (0.46 infection/child-year), and coronavirus-like particles (0.24 infection/child-year). However, the pathogenicity of rotavirus and adenovirus was low: only 3 of 24 rotavirus infections and 2 of 21 adenovirus infections were associated with diarrheal illness (12.5% and 9.5%, respectively). Small round viruses were detected in 23 specimens, but could not be assigned to a particular group of viruses. Children who excreted coronavirus-like particles and small round viruses were asymptomatic. Typical Norwalk-like viruses, astrovirus or calicivirus were not encountered. Rural conditions, good hygiene and prolonged breast feeding may explain the reduced exposure and pathogenicity of viral enteropathogens in rural Costa Rica.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Avian mycoplasma infections: prototype of mixed infections with mycoplasmas, bacteria and viruses.

Mixed infections involving mycoplasmas, viruses and bacteria are well recognized in chickens. Synergism has been demonstrated between Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the viruses of Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis and Escherichia coli, although the outcome of infection is influenced by many factors associated with the host and the organisms. Airsacculitis in broilers due to M. synoviae or M. gallinarum may be precipitated by concurrent respiratory virus infections including vaccine strains. Turkeys, geese and ducks have been less well studied, but similar interactions seem to occur. Such observations may give an indication as to the likely interactions between mycoplasmas, viruses and bacteria in other host species.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1979

Viral gastroenteritis.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1998

Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold.

Two hundred young adults with common colds were studied during a 10-month period. Virus culture, antigen detection, PCR, and serology with paired samples were used to identify the infection. Viral etiology was established for 138 of the 200 patients (69%). Rhinoviruses were detected in 105 patients, coronavirus OC43 or 229E infection was detected in 17, influenza A or B virus was detected in 12, and single infections with parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus were found in 14 patients. Evidence for bacterial infection was found in seven patients. Four patients had a rise in antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae, one had a rise in antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae, one had a rise in antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and one had immunoglobulin M antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The results show that although approximately 50% of episodes of the common cold were caused by rhinoviruses, the etiology can vary depending on the epidemiological situation with regard to circulating viruses. Bacterial infections were rare, supporting the concept that the common cold is almost exclusively a viral disease.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1990

Respiratory virus infection of monolayer cultures of human nasal epithelial cells.

The effect on nasal epithelial cells in monolayer cultures of infection with rhinovirus, coronavirus 229E, influenza type A, and adenovirus was studied. Fragments (1 x 2 mm) of epithelium with adherent submucosa from nasal polyps, adenoids, or nasal turbinates were cultured in plastic dishes with media containing a serum supplement. Within a week a monolayer of epithelial cells with interspersed ciliated cells surrounded each fragment. Epithelial monolayers were exposed to 10(3) to 10(4) TCID50/ml of each virus; unattached virus was removed after 3 h. Replication of virus was examined by doing viral titrations of the media daily, and ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells in the monolayer were examined morphologically with an inverted microscope. The peak titer of rhinovirus and coronavirus occurred 24 to 48 h after inoculation, indicating that viral replication was occurring. However, no detectable damage or cytopathic effect (CPE) developed in the monolayer of epithelial cells when compared with that in uninfected control cells. In contrast, infection of epithelial monolayers with influenza or adenovirus resulted in CPE and destruction of the monolayer. The marked difference in the effect of these respiratory viruses on nasal epithelial cells may reflect similar differences in their effect on respiratory tract mucosa in the intact host. If so, the pathogenesis of symptom production during rhinovirus and coronavirus infections must be by mechanisms other than destruction of the nasal lining.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1991

Canine coronavirus infection in the dog following oronasal inoculation.

The pathogenesis of canine coronavirus (CCV) infection in 10-week-old puppies was studied up to 14 days after oronasal inoculation. Mild diarrhoea was seen from three to 11 days after inoculation, approximately coincident with faecal virus shedding. Virus was initially isolated from the tonsils on day 3, and then from both small and large intestinal tissues up to 14 days after inoculation. Virus was also isolated from liver and lung. Histological changes were not seen in any tissues, but CCV antigen was detected, using a peroxidase antiperoxidase staining technique, mainly in epithelium overlying gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Virus neutralising antibody was first detected on day 10. Specific anti-CCV IgM was first detected in plasma three days after inoculation and IgG on days 4 to 7. Small amounts of anti-CCV IgG, IgM and IgA were detected in duodenal secretion, but none in bile.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Emergent riboviruses implicated in gastroenteritis].

Viral agents are one of the main causes of acute diarrhea, particularly in infants and young children. Astrovirus, coronavirus, torovirus, and picobirnavirus are increasingly being identified as causative agents of gastroenteritis. Astroviruses have been detected in the stools of between 1.2% and 20% of children with diarrhea requiring medical care in a variety of geographical areas. Outbreaks have been described in schools, day care settings and pediatric wards. Children younger than 3 years old are the most frequently affected. In temperate climates incidence is greater in winter whereas in tropical areas infection occurs throughout the year. Transmission is mainly through the fecaloral route. At least seven serotypes of human astroviruses have been recognized and serotype 1 is more common than the other serotypes. Astroviruses are often shed in stools during long periods and can be detected by electron microscopy. An enzymeimmunoassay technique that detects the astrovirus group antigen has been widely used in epidemiological studies. Nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reactionbased techniques have also been used. Enteric coronaviruses have most frequently been associated with gastrointestinal disease in neonates and children younger than 12 years old. The role of toroviruses and picobirnaviruses as causative agents of gastroenteritis is still emerging. Further epidemiological studies to determine the frequency of these viruses in the community and to identify their mechanisms of transmission are needed, as are further studies to elucidate the pathophysiology of diseases due to these agents.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

[Carrier state of enteric viruses in Ivory Coast pregnant women in good health].

The present work emphasize the great diversity of the viral species encountered in pregnant women (Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Adenovirus, Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus). In each of the different regions studied, one or two viral types are usually predominant. In Man (West Ivory Coast) region for instance, Rotaviruses and Coronaviruses were mainly encountered; in Bouaké, Polioviruses and Adenoviruses were predominant whereas in Bondoukou and Odienné respectively Coxsackieviruses and Adenoviruses were predominantly identified. Multiple viral infections were also evidenced: Rotaviruses + Coronaviruses, Rotaviruses + Polioviruses, Coronaviruses + Polioviruses, Polioviruses and Adenoviruses. The greatest number of multiple infections was found in Man (8 cases). Inapparent infections were mainly detected in Man where the prevalence for at least one viral type is very high 91.6%; in Bouaké, prevalence of at least one viral type is around 36%. The least level of prevalence was recorded in Bondoukou (East of Ivory Coast) and Odienné (North-West) respectively 17% and 20%.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1985

Virology and immunology of the common cold.

The common cold is a complex infectious syndrome caused by any one of a large number of antigenitically distinct viruses found in four groups. These groups are the myxo- and paramyxoviruses, the adenoviruses, the rhinoviruses and the coronaviruses. The members of the different groups differ in their physical, biochemical, and immunologic characteristics. With currently available methods, it is possible to determine the cause of 60-70% of colds. The large rhinovirus group is the most important of the known common cold viruses, accounting for approximately 30% of colds. These small RNA viruses have a genome of 7000 nucleotides, which shares considerable homology with poliovirus. The capsid of the rhinovirus is loosely packed, resulting in a relative acid sensitivity compared to the enteroviruses. Although there are at least 89 different antigenic types, all rhinoviruses attach to either one of two cellular receptors. Immunity to rhinovirus is type-specific and associated with neutralizing antibody in nasal secretions and serum. There is a steady acquisition of antibody to the rhinoviruses during childhood and adolescence. The rhinoviruses may be undergoing slow antigenic drift.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗