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Results for “Cooperative Behavior”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Effects of environmental change and others' behavior on cooperative behavior and solution preference in social dilemma].

This study examined how environmental change and others' behavior affected cooperative behavior and solution preference of the person in social dilemma situation. Participants in two experiments played an "environment game," in which gradual pollution in environment and reduction in profit rate were simulated. Information on behavior of other players was manipulated: in "free rider" condition, one person was an extreme free rider, and the others were cooperative; in "loafing" condition, everyone loafed. In both experiments, "Bad Apple Effect" was not observed clearly, and cooperative behavior increased as environmental pollution worsened. In Experiment 2, there was no main effect of others' behavior on solution preference. However, significant correlations were found among solution preference, motivation to control others' behavior, and perceived seriousness of the situation, only when an extreme free rider was among them.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evolution and development of sex differences in cooperative behavior in meerkats.

In cooperatively breeding birds, where helpers of both sexes assist with the provisioning and upbringing of offspring who are not their own, males tend to contribute more than females to rearing young. This sex difference has been attributed to paternity uncertainty, but could also occur because males contribute more where they are likely to remain and breed in their group of origin. In contrast to most birds, female meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are more likely to breed in their natal group than males. We show that female meerkat helpers contribute more to rearing young than males and that female helpers feed female pups more frequently than males. Our results suggest that sex differences in cooperative behavior are generated by sex differences in philopatry and occur because females derive greater direct benefits than males from raising recruits to their natal group. These findings support the view that direct, mutualistic benefits are important in the evolution of specialized cooperative behavior.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: evidence of differential relationships with big five personality characteristics and cognitive ability.

The results of a laboratory study of 276 individuals replicate past findings for cooperative behavior as a form of contextual performance and extend past research by providing evidence that voice (constructive change-oriented communication) may be another form of contextual performance. Conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness related more strongly to voice behavior and cooperative behavior than to task performance. Cognitive ability related more strongly to task performance than to voice behavior or cooperative behavior. Results also demonstrate contrasting relationships for agreeableness (positive with cooperative behavior and negative with voice behavior). This supports recent research suggesting the possibility of bidirectional relationships with personality characteristics across different dimensions of job performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The effects of information of the other's cooperative behavior on moral obligation].

Although it is expected that a social dilemma is solved by giving people feedback information about others' cooperative behavior, previous studies demonstrated that the information may promote cooperative behavior in some situations but may promote non-cooperative behavior in other situations. The study hypothesize that the feedback information of the others' cooperative behavior promote cooperative behavior for those who feel high obligation to cooperate in a social dilemma situation, such as a problem of bicycle parking behavior on road, but promote defective behavior for those who have low moral obligation. This is because the former people are hypothesized to attribute the cause of other's cooperative behavior to their social and intrinsic motivation, but the latter are hypothesized to attribute it to the egoistic motivation. The data from an experiment (n = 126) supported the hypotheses.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cooperative games: a way to modify aggressive and cooperative behaviors in young children.

We investigated the effects of competitive and cooperative games on aggressive and cooperative behaviors of 70 children (4 to 5 years old) from four classes in three preschools. The experimental design included both multiple baseline and reversal components. Behaviors were measured during game conditions and in subsequent free-play periods. Results showed that cooperative behavior increased and aggression decreased during cooperative games; conversely, competitive games were followed by increases in aggressive behavior and decreases in cooperative behavior. Similar effects were also found during free-play periods.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Site-directed mutagenesis studies on the determinants of sugar specificity and cooperative behavior of human beta-cell glucokinase.

The determinants of sugar specificity and cooperative behavior of human beta-cell glucokinase were studied by mutating several active site residues and performing a steady-state kinetic analysis of the purified mutant and wild-type enzymes after their expression in Escherichia coli. Asn-204, Glu-256, and Glu-290 were predicted from molecular modeling to interact with the 3-OH, 4-OH, 2-OH, and 1-OH groups of glucose. Mutation of these residues resulted in enzymes with decreased values of kcat and increased values of Km for glucose, mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose. Lys-56 is also predicted to make an interaction with the side chain of Glu-256 and its mutation increased the Km for glucose, deoxyglucose, mannose, and fructose by 4-, 4-, 3-, and 10-fold, respectively, and also increased the kcat for fructose by 5-fold. The Ki values for N-acetylglucosamine and mannoheptulose for the wild-type enzyme were 0.2 and 0.8 mM, respectively, and mutation of glucose binding residues to alanine resulted in an increase of about 3 orders of magnitude in these Ki values. Mutation of residues that directly hydrogen bond glucose hydroxyls (Asn-204, Glu-256, and Glu-290) to alanine resulted in enzymes that did not exhibit cooperative behavior, but mutation of Lys-56 or other residues that do not directly contact glucose had no effect on the Hill coefficient. Only glucose and deoxyglucose exhibited cooperative behavior. The results 1) confirm the predictions of the model that Asn-204, Glu-256, and Glu-290 are important residues involved in catalysis and hydrogen bonding glucose hydroxyl groups, 2) provide evidence for a role of Lys-56 in hexose binding, and 3) are consistent with the cooperative behavior of glucokinase being mediated by interactions of other regions of the protein with the highly conserved active site glucose binding residues.

Allosteric Regulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reinforced practice of children's cooperative behavior during restorative dental treatment.

A reinforced practice procedure was employed to teach cooperative behaviors to two 36-month-old children undergoing restorative dental treatment. The children were rewarded with temporary escape, praise, and stickers for practicing the use of cooperative behavior in the presence of the sights, sounds, and some of the sensations of the dental instruments, before the actual dental treatment. Observations of four classes of disruptive behavior during treatment indicated that baseline levels of disruptive behavior, typically greater than 95 percent, were reduced by more than 70 percent, following several practice visits. These changes were acceptable to the dentist--and to his assistant, who rated the children as more cooperative and less anxious.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2006

Reproductive social behavior: cooperative games to replace sexual selection.

Theories about sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871. He proposed that males fertilize as many females as possible with inexpensive sperm, whereas females, with a limited supply of large eggs, select the genetically highest quality males to endow their offspring with superior capabilities. Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate, and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced. We suggest an approach that relies on the exchange of direct ecological benefits among cooperating animals without reference to genetic benefits. This approach can be expressed mathematically in a branch of game theory that pertains to bargaining and side payments.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Do not prime hawks with doves: the interplay of construct activation and consistency of social value orientation on cooperative behavior.

Low and high consistent pro-socials and pro-selfs were primed with neutral, morality, or might concepts in mixed-motive situations. The authors expected participants' social value orientation to influence cooperative behavior among (a) high consistent individuals in all prime conditions and (b) low consistent individuals in the neutral prime condition only. The authors also expected the primes to influence cooperative behavior more among low than high consistent individuals. Four experiments using supra-liminal (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or subliminal (Experiment 3) priming and 2-person (Experiments 1-3) or N-person (Experiment 4) social dilemmas partially supported these initial predictions. One intriguing exception was that morality primes reduced cooperation among high consistent pro-selfs. Experiments 2-4 allowed testing for the potential role of expectations in shaping participants' cooperative behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Executive inhibitory control and cooperative behavior during early school years: a follow-up study.

Several links between aspects of executive functioning and the development of social competence have been established. The present study investigates the relation between executive inhibitory control and cooperative/non-cooperative behavior, in an ecological setting, and from a longitudinal perspective. Elementary school children (n=195) of three age groups (7, 9, 11 years, initially) were measured at two consecutive time points, at a one-year interval, with tasks tapping executive inhibitory control (the Stroop test), and social competence (a collaborative puzzle solving task). Executive inhibition was identified as the most influential stable predictor only in the case of non-cooperative behavior and presented strong concurrent relations with both cooperative and non-cooperative behavior at follow-up, even when controlling for previous level of the same behavior. The findings imply the need to consider the important role of executive inhibitory processes in multifactorial models of social competence development and in the refinement of present interventions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Noise-induced cooperative behavior in a multicell system.

MOTIVATION: All cell components exhibit intracellular noise on account of random births and deaths of individual molecules, and extracellular noise because of environment perturbations. Gene regulation in particular, is an inherently noisy process with transcriptional control, alternative splicing, translation, diffusion and chemical modification reactions, all of which involve stochastic fluctuations. Such stochastic noises may not only affect the dynamics of the entire system but may also be exploited by living organisms to actively facilitate certain functions, such as cooperative behavior and communication. RESULTS: We have provided a general model and an analytic tool to examine the cooperative behavior of a multicell system with both intracellular and extracellular stochastic fluctuations. A multicell system with a synthetic gene network is adopted to demonstrate the effects of noises and coupling on collective dynamics. These results establish not only a theoretical foundation but also a quantitative basis for understanding essential roles of noises on cooperative dynamics, such as synchronization and communication among cells.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

Transducin interactions with rhodopsin. Evidence for positive cooperative behavior.

Transducin and rhodopsin belong to a family of guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein-coupled receptor systems that provide signal transduction mechanisms resulting in numerous metabolic responses in a variety of cell types. A simple, direct binding assay has been developed to investigate the molecular interactions between transducin and rhodopsin. The binding curves generated by these studies are sigmoidal, indicating an allosteric response. The Scatchard plots of this data display an asymptotic, bell-shaped character representative of the positive cooperative behavior. A Hill coefficient, nH = 1.92, was determined and found to be in close agreement with previous kinetic studies of allosterism described for rhodopsin's catalytic mechanism (Wessling-Resnick, M., and Johnson G.L. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 3697-3705). The value for Kd app was determined to be 0.05 microM. Bmax values obtained from the binding studies suggest that oligomeric complexes of rhodopsin may be involved in interactions with transducin to form multiple high affinity binding sites for the G protein. The positive cooperative behavior demonstrated in this investigation can provide insight into the molecular basis for regulation of other G protein-coupled receptor systems.

Allosteric Regulation↗
PubMed2002

Single amino acid substitution (G456A) in the vicinity of the GTP binding domain of human housekeeping glutamate dehydrogenase markedly attenuates GTP inhibition and abolishes the cooperative behavior of the enzyme.

Human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) exists in two isoforms encoded by the GLUD1 and GLUD2 genes, respectively. Although the two enzymes share in their mature form all but 15 of their 505 amino acids, they differ markedly in their allosteric regulation. To identify the structural basis for these allosteric characteristics, we performed site-directed mutagenesis on the human GLUD1 gene at sites that differ from the GLUD2 gene using a cloned GLUD1 cDNA. Results showed that substitution of Ala for Gly-456, but not substitution of His for Arg-470 or Ser for Asn-498, renders the enzyme markedly resistant to GTP inhibition (IC(50) = 2.80 microm) as compared with the wild type GLUD1-derived GDH (IC(50) = 0.19 microm). The G456A mutation abolished the cooperative behavior of the enzyme, as revealed by the GTP inhibitory curves. The catalytic and kinetic properties of the G456A mutant and its activation by ADP were comparable with those of the wild type GDH. Gly-456 lies in a very tightly packed region of the GDH molecule, and its replacement by Ala may lead to steric clashes with neighboring amino acids. These, in turn, may affect the conformational state of the protein that is essential for the allosteric regulation of the enzyme by GTP.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗