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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Measurements of the local convective heat flux in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

A systematic study of the local convective heat transport in turbulent thermal convection is carried out in small-aspect-ratio cells filled with water. The local convective heat flux is obtained from the simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements over varying Rayleigh numbers and spatial positions across the entire convection cell. Large fluctuations of the local convective heat flux are found mainly in the vertical direction and they are determined primarily by the thermal plumes in the system. The experiment reveals the spatial distribution of the local convective heat flux in a closed cell and thus settles a long-debated issue on how heat is transported in small-aspect-ratio cells.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Preventing hypothermia: convective and intravenous fluid warming versus convective warming alone.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that warming intravenous (i.v.) fluids in conjunction with convective warming results in less intraoperative hypothermia (core temperature < 36.0 degrees C) than that seen with convective warming alone. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University affiliated tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 61 ASA physical status, I, II, and III adults undergoing major surgery and general anesthesia with isoflurane. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received convective warming. Group 1 patients received warmed fluids (setpoint 42 degrees C). Group 2 patients received room temperature fluids (approximately 21 degrees C). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Lowest and final intraoperative distal esophageal temperatures were higher (p < 0.05) in Group 1 (mean +/- SEM: 35.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 36.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C) versus Group 2 (35.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 36.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C, respectively). Compared with Group 1, more Group 2 patients were hypothermic at the end of anesthesia (10 of 26 patients, or 38.5% vs. 4 of 30 patients, or 13%; p < 0.05). After 30 minutes in the recovery room, there were no differences in temperature between groups (36.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 36.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C in Groups 1 and 2, respectively). Intraoperative cessation of convective warming because of core temperature greater than 37 degrees C was required in 33% of Group 1 patients (vs. 11.5% in Group 2; p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of convective and fluid warming was associated with a decreased likelihood of patients leaving the operating room hypothermic. However, average final temperatures were greater than 36 degrees C in both groups, and intergroup differences were small. Care must be taken to avoid overheating the patient when both warming modalities are employed together.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

On-off convection: Noise-induced intermittency near the convection threshold.

A phenomenological nonlinear stochastic model of intermittency experimentally observed by Behn, Lange, and John [Phys. Rev. E 58, 2047 (1998)] in the electrohydrodynamic convection in nematics under dichotomous noise is proposed. This has the structure of the two-dimensional Swift-Hohenberg equation for local convection variable with fluctuating threshold. Numerical integration of the model equation shows intermittent emergence of convective pattern. Its statistics are found to obey those known, so far, for on-off intermittency. In the course of time, although the pattern intensity changes intermittently, no evident pattern change is observed. Adding additive noise, we observe an intermittent change of convective pattern.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Absolute and convective instabilities of natural convection flow in boundary-layer regime.

The spatiotemporal instability of the buoyancy-driven flow adjacent to a vertically heated wall, which is immersed in thermally stratified medium, is studied theoretically and numerically. The temperature gradients ratio between the wall and the ambient fluid is shown to lead to rich scenario of absolute-convective instability transitions. The direct numerical simulations consistent with the theoretical prediction are presented. The supercritical steady state, found in previous simulations of the natural convection in vertically heated square cavity, is explained in terms of the convective instability, and the nonlinear effect on the convectively unstable waves is discussed as well.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Convective rolls and heat transfer in finite-length rayleigh-Benard convection: A two-dimensional numerical study

A two-dimensional (2D) numerical study using a single-point algebraic k-straight theta;(2)-varepsilon-varepsilon(straight theta) turbulence closure was performed to detect the existence, origin, creation and behavior of convective rolls and associated wall Nusselt (Nu) number variation in thermal convection in 2D horizontal slender enclosures heated from below. The study covered the Rayleigh (Ra) numbers from 10(5) to 10(12) and aspect ratios from 4:1 to 32:1. The time evolution of the convective rolls and the formation of the corner vortices were analyzed using numerical flow visualization, and the correlation between roll structures and heat transfer established. A major consequence of the imposed two dimensionality appeared in the persistence of regular roll structures at higher Ra numbers that approach a steady state for all configurations considered. This finding contradicts the full three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS), large eddy simulations (LES), and three-dimensional transient Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (TRANS) computations, which all show continuously changing unsteady patterns. However, the final-stage roll structures, long-term averaged mean temperature and turbulence moments, and the Nusselt number (both local and integral), are all reproduced in good agreement with the ensemble-averaged 3D DNS, TRANS, and several recent experimental results. These findings justified the 2D approach as an acceptable method for ensemble average analysis of fully 3D flows with at least one homogeneous direction. Based on our 2D computations and adopting the low and high Ra number asymptotic power laws of Grossmann and Lohse [J. Fluid Mech. 407, 27 (2000)], new prefactors in the Nu-Ra correlation for Pr=O(1) were proposed that fit better several sets of data over a wide range of Ra numbers and aspect ratios: Nu=0.1Ra(1/4)+0.05Ra(1/3). Even better agreement of our computations was achieved with the new correlation Nu=0.124 Ra0.309 proposed recently by Niemela et al. [Nature (London) 404, 837 (2000)] for 10(6)</=Ra</=10(17).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Stabilizing the absolutely or convectively unstable homogeneous solutions of reaction-convection-diffusion systems.

We study the problem of stabilization of a homogeneous solution in a two-variable reaction-convection-diffusion one-dimensional system with oscillatory kinetics, in which moving or stationary patterns emerge in the absence of control. We propose to use a formal spatially weighted feedback control to suppress patterns in an absolutely or convectively unstable system and pinning control for a convectively unstable system. The latter approach is very effective and may require only one actuator to adjust feed conditions. In the former approach, the positive diagonal elements of the appropriate dynamics matrix are shifted to the left-hand part of the complex plane to ensure linear (asymptotic) stability of the system according to Gershgorin criterion. Moreover, we construct a controller that (with many actuators) will approach the global stability of the solution, according to Liapunov's direct method. We apply two alternative approaches to reveal the unstable modes: an approximate one that is based on linear stability analysis of an unbounded system, and an exact one that uses a traditional eigenstructure analysis of bounded systems. The number of required actuators increases dramatically with system size and with the distance from the bifurcation point. The methodology is developed for a system with learning cubic kinetics and is tested on a more realistic cross-flow reactor model.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Absolute and convective instabilities of the natural convection in a vertical heated slot

The spatiotemporal instability of a natural convection flow in vertical heated slot is studied theoretically. The two unstable modes, secondary cell and traveling wave, are illustrated to be absolute and convective instabilities, respectively. Using a model to simulate the temperature gradient in the center of the slot, we propose an interpretation of the mechanism controlling the reverse transition of flow patterns, and explain the temperature fluctuation observed after the reverse transition in terms of the traveling wave mode.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Convective roll dynamics in liquid 4He near the onset of convection.

We present results of experiments on Rayleigh-Bénard convection in liquid 4He at several temperatures. We show visually that with carefully defined boundary conditions the basic convection state consists of parallel rolls which are aligned in one of two directions, the angle thus defined as being temperature dependent and we attempt to explain this behavior. We also show directly the skew-varicose instability acting on the basic state and correlate it with fluctuations in the temperature difference across the fluid layer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Drainage induced convection rolls in foams I. Convective bubble motion in a tilted tube.

When liquid is added to a foam at sufficiently large flow rates, convective bubble motion will occur. Experiments are described in which the foam is confined in a tube which is tilted from the vertical. The theory of foam drainage is applied to this problem to show that the critical angle of tilt theta(c) at which convection occurs is related to the liquid flow-rate Q by theta(c) proportional to Q(-3/4).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Effect of increased convective clearance by on-line hemodiafiltration on all cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients - the Dutch CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST): rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN38365125].

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) is related to the accumulation of uremic toxins in the middle and large-middle molecular weight range. As online hemodiafiltration (HDF) removes these molecules more effectively than standard hemodialysis (HD), it has been suggested that online HDF improves survival and cardiovascular outcome. Thus far, no conclusive data of HDF on target organ damage and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are available. Therefore, the CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) has been initiated. METHODS: CONTRAST is a Dutch multi-center randomised controlled trial. In this trial, approximately 800 chronic hemodialysis patients will be randomised between online HDF and low-flux HD, and followed for three years. The primary endpoint is all cause mortality. The main secondary outcome variables are fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The study is designed to provide conclusive evidence whether online HDF leads to a lower mortality and less cardiovascular events as compared to standard HD.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

[The physiological mechanisms of the adaptation of metal workers to exposure to elevated convection and combined radiant and convection heat].

Metallurgists exposed to exceeding amounts of radiant heat and convection heat combined with the radiant one demonstrate such general physiologic adaptational mechanisms as: reflectory tachycardia, intensive sweating, heat conducting to the skin surface of the body, abruptly increased minute respiratory volume and possible filtrative sweating. Furthermore heavy physical work induced the extremely abrupt tachycardia, the increased systolic and pulse pressure, systolic and cardiac output, total ventilation per minute. The recommendations were suggested to prevent overheating in workers.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Convection-enhanced delivery in intact and lesioned peripheral nerve.

OBJECT: Although the use of multiple agents is efficacious in animal models of peripheral nerve injury, translation to clinical applications remains wanting. Previous agents used in trials in humans either engendered severe side effects or were ineffective. Because the blood-central nervous system barrier exists in nerves as it does in the brain, limited drug delivery poses a problem for translation of basic science advances into clinical applications. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a promising adjunct to current therapies for peripheral nerve injury. In the present study the authors assessed the capacity of convection to ferry macromolecules across sites of nerve injury in rat and primate models, examined the functional effects of convection on the intact nerve, and investigated the possibility of delivering a macromolecule to the spinal cord via retrograde convection from a peripherally introduced catheter. METHODS: The authors developed a rodent model of convective delivery to lesioned sciatic nerves (injury due to crush or laceration in 76 nerves) and compared the results to a smaller series of five primates with similar injuries. In the intact nerve, convective delivery of vehicle generated only a transient neurapraxic deficit. Early after injury (postinjury Days 1, 3, 7, and 10), infusion failed to cross the site of injury in crushed or lacerated nerves. Fourteen days after crush injury, CED of radioactively-labeled albumin resulted in perfusion through the site of injury to distal growing neurites. In primates, successful convection through the site of crush injury occurred by postinjury Day 28. In contrast, in laceration models there was complete occlusion of the extracellular space to convective distribution at the site of laceration and repair, and convective distribution in the extracellular space crossed the site of injury only after there was histological evidence of completion of nerve regeneration. Finally, in two primates, retrograde infusion into the spinal cord through a peripheral nerve was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Convection provides a safe and effective means to deliver macromolecules to regenerating neurites in crush-injured peripheral nerves. Convection block in lacerated and suture-repaired nerves indicates a significant intraneural obstruction of the extracellular space. a disruption that suggests an anatomical obstruction to extracellular and, possibly, intraaxonal flow, which may impair nerve regeneration. Through peripheral retrograde infusion, convection can be used for delivery to spinal cord gray matter. Convection-enhanced delivery provides a promising approach to distribute therapeutic agents to targeted sites for treatment of disorders of the nerve and spinal cord.

Albumins↗
PubMed2005

Multiplicity of nonlinear thermal convection in a spherical shell.

Linear and weakly nonlinear thermal convection in a moderately thin spherical shell in the presence of a spherically symmetric gravity subject to a spherically symmetric boundary condition is systematically investigated through fully three-dimensional numerical simulations. The convection problem is self-adjoint and the linear convective stability is characterized by l, the degree of a spherical harmonics Yml (theta,phi). While the radial structure of the linear convection is determined by the stability analysis, there exists a (2l + 1)-fold degeneracy in the horizontal structure of the spherical convection. When l = O(10) , i.e., in a moderately thin spherical shell, the removal or partial removal of the degeneracy represents a mathematically difficult, physically not well-understood problem. By starting with carefully chosen initial conditions, we are able to obtain a variety of nonlinear convective flows at exactly the same parameters near the onset of convection, including steady axisymmetric convection, steady azimuthally periodic convection, steady azimuthally nonperiodic convection, equatorially asymmetric convection, and steady convection in the form of a single giant spiral roll covering the whole spherical shell which is stable and robust for a wide range of the Prandtl number.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The effect of convection on the nutritional status of haemodialysis patients.

Malnutrition, defined as insufficient protein-calorie intake, is highly prevalent in haemodialysis (HD) patients. It is commonly associated with decreased body weight, depleted energy stores (fat tissue) and loss of somatic proteins. It has been suggested that there may be at least two fundamentally different types of malnutrition in HD patients. The first is related to low protein and energy intake. This type of malnutrition may be amenable to adequate nutritional and dialysis support. In contrast, the second type of malnutrition is associated with inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (MIA syndrome). This type of malnutrition is much more difficult to reverse with nutritional support and dialysis therapy, unless the underlying co-morbid conditions and chronic inflammatory response are treated adequately. There is no single measurement which can be used to determine the presence of malnutrition. Therefore, a panel of measurements is recommended, including a measure of body composition, a measure of dietary protein intake and at least one measure of serum protein status. Therapeutic interventions in malnutrition of HD patients include dietary prescription, correction of metabolic acidosis, therapeutic intervention for co-morbidities, an adequate dose of dialysis and finally interventions on dialysis techniques, membrane and dialysate quality. It is a widespread belief that convective treatments give a clinical advantage over standard diffusive HD, when considering the physiological outcomes, such as haemodynamic instability. Since convective treatments are usually performed utilizing synthetic biocompatible membranes, it is very difficult to separate the effects of convection from those of biocompatibility on a given outcome, e.g. the nutritional status of HD patients. There are, to date, no prospective randomized clinical trials with sufficient power in which the effects of convective therapies on the nutritional status of HD patients were compared with those of other dialysis modalities. Morbidity and mortality of HD patients are strictly associated, but not necessarily linked by a cause-effect relationship to some nutritional parameters, notably serum albumin levels. Thus, as the presence of malnutrition is one of the strongest predictors of mortality, the crucial point is to demonstrate the superiority of convective treatments over standard diffusive HD on hard outcomes: morbidity and mortality. Even though almost all available studies support the hypothesis that convection and high-flux biocompatible membranes are associated with reduced morbidity and mortality risks, there is, to date, no absolute proof showing a cause-effect relationship between convection and high-flux biocompatible membranes and the outcome of HD patients. In conclusion, convective therapies offer the opportunity for as yet unrivalled small and/or middle molecular clearance. Regarding short-term complications, there is ample evidence for the fact that haemodynamic stability is better maintained during haemofiltration than during standard HD. Although a beneficial effect of convective therapies was suggested mainly in uncontrolled studies, as far as the nutritional status, the morbidity and the mortality of HD patients are concerned, there appears to be a shortage of well-controlled prospective randomized clinical trials with sufficient power assessing the potential merits of convection.

Convection↗
PubMed2004

Convective air warming is more effective than resistive heating in an experimental model with a water dummy.

Trauma patients with accidental hypothermia have adverse outcomes when compared with normothermic patients. Studies with a small number of mild hypothermic volunteers suggested that convective warming is more effective than warming with 12 volt resistive heating blankets. In a laboratory study, we compared the warming effectiveness of two electric blankets and convective air warming. The average speed of convective rewarming during anaesthesia in patients is approximately 0.6 degree C per hour. Accordingly, calibration of the dummy was performed with increasing amounts of water during convective warming until we reached a temperature gain of 0.6 degree C per hour. The following warming experiments were performed: 12 volt electric warming blanket (SH6012, Hella); 12 volt electric warming blanket (Thermamed, whole-body blanket); convective air warming (Warm Touch, Mallinckrodt, whole-body blanket). Each experiment was repeated four times. The temperature development was measured and recorded online. Convective warming increased the dummy temperature 0.6 degree C per hour, Thermamed 0.3 degree C per hour (P<0.001 versus convective warming) and two Hella blankets 0.2 degree C per hour (P<0.001 versus convective warming). Our laboratory investigation confirmed the superiority of convective warming over resistive heating. Efforts should be made to incorporate convective warming into the out-of-hospital treatment of trauma patients.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed1999

Diffusive and convective solute clearances during continuous renal replacement therapy at various dialysate and ultrafiltration flow rates.

Clearances of several solutes (urea, creatinine, phosphate, urates, beta(2)-microglobulin [beta(2)-M]) were measured during venovenous continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) at various ultrafiltration (Q(UF); 0 to 2 L/h) and dialysate flow rates (Q(D); 0 to 2.5 L/h). Preset Multiflow-60 and Multiflow-100 hollow-fiber dialysers (M-60 and M-100; Hospal-Gambro, St-Leonard, Canada) were compared (five patients for each type). First, we evaluated the impact of predilution on convective clearances: a progressive decrease in patient clearances, similar for both filters, was observed, reaching a maximum of 15%, 18%, and 19% for urea, urates, and creatinine, respectively, with predilution at a Q(UF) of 2 L/h. Second, we compared convective and diffusive clearances. Because effluent to plasma ratio (E/P) remained at 1 for small solutes (urea, creatinine, phosphate, urates) during convection, clearances were equal to the effluent rate for both dialyzers. However, we observed greater diffusive clearances for small molecules with M-100 than with M-60 at a Q(D) of 1.5 to 2.5 L/h, the difference being more significant as molecular weight increased. For beta(2)-M, diffusive clearance was very low and rapidly reached a plateau of 8 and 12 mL/min for M-60 and M-100, respectively, at a Q(D) greater than 1.5 L/h. Convective clearances for beta(2)-M increased nonlinearly up to 20 +/- 2 mL/min at a progressively greater Q(UF) (from 0.5 to 2 L/h) for both M-60 and M-100. This nonlinear increase was attributed to an increase of almost 40% in E/P for beta(2)-M from a Q(UF) of 0.5 to 2 L/h. Third, the interaction between convection and diffusion was assessed by measuring solute clearances at a fixed Q(UF) (1 and 2 L/h) and variable Q(D) (0.5 to 2.5 L/h). For small molecules, no significant interaction between convection and diffusion was noticed with M-100, whereas only a small interaction was noticed with M-60. However, for beta(2)-M, the addition of diffusion (Q(D), 0.5 to 2.5 L/h) did not result in any significant increase in total clearances over convective clearances for M-60 and M-100. This observation suggests that the diffusive clearances for beta(2)-M observed with M-60 and M-100 at a Q(UF) of 0 L/h and at various Q(D) probably occurs by convective fluxes across the membrane. These results demonstrate that convection is more efficient than diffusion in removing mixed-molecular-weight solutes during CRRT.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2002

Formation of large-scale semiorganized structures in turbulent convection.

A new mean-field theory of turbulent convection is developed by considering only the small-scale part of spectra as "turbulence" and the large-scale part, as a "mean flow," which includes both regular and semiorganized motions. The developed theory predicts the convective wind instability in a shear-free turbulent convection. This instability causes formation of large-scale semiorganized fluid motions in the form of cells. Spatial characteristics of these motions, such as the minimum size of the growing perturbations and the size of perturbations with the maximum growth rate, are determined. This study predicts also the existence of the convective shear instability in a sheared turbulent convection. This instability causes formation of large-scale rolls and generation of convective shear waves which have a nonzero hydrodynamic helicity. Increase of shear promotes excitation of the convective shear instability. Applications of the obtained results to the atmospheric turbulent convection and the laboratory experiments on turbulent convection are discussed.

Journal Article↗