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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Women's choice between indigenous and Western contraception in urban Mozambique.

Research on women's reproductive behavior and family planning in developing countries is usually focused on western contraceptive methods and rarely addresses indigenous contraception, such as herbs, amulets, and charms that are believed to prevent pregnancy. However, the available data demonstrate that indigenous contraception is widely known, and its prevalence often rivals that of western methods. Based on qualitative data collected in Greater Maputo, Mozambique, in 1993, this study explores and analyzes women's choice between western methods-mainly oral contraceptives, intra-uterine devices and injectables-available from state-run family planning clinics, and indigenous contraception, a combination of herbal and magical medicine, provided by traditional healers. The study demonstrates that women's choice between the two types of methods is determined by their sociodemographic characteristics and cultural background, access to these methods, perceptions of the effectiveness and undesirable side-effects of these methods, and by restrictions imposed by the providers. Although indigenous methods may not compete with western contraception in the long run, their present-day persistence warrants the attention of scholars and policymakers who intend to integrate women's concerns and constraints in the design of family planning systems.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1999

Knowledge on lactational amenorrhoea and contraception in Kocaeli, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge of women about lactational amenorrhoea and contraceptive properties of breastfeeding. DESIGN: A prospective, randomised descriptive study. SETTING: Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. SUBJECTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and twenty-two women in their reproductive ages. INTERVENTION: A questionnaire was filled by doctors or nurses during face to face interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: There was significantly less knowledge for the importance of frequency and duration of suckling (p < 0.0001). The education increases the knowledge of lactational amenorrhoea as a interruptus contraceptive method. RESULTS: More than fifty-three per cent of women were using one of the modern contraceptive methods, 23.86% were using natural methods and 22.78% not using any family planning method. Intrauterine devices (30.15%), coitus interuptus (21.69%) and condom (16.48%) were the most common contraceptive methods. Nearly fifty-two per cent of women were not aware of the contraceptive property of breastfeeding, 25.68% of women knew lactation had a protective effect from pregnancy, 48.16%, did not know the importance of frequency and duration of suckling on fertility reducing effect of lactation. CONCLUSION: The level of knowledge on lactational amenorrhoea and frequency of suckling was significantly low in our study, especially in the illiterate group. Since efficacy of natural family planning depends on the compliance of women, education of women about lactation is very important. Family planning programmes should be focussed on breastfeeding and type of breastfeeding practices used, especially where there are no contraceptive alternatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive practice in the United States, 1982-1988.

Use of oral contraceptives by married women declined markedly between 1973 and 1982, but analysis of data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth shows that this decline stopped between 1982 and 1988. Reliance on female sterilization continued to increase, however, and it remained the leading method among currently married and formerly married women. Among women of all marital statuses, IUD use dropped by two-thirds between 1982 and 1988, from 2.2 million to 0.7 million women. As the proportion of less-educated, low-income, black and Hispanic contraceptive users choosing the IUD decreased, the proportion relying on female sterilization increased. Among college-educated white women, use of female sterilization did not increase; instead, pill use rose in this group. Condom use increased most sharply among teenagers and rose among never-married white and black women, but the pill was still the leading method by far in these groups, regardless of race. Among never-married black women, reliance on sterilization increased significantly between 1982 and 1988, with female sterilization becoming the second leading method. Use of the diaphragm declined sharply over the same period among never-married white women and among those who intended to have more children, as did use of periodic abstinence (rhythm and natural family planning) and foam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Measuring university student satisfaction with a campus family planning clinic in Costa Rica.

Family planning clinics for university students play a valuable role in promoting health. This research project, a pilot study among women students who sought family planning services through a Costa Rican university clinic, introduced student evaluation of the family planning clinic, documented services provided in family planning visits, and identified issues for further study. Aged 18-33 years, the 53 respondents (a convenient sample) who completed a self-administered questionnaire were mostly (64%) single; all were sexually active; and 78% wished to have children (or more children) some day. Though all were sexually active at the time of their visit, only 62% were currently using contraception, and fewer than half of these were using effective methods. Nearly all students (96%) reported they learned new information during their appointment, and many received screening tests and examinations. Respondents rated their satisfaction with aspects of clinic service as high, citing the clinic's low visibility on campus as the most important area for improvement. All of the students said they would definitely return (85%) or would consider returning (15%). The results support the continuance of such a clinic on the campus, as well as of the practice of student evaluation. This collaborative study demonstrated areas for future research and stimulated interest in the university clinic as a research setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Contraceptive and sexual behavior of black female adolescents. A test of a social-psychological theoretical model.

To test a previous theoretical model, we studied the relationships between social, attitude, and psychological factors and adolescent contraceptive behavior over a 6-month period. A pretested questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 115 black females aged 12 to 18 years from a low socioeconomic population. Six months after the initial interview 113 of the subjects were administered a second questionnaire assessing their sexual and contraceptive behavior. Based on regression analysis, previous pregnancy and coital frequency explained 12.7% (p less than or equal to 0.0001) of the variation in engaging in unprotected coitus. When controlling for sexual activity, birth control knowledge and previous broken appointments explained an additional 5.5% of variation in the regression model (total R2 = 0.185). Coital frequency of the subjects was positively associated with Tanner stage, length of the relationship, effectiveness of previous contraceptive method(s), and degree of birth control knowledge. Coital frequency was inversely associated with a negative attitude toward pregnancy and negative parental attitudes toward adolescent pregnancy. The perceived risk of pregnancy was positively correlated with coital frequency and previous pregnancy. These findings support our model, but suggest that among low socioeconomic black female adolescents the interpretation of several model components depends on the subjects' attitude toward pregnancy and her perception of her parent's attitude toward adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Contraceptive status and sexual function of climacteric Chinese women.

The objective of the present survey was to assess the contraceptive status and sexual function of climacteric Chinese women. One cross-sectional study randomly recruited 742 premenopausal, perimenopausal, and naturally menopausal women aged 45-55 years from Beijing. Contraceptive methods were used by 75.6% of premenopausal and 54.2% of perimenopausal women. The primary methods were the IUD and barrier method. The women's choices of methods were related to parity and frequency of sexual activities. Sexual activity was related to the satisfaction of contraceptive methods. Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were about half as likely to enjoy sexual activity and to experience orgasms than premenopausal women. Women of higher socioeconomic status had a lower risk for decreased sexual functioning. The IUD was the most popular and the most appropriate contraceptive method for perimenopausal women. Sexual function was associated with the women's satisfaction with the contraceptive method used, their menopausal status, and their socioeconomic class.

China↗
PubMed1999

Contraceptive use in Australia: evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey.

This paper analyses the patterns of contraceptive use among Australian women, using data from the 1995 National Health Survey. More than 44% of all women aged 18-49 years reported using a method of contraception. Among users, the 2 most commonly reported methods were the pill (60%) and condom (27%); IUD and natural methods accounted for less than 5% each. Sterilizing operations of the women/partner were the most frequently reported reasons for nonuse of contraception in women aged over 35 years, while among the younger women the most reported reasons were pregnancy or trying to get pregnant and not being sexually active. Among pill-users about a quarter were smokers, 20% overweight and 13% reported heart or circulatory disease. These figures were generally lower than in the general population but indicate a need for regular monitoring. The survey demonstrates the continuing evolution in the use of contraception among Australian women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The relevance of ethnic monitoring in the experience of Haringey Healthcare NHS trust community family planning clinics.

Ethnic monitoring of all new and first attenders in the year to community family planning clinics was carried out by means of an anonymous questionnaire during April to June 1997 inclusive to ascertain whether ethnic minority women attend family planning clinics. A 73 per cent response rate (2664 questionnaires) was obtained. The results showed that women came from a wide variety of ethnic groups and from almost every country in the world. Those of UK European origin were underrepresented. For 28 per cent of women, English was not their first language. A total of 66 languages were recorded. Sixty two per cent (1673) of all the women were between 20 and 34 years. Overall half of all the women attending did not have children. Though in some ethnic groups most women were parous, less than 20 per cent of Caribbean (born Caribbean) West African and Turkish Cypriot women and only six per cent of Turkish/Kurdish women born in Turkey had not had children. Thirty three per cent of women admitted to having had one or more terminations although there was only a 90 per cent response rate to this question. While between 20 and 25 per cent of United Kingdom, EEC and non EEC European and black British women had had one or more abortions, 49 per cent of West African, 43 per cent of Kurdish and 40 per cent of Turkish Cypriot women had had one or more abortions. The lowest percentage of women admitting to a termination were Irish (12 per cent). The majority of women did choose a method or methods of contraception. The oral contraceptive pill and the condom were the most popular methods, often being used together The method used was influenced by age and ethnicity. Younger women opted for 'the pill' while older women chose the intrauterine device. The combined pill and condom were relatively equally popular with UK, Irish, EEC European, Caribbean (born Caribbean, born UK) and 'other' groups of women; while the intrauterine device was the favoured method of Kurdish/Turkish women born in Turkey. Depo-Provera was used principally by UK, European, Caribbean (born Caribbean, born UK) and African (West and East) women. Twelve per cent of women were recorded as not using a method. These women might have attended for a pregnancy test, cervical smear, advice about general health, gynaecological problems, though this was not specifically recorded. These women featured in all age groups. While a third were UK European, two thirds were of other ethnic groups. This would appear to illustrate that those women do seem to be aware that family planning clinics can provide services in addition to supplying contraceptive methods. It was noted that the Kurdish/Turkish women favoured one particular clinic sited in the ante natal department of the local hospital (the North Middlesex) where linkworkers are available. They accounted for 34 per cent of those who attended (128 out of 371). However at all but one of the clinic sites, which are spread around the borough, the UK European group was in a minority ranging from 20 to 47 per cent in attendance, compared to other ethnic groups. It is proposed that ethnic monitoring will be routinely recorded from April 1998 for new and first time attenders. It is also planned to work more closely with various ethnic minority groups in the community.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

[Contraception after heart transplantation].

It was observed that fertility and menstrual function in heart-transplanted women, impaired before the operation, become normal with a new heart. The restoration of reproductive function is also confirmed by many cases of pregnancy in heart-transplant recipients, reported in the literature. Twenty-four cases were published worldwide up to 1997, out of which eighteen had a positive result. Also a case personally treated was successful. The outcome of a pregnancy after heart transplantation is, then, generally positive. Nevertheless, such a pregnancy involves important maternal and fetal risks. Thus, the gynecologist has to provide correct information about both such risks and the most suitable contraceptive methods, for these patients. Oral contraceptives are very effective and, in the new low-dose formulations, free from serious adverse effects. No adverse effects have been observed in our patient, who represents the only case, reported in the literature, in which an estroprogestinic contraception was utilized before a pregnancy. In conclusion, during an oral contraception or after a tubal sterilization, pregnancy is really unlikely to occur. Thus, when the couple either has completed the familial nucleus or does not desire offspring, a doubt is at least justified as to whether these safer methods of contraception are advisable in such women.

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring contraceptive use patterns among teenage and adult women.

CONTEXT: Measures of contraceptive use at one point in time do not account for its changing nature. A measure that addresses the pattern of method use over time may better predict the cumulative risk of unintended pregnancy. METHODS: Women at risk of unintended pregnancy were selected from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, and their contraceptive use patterns were compared across age-groups. Survival analysis was used to validate women's long-term use pattern as an indicator of pregnancy risk, and multivariate regression analyses were used to explore potential covariates of current patterns of contraceptive use. RESULTS: More than two-thirds of women aged 15-19 report long-term uninterrupted contraceptive use, but they are more likely to report sporadic use and less likely to report uninterrupted use of a very effective method than are women aged 25-34. Compared with women aged 25-34, women aged 20-24 have higher rates of sporadic use and lower rates of effective uninterrupted use. Among teenagers, nonusers are 12 times as likely as uninterrupted effective users to experience an unintended pregnancy within 12 months at risk. Women in less stable relationships, those having more infrequent intercourse and women who have recently experienced nonvoluntary intercourse for the first time are more likely than others to have a high-risk contraceptive pattern. Women aged 17 and younger whose current partner is more than three years older are significantly less likely to practice contraception than are their peers whose partner is closer in age. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term contraceptive use pattern is a valid predictor of unintended pregnancy risk. Policies aimed at reducing unintended pregnancies should target women who do not practice contraception and those who are sporadic users. Women in unstable relationships, those having infrequent sex and women who experience sexual coercion need access to methods, such as emergency contraception, that can be used sporadically or after unprotected intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of contraceptive choice among single women in the United States.

Data from the 1983 National Survey of Unmarried Women are used to analyze characteristics that affect contraceptive decision-making among single women aged 20-29 who are exposed to the risk of pregnancy. Factors found to affect whether these women use a relatively effective method such as the pill or the IUD, use coitus-dependent methods or use no method include family structure at age 15, educational level, work status, religious affiliation, fertility relative to desired fertility, and past contraceptive failure. Bivariate analyses revealed notable differences between whites and blacks in contraceptive behavior. Multivariate analyses showed that while the decision to use a contraceptive method was somewhat affected by race, method choice was not. Overall, contraceptive decision-making was relatively unaffected by race, length of the relationship and current living arrangement.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Choosing and using contraception: toward a theory of women's contraceptive self-care.

Thirty women of varying ethnicity and socioeconomic status, who were actively seeking to avoid pregnancy, were interviewed concerning their lifetime experience with contraceptive use. The resulting description, Women's Contraceptive Self-Care, was divided into four processes: the central process, Choosing and Using Contraception, and three contextual processes. Forestalling Pregnancy was defined as using contraceptive methods or behaviors to prevent or delay childbearing. Assigning the Burden of Contraceptive Responsibility was defined as assuming responsibility for contraception or shifting that responsibility to a partner. Negotiating with Those who Control Contraception was defined as maneuvering among individuals and agencies that permit or hinder access to contraceptive methods and behaviors. Each process is comprised of thematic clusters and/or themes that are defined and illustrated.

Adult↗