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Results for “Contraceptive Usage--determinants”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

A study of the cognitive aspects of sexual decision making in adolescent females.

A comprehensive sexuality questionnaire was administered to 37 females, ages 13 through 16 years, who attended clinics for routine health care. Subjects completed standardized scales of self-concept, locus of control, and future orientation. They also were given a short battery of standardized cognitive tests. Three groups were identified: Group 1 was sexually active and using contraception reliably, Group 2 was not using contraception reliably, and Group 3 had not been sexually active. Group 1 adolescents had higher scores on the vocabulary subtest of the WISC-R (F = 3.4, p less than .05) than did Group 2 adolescents, over and above the effect of socioeconomic status (SES). Group 1 subjects had higher scores on knowledge of sex and contraception than did Group 2 (F = 3.3, p less than .05). Group 1 had more internal locus of control (F = 7.0, p less than .005) than did Group 2 over and above the effect of SES. Mean scores for Group 3 adolescents were intermediate and not significantly different. The findings suggest that cognitive factors may influence contraceptive behavior in adolescent females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Sexual and reproductive life events in relation to duration of oral contraceptive use.

In order to disclose differences between users and non-users of oral contraceptives (OC), 620 women aged 15-54 were invited to participate in an in depth interview about sexual, contraceptive, and reproductive life events. Of the 585 women who participated, 459 were consecutive gynecological in- or outpatients, and 126 were selected from visitors in general practice. Data was analysed by multivariate test statistics. After correction for present age and social class, the duration of use of OC (DOC) among women 15-34 years of age correlated negatively to age at menarche and coital debut and positively to number of sexual partners, oral-genital sexual practice, and number of pelvic inflammatory diseases. Among women over 35, DOC was positively associated only to cigarette smoking. No correlation was found to coital frequency (whether earlier, present or during pregnancy or menstruation), number of births and abortions, or to social classification. In epidemiological research on benefits and risks of oral contraceptives, confounding influence of one or more variables is of crucial importance. The present findings point at sexual and life-style habits as potential confounders in the study of OC and associated diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Contraceptive use projections: 1990 to 2010.

Factors that will affect both contraceptive use and choice of method during the next 20 years are reviewed. Two factors are predictable: the changing age distribution of women and the revised upper-age limits for oral contraceptive use, with the effect of the latter as yet unknown. Less predictable factors include the number of women in each age group at risk for pregnancy, the effects of delayed childbearing and sterilization, and the impact of new contraceptive methods. Unpredictable factors include adverse publicity about oral contraceptives and breast cancer, concern about sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and changes in the availability of legal abortion. Numbers of women using oral contraception, other reversible methods, sterilization, and no method are projected from 1990 to 2010 under the assumption that use patterns in each age group resemble those observed in 1988. We conclude that discrepancies between projections of contraceptive use and fact are likely to occur because of the unpredictable nature of these few important variables.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1992

Determinants of current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women at the highest risk of pregnancy.

This study uses data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) of 1988 to examine factors determining the continued low levels of contraceptive use in Ghana. The women currently using efficient contraception are those who have sexual intercourse regularly, who discuss family planning with their partner, whose husbands approve of the use of family planning, and who live in the northern sector of the country. The finding that husband's approval is an important determinant of efficient contraceptive use has significant policy implications for Ghana and other African countries, to motivate both husbands and wives to share fertility control responsibilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sexual behavior and contraceptive risk taking among sexually active adolescent females.

Drawing on DeLamater's conceptual model of premarital contraceptive activity, this study assessed the relationships between various social, developmental, and behavioral variables and contraceptive risk taking by sexually active adolescent females. The hypotheses were tested on a national random sample of unmarried sexually active adolescent females (n = 1512) ages 15-20 years from Cycle III of the National Survey of Family Growth. The number of years the subjects had been sexually active was the strongest predictor of their frequency of sexual intercourse, followed by their frequency of attendance at religious services. The inverse relationship between religious attendance and coital frequency was much stronger among whites than blacks. When the influence of these variables on contraceptive risk taking was assessed, coital frequency explained 7.2% of the variation in contraceptive risk taking, with the number of years the adolescent had been dating explaining a small amount of additional variation. Our data support not only the first stage of DeLamater's conceptual model of premarital contraceptive activity, but also aspects of Jessor's more general theory of adolescent risk taking and problem behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Contraceptive behavior among sexually active Hispanic adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine those factors associated with the contraceptive behavior of a national representative sample of Hispanic female adolescents. The subjects included all (n = 85) unmarried, sexually active Hispanic women, aged 15 to 19, from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraceptive behavior was measured on a normalized scale, ranging from oral contraceptives to no contraception. Mexican/American and Central/South American background females were more likely (p less than 0.031) to use effective birth control than Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Hispanic background subjects. Twenty additional social, behavioral, and demographic variables were found to be significantly associated (p less than 0.05) with contraceptive behavior. Based on multiple regression analysis, seven of these variables were found to explain 62% (p less than 0.0001) of the variation in the contraceptive behavior of this sample. Poorer contraceptive behavior was associated with noncompliance with the initial birth control method used (33.8%), lower coital frequency (8.3%), older postmenarchial age (5.7%), failure to use birth control at first coitus (4.6%), fewer years dating (4.0%), lower frequency of church attendance (3.3%), and never having experienced a pregnancy scare (2.0%). These findings suggest that the contraceptive behavior of Hispanic female adolescents is a dynamic process that can be understood in the context of previous sexual and contraceptive behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Predictors of condom use in sexually active adolescents.

Unprotected sexual intercourse places a substantial number of adolescents at risk for sexually transmitted disease (STD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While the most effective means of preventing STD/HIV infection among sexually active adolescents is consistent condom use, little is known about the factors that influence their consistent use among adolescents. This study of adolescents (n = 1049, mean age = 16.2 years) found that of the 266 teens who recently became sexually active, only 29% reported using condoms consistently. Consistent condom use was more frequent in males, those with little history of risk behavior and those with stronger intentions to use condoms in the future. Fear and anxiety of HIV, attitudes about risks other than HIV, and other safe behavior intentions were not significantly related to consistent condom use. Although intentions and recent behavior were significantly related, a different group of factors was found to predict intention to use condoms (e.g., perception of condom use by friends, general impulsive attitudes). Identifying and understanding the factors that influence adolescent sexual behavior and intentions is important for developing maximally effective HIV education/prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sexual intercourse, contraception, and risk-taking behavior among unselected French adolescents aged 11-20 years.

An epidemiological study was carried out among 4,255 adolescents, aged 11-19 years, randomly selected from secondary schools in a northern urban area of France. The questionnaire concerned sexual activity, contraception, health status, licit and illicit drug consumption, and other risk-taking behavior. A total of 31% of the adolescents had had sexual relations (43% of the boys, 20% of the girls). Sexual activity increased with age. A large majority (70%) of the sexually active adolescents used some form of contraception. The study confirms the relationship between smoking, drinking, illicit drug consumption, and sexual activity, but shows that contraceptive behavior is not related to problem behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Contraceptive practice of Irish married and single first-time mothers.

This study surveys 100 married and 100 unmarried primiparous mothers, attending the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, with regard to their contraceptive practice, their planning of their pregnancy and the timing of their first antenatal visit. Nineteen per cent of the married women, but 64% of the unmarried women, had never used any contraceptive method. The contraceptive pill was the most popular method for both groups, but while three in five of the married women had at some time used the pill, only a little more than one in five of the unmarried women had ever used it. One quarter of the women who had used contraception reported that their pregnancy was the result of a failure in their contraceptive method. Eighty-nine per cent of the single group and 20% of the married had not planned their pregnancy. None of the married women, but almost a quarter of the single, delayed their first antenatal visit until after they were 20 weeks pregnant.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Effect of child survival on contraceptive use in Bangladesh.

A study in Bangladesh showed that couples who lost a child often stopped practising contraception in order to have another child. Logistic regression analysis revealed that contraceptive continuation was related to maternal age, parity, husband's education and the sex of the last child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Factors influencing selected heterosexual male college students' condom use.

This study assessed selected heterosexual male college students' use of condoms, their reasons for using condoms, and their attitudes toward sexuality and condoms. Three hundred five male subjects completed a questionnaire that assessed class standing, marital status, reasons for using condoms, number of recent sexual partners, intention to use condoms, and attitudes toward sexuality and condoms. Although no relationship between attitudes toward sexuality and attitudes toward condoms was noted, a negative correlation (-.42) was found between attitude toward condoms and intention to use condoms within the next month if the subject were to have intercourse during that time. Recommendations for increasing condom use are presented.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Context and content: the impact of school-leaving and school-based health education on AIDS-relevant cognitions.

A survey examined health beliefs and intentions among 690 16-18 year-olds in Dundee. Respondents in the younger cohort (n = 363) were classified according to their educational situation (at school vs left) and self-reports of having received AIDS/HIV-relevant health education. Both remaining in school and receiving AIDS/HIV-relevant health education had independent beneficial effects, but the effects of leaving school also interacted with sex of respondent and with amount of relevant education received prior to leaving. Males' and females' reliance on mass media and other information sources diverged once they left school, indicating that males who leave school early are most likely to disregard useful or important information regarding AIDS. Consistent with this finding, leaving school reduced the difference between males' and females' intention to use condoms with a new partner. The beneficial impact of having previously received AIDS/HIV-relevant education on beliefs concerning the controllability of the epidemic and on feeling worried about everyday contact with a person with HIV/AIDS, was most marked among those who had left school. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for health education strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants and effects of waiting time to coitus.

Nonuse of contraception at first intercourse among adolescents is well documented in the adolescent sexuality research literature. This study provides a formal test of the hypothesis that an increase in the courtship period (i.e., waiting time to intercourse) increases the likelihood that a couple will discuss contraception and use it at first intercourse. The data analyzed are from personal interviews with 1,314 women aged 20-29 in the 1983 National Survey of Unmarried Women. The results are mixed about the effect of waiting time on contraceptive behavior, providing weak support for the hypothesis, but also elucidating individual and relative characteristics of the couples, such as age and education of the respective partners, that affected contraceptive behavior at first intercourse. Support for the hypothesis may prove more robust in data with different characteristics from the survey used here.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

STD patients' knowledge about AIDS and attitudes toward condom use.

Patients (N = 71) from a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in an urban setting were surveyed to determine their knowledge about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and attitudes toward condom use. Overall knowledge scores were high with a mean score of 22 on the 28-item true-false questionnaire. No statistical significance was found between AIDS-knowledge scores and condom-use behavior. The majority of subjects or their partners had STD symptoms and multiple partners within a 6-month period. Thirty percent of the respondents reported using condoms at least 25% of the time. In response to open-ended statements about condoms, 10 beliefs were mentioned most frequently. The majority of subjects reported protection against sexually transmitted disease and preventing pregnancy as the most important reasons for condom use. "Avoids getting AIDS" only ranked as the eighth most salient belief and few subjects with multiple partners in the previous 6-month period even cited this belief. Other significant beliefs about condom use included decreased feeling, worry about breakage, decreased pleasure for partner, uncomfortable, feeling safe, inconvenient, and not romantic. The most significant referent (normative belief) influencing condom-use decision making was "mother" in younger subjects and "sexual partner" for older subjects. The sexual partner had unfavorable attitudes toward condom use. These results indicate the need to incorporate attitudes and normative beliefs to change condom-use behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use in Matlab, Bangladesh: the role of gender preference.

Research in several Asian societies has suggested that sons are generally preferred over daughters. The implications of gender preferences for actual fertility behavior have not been adequately investigated, however. This analysis examines the effect of the sex composition of surviving children on the acceptance and discontinuation of contraception in a sample of 3,145 women in Matlab, Bangladesh, who were observed for 60 months. Hazards regression analyses are employed in the analysis. Strong and highly significant effects of gender preference on contraceptive use are observed. The preference is not monotonically son-biased but is moderated toward a balanced composition, because parents desire to have several sons and at least one daughter. These findings suggest that gender preferences, particularly a preference for sons, represent a significant barrier to fertility regulation in rural Bangladesh.

Bangladesh↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tailoring family planning services to the special needs of adolescents.

Experimental service protocols tailored to the needs of teenage family planning patients were developed that emphasized indepth counseling, education geared to an adolescent's level of development, and the provision of reassurance and social support. These protocols were tested against usual service delivery practices in a study involving 1,261 patients under 18 years of age at six nonmetropolitan family planning clinics. A comparison with teenagers obtaining services at control sites found that six months after their first clinic visit, patients at the experimental sites were more likely to be using a method, were less likely to experience difficulty in dealing with problems, were more likely to continue using their method despite problems and had learned more during the educational session. Teenage patients at the experimental clinics were also less likely to have become pregnant within one year than those who went to control clinics. Attrition during the year following the first study visit was similar among both groups; patient satisfaction was very high, and equivalent at experimental and control sites. The data show that the extra time and effort required to meet the special needs of teenagers is justified by their improved contraceptive use, greater knowledge and lower pregnancy rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Fertility on the US-Mexico border.

Using Bongaarts' model, the relative importance of the proximate determinants of fertility is explored in five populations on the US-Mexico border. For the groups closest to natural fertility (the two Mexican groups), lactation, use of contraception, and marriage all were moderately important in terms of their direct effect on fertility. For the group with lowest fertility (Anglo-American), contraceptive use was an important factor inhibiting fertility; marriage was important but not nearly as important as contraceptive use. For the two US Mexican-American groups, contraceptive use was an important intermediate variable, not as important as for Anglo-Americans, but more important than it was for the two populations in Mexico. The proportion married was a moderately important factor for the Mexican-American groups. For these five populations the principal differences in fertility rates result from substantial differences in the use of effective contraception. Bongaarts' model proved very useful as an analytical framework in this study.

Adolescent↗