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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Copyright law and academic radiology: rights of authors and copyright owners and reproduction of information.

Desktop computer hardware and software provide many new and accessible avenues for increased academic productivity, but some activities may have legal implications. The advent of technologies such as scanners, the ever-increasing number of electronic bulletin boards, and the development of the "information superhighway" affect the concept of copyright and require authors and publishers to reconsider their legal rights and obligations when they create or publish new works or modify existing ones. For example, with desktop scanners, almost any image, published or otherwise, can be copied, enhanced, and manipulated. Moreover, many radiologists have access to copyrighted digital radiologic teaching file images, such as those from the University of Iowa or the University of Washington, which are available (and "downloadable") on the Internet. Because "downloading" (or "uploading") a document or image is essentially making a copy of that document or image, copyright laws and the rights that they afford authors are involved.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1999

Educational implications for copyright in a digital world.

Statutory law and court cases currently leave fair use of copyrighted material poorly defined and fail to provide effective guidance for the use of others' work. Copyright legislation is undergoing significant change, accelerated by the evolution of computing and communication technologies. This paper reviews copyright issues, fair use guidelines, and applicable laws and statutes to help administrators and educators understand and comply with copyright regulations. The paper describes principles of copyright and ownership, the rights of copyright holders, and the conditions under which copyrighted material can be used by others. Recently introduced legislation, such as the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act, may significantly affect how educators can use copyrighted material in the future. The integration of computer and communication technology into education raises a number of intellectual property issues for dental schools. This paper provides some general guidelines regarding copyright issues in academic environments.

Communication↗
PubMed1984

CONTU revisited: the case against copyright protection for computer programs in machine-readable form.

Professor Samuelson casts a critical eye on the Final Report of the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) which recommended that copyright protection be extended to machine-readable versions of computer programs. CONTU appears to have misunderstood computer technology and misinterpreted copyright tradition in two significant respects. The Commission failed to take into account the historical importance of disclosure of the contents of protected works as a fundamental goal of both the copyright and patent laws. It also erroneously opined that the utilitarian character of a work was no bar to its copyrightability when both the statute and the case law make clear that utilitarian works are not copyrightable. Since computer programs in machine-readable forms do not disclose their contents and are inherently utilitarian, copyright protection for them is inappropriate. Congress acted on CONTU's recommendation without understanding the significance of these conceptual flaws. Professor Samuelson recommends the creation of a new form of intellectual property law specifically designed for machine-readable programs.

Computers↗
PubMed1976

Distribution and use problems of the institutional developer arising from copyrights.

Institutional developers of mediated instruction for the health sciences in higher education must take whatever steps are reasonable and necessary to obtain copyright protection for their original works and avoid liability for infringement. Twelve questiona frequently asked by such developers in these two areas are discussed. Special requirements are set forth pertaining to material copyrightable by the developer, copyrighted by others, and in the public domain (not copyrightable by anyone). Unique requirements for writings, sound recordings and visual products are summarized. Relevant aspects of fair use, pre-publication copyright, post-publication copyright, and marketing and distribution through the private sector are set forth together with the elements of proof in infringement actions.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1984

Fair use versus fair return: copyright legislation and its consequences.

The purpose of this article is to examine the ramifications of legislative recognition of the concept of fair use in the Copyright Act of 1976. The fair use concept, while of small consequence in its normative origins, has turned out to be the foundation of the most perplexing and divisive issues in the new legislative guidelines governing copyright. Legislative recognition of the concept of fair use, coupled with enormous growth of a new technology--extending from xerography to on-line database systems--creates de facto exemptions to both the intent and content of new copyright guidelines. The issue is not one of limiting use or suppressing information, but of mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of copyright holders, be they authors or publishers, and insuring the free flow of information by providing a proper return on both intellectual creativity and capital expenditures. The authors argue that the elimination, or at least curtailment of fair use doctrine, coupled with an increase in technological approaches to reporting of secondary use of copyrighted material, will benefit all sections of the knowledge industry. Authors will receive proper royalties on use; publishers will be able to sell more books and journals at lower prices; and librarians will be liberated from extensive chores such as monitoring usage or determining fee schedules and transferences. The issue is one of fair return--an issue obscured and ultimately subverted by fair use.

Copyright↗
PubMed1996

The commerce of ideas: copyright in the digital era.

Copyright law concerns the rights of an individual to make copies of published works. Changes in technology, be they the introduction of the printing press or the proliferation of photocopy machines, affect how these "copy rights" are interpreted. The transmission of published works over digital networks and the introduction of new and relatively inexpensive ways to conduct commerce over the same networks will have a profound effect on how medical school faculty protect their own published works and how they make use of the published works of others. When copyright law moves from tangible objects such as books and journals to intangible bits carried over a network, many historic notions about the nature of publications and libraries will be called into question. The authors review the history of copyright law and some basic concepts of copyright, particularly "first sale" and "fair use." They also discuss the effects past technological changes have had on the law and on the often-competing concerns of authors, publishers, and readers/users. Finally, they discuss the implications for medical schools of digital publications, digital libraries, and the proposed changes to copyright law.

Commerce↗
PubMed2003

Copyright in the digital classroom.

Copyright law was developed to protect the rights of authors. Many educators are aware of copyright law, but they may not be aware of how it applies to them or of the law's scope in regards to computer technology. As the computer is used increasingly to disseminate information, teaching professionals also must have knowledge of the applications of the law to this developing technology. This article reviews the laws defining copyright and fair use. It examines case law regarding copyright, computers, and the Internet. Recommendations for using computers to disseminate class materials to students are discussed.

Computer Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Copyright law and the nursing professor.

The copyright law affects the resources that are available to faculty for educating students. The author discusses the concept of fair use in academe, the process for obtaining permission to copy materials that have been copyrighted, and the rights of the professor who has created works during employment. An application of the copyright law to the publication of students' papers is presented.

Copying Processes↗
PubMed1997

Copyright protection of images in the digital environment.

All creators of copyright-protected works are re-assessing the protection and exploitation of their works in the digital environment. This article attempts to define 'digital' in a copyright context. It reminds artists and photographers of the essentials of copyright as they already apply in the UK before it looks at how those essentials may apply to images circulating in the digital environment. Finally it covers some of the key issues which artists and other creators are now having to address in their day to day work.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1982

Compulsory license for cable systems--Copyright Office, Library of Congress. Interim regulations.

This notice is issued to inform the public that the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress is adopting interim amendments to 201.11 and 201.17 as amended on June 27, 1978 and July 3, 1980 respectively. These regulations implement portions of section 111 of the Copyright Act of 1976, title 17 of the United States Code. That section prescribes conditions under which cable systems may obtain a compulsory license to retransmit copyrighted works, including the filing of Notices of Identity and Signal Carriage Complement and Statements of Account, and the submission of statutory royalty fees. The effect of the amendments is to modify the filing requirements and royalty fee calculations necessitated by changes in the rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission. The amendments are issued on an interim basis in order to permit their immediate application while allowing full public comment.

Copyright↗
PubMed1987

Copyright law: how it affects your hospital and you.

Nurse administrators, inservice educators, and other nursing supervisors need to be aware of how copyright law affects the use of educational materials in hospitals, medical centers, and nursing homes. The United States' Copyright Act of 1976, along with Congressional guidelines and federal rulings, have a great deal to say regarding photocopying, off-air videotaping, and use of materials borrowed from lending libraries. Examples of copyright infringement are given, with suggestions for avoiding them.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1975

[Copyright and natural sciences].

Works in the natural sciences are provided with comparatively less copyright protection than literary works. Nevertheless, this protection is important for scientists. However, more recently, modern methods and techniques of information and documentation, such as reprography, microfilm archives, electronic data storage and retrieval, and data transmission have questioned the justification and effectiveness, even in principle, of this protection. A more detailed analysis demonstrates that this involves not so much a crisis of copyright law as a crisis of the entire field of scientific information.

Copyright↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Copyright--what's right?

As information and its methods of storage and transmission continue to expand dramatically, it becomes more important than ever to understand copyright law. Since continuing education means providing current knowledge, educators are in a position to find copyright law the means to that end or the grounds for legal action against them.

Copyright↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The copyright quagmire on the Internet.

The use of the Internet is expanding exponentially. More and more individuals are gaining access to the information structure once limited to universities and military applications. The ease of access and distribution of materials were never envisioned by the authors of the Berne Convention, which outlined original international copyright laws. Along with greater freedom experienced through the Internet and the creative exchange of ideas comes a quagmire of legal issues. This article identifies the issues currently being discussed by world leaders in copyright law and the implications to nursing education as it expands and explores the use of the Internet for educational purposes.

Copyright↗
PubMed2002

Copyright and gene technology.

The rapid growth of gene technology and its commercialisation raises concerns for scientific researchers and research institutions wishing to place information in the public domain. This article examines whether copyright laws in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia provide any protection for genetically modified DNA, proteins, and genetically modified organisms, in contrast with any copyright protection extending to a record of the lettering of a sequence representing a series of nucleotides of modified DNA or the amino acids comprising a protein. Whilst it is arguable that protection may be available in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is submitted that it would be difficult to persuade a court in Australia that genetically modified DNA and genetically modified organisms directly constitute "literary" or "artistic" works.

Australia↗