[Guidance on use of contraceptive methods. What contraceptive method should be used?].
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Contraception↗
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[Provisional guidelines of 10 March 1976 for education in contraceptive methods].
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Contraception↗
Predicting contraceptive method usage among women in west Scotland.
Users of the six major methods of contraception are compared across a broad range of variables using data from a community sample. Differences between the groups were apparent for a range of socioeconomic and reproductive variables, and current users of the various methods also differed in their past use of contraception. Users of barrier methods fared particularly well. Few differences were observed for current health status or for the sociocultural variables examined, although users of natural methods differed from all others in their religious affiliation and commitment. Discriminant analysis showed that the most predictive variables distinguishing women who had opted for permanent methods of contraception (female sterilization and vasectomy) were the woman's stated reason for using her current method and her past contraceptive patterns; the inclusion of social, health and reproductive indicators did little to improve the prediction. It is argued that heightened expectations for contraceptive efficacy in the face of increasing concerns about long-term health consequences have contributed to the increased use of permanent methods.
Adult↗
The correlation between Chlamydia antigen, antibody, vaginal colonization and contraceptive method in young unmarried women.
In a group of 55 unmarried women, mean age 25 years, attending a family planning clinic and having minor gynecological complaints, the correlation between Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) antigen, CT antibodies, vaginal colonization by Candida or bacteria and the method of contraception was investigated. The correlation between CT antigen and CT antibodies (IgG) was significant in oral contraceptive users (p = 0.003), as was the correlation with vaginal colonization by Candida and potential pathologic bacteria. In the group using the natural family planning method, a statistically significant correlation was found between CT antigen, IgG (p = 0.002), IgA (p = 0.02) antibodies, and vaginal candidiasis (p = 0.002), but not with bacterial colonization (p = 0.90). The discrepancy between CT antigen and antibodies is discussed. Differences in the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were found among groups using different birth control methods, indicating an association between Chlamydia infection and the contraceptive method used.
Adolescent↗
Barrier and spermicidal contraceptive methods and risk of invasive cervical cancer.
The effects of barrier and spermicidal methods of contraception on cervical cancer risk were examined by studying 479 cases of histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer cases and 788 random digit dialing controls. In addition to a detailed history of contraceptive practices, information was available on numerous potential confounders, including demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, reproductive factors, Pap smear screening history, and smoking. After adjustment for relevant confounders, diaphragm and condom use were found not to be significantly associated with risk of cervical cancer. Although there was a small reduction in risk (OR = 0.8) associated with long-term use (5+ years) of the diaphragm, the effect appeared to relate to concomitant spermicide use, since there was evidence of further decreases in risk for women using spermicides alone for extended periods (OR = 0.7 for 5+ years). Effects were only seen among subjects of higher income and education levels, suggesting that patterns of usage may be important. The potential ability of spermicides to reduce cervical cancer risk by neutralizing viral agents warrants further attention.
Adult↗
Reproductive characteristics and contraceptive method choices of Nigerian women requesting terminal fertility control.
A choice of a safe and acceptable contraceptive method is an important concern for women who have completed their child-bearing intentions. This paper focuses on 557 women (mean age 35.9 years, mean number of living children 5.8 +/- 1.4, and mean number of living sons 3.1 +/- 1.3) who indicated some desire to limit childbearing, and were seen at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Family Planning Clinic in 1986/7. During this period, a wide and free choice of contraceptive methods, including the new subdermal levonorgestrel implant method (NORPLANT) and female surgical sterilization, was offered. Contraceptive method choices of women requesting terminal fertility control are: IUD 56%, injectables 15.3%, female sterilization 11.5%, pills 8.6%, NORPLANT 8.1%, others 0.5%. Comparing terminal and nonterminal contraceptors, almost equal proportions adopted the IUD, 56% vs. 60.5%, while terminal contraceptors adopted the injectables and NORPLANT in significantly higher proportions. Within subgroups by contraceptive method, mean age and mean number of living children and of sons are not significantly different, though younger women tend to adopt the pill. Method choice of NORPLANT and tubal ligation was favoured by previous contraceptive use, but not by spousal approval. Years of education had a positive influence on the choice of NORPLANT. The program implications of these findings regarding selective counselling of terminal contraceptors, provision of long-lasting reversible contraceptive methods, and facilities for surgical sterilizations for men and women are discussed.
Adult↗
Contraceptive method change among rural Sri Lankan women.
Patterns of contraceptive method change and their association with reproductive motivation and contraceptive failure are examined using data from a 1986 survey of family planning behaviour of rural Sinhalese married women aged 15-44 in seventeen districts of Sri Lanka. A notable degree of rationality in contraceptive method changes occurs with family formation. The attempt to control unwanted fertility leads to more efficacious use of contraception, including traditional methods. Some methodological improvements to the analysis of contraceptive switching are indicated. Implications of the findings for programmatic emphasis on permanent versus non-permanent modern methods are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[Use and knowledge of contraceptive methods in female students of children education].
An inquire about contraception use and knowledge was applied to 292 female students. (Average of age = 21.3 years) An 88.4% of the woman with sexual activity had used contraceptive methods at least once. Principal reason for not going on using them, was not having sexual intercourse. In single women, the use of contraceptive methods was related with age, while the type selected was related with sexual intercourse's frequency. The most used contraceptive methods were rhythm and pill, which were not the best known ones.
Adult↗
Evidence from peninsular Malaysia of breastfeeding as a contraceptive method.
This report examines Malaysian women's perceptions of the contraceptive effect of breastfeeding, the determinants of their perceptions, and any effect these perceptions might have on nursing duration and contraceptive use. The report also considers whether women are consciously replacing breastfeeding with modern contraceptive methods. Data from the 1976 Malaysian Family Life Survey are analyzed, and the author concludes that Malaysian women do perceive that breastfeeding has a contraceptive effect, but that this perception is not universal. Ethnicity and desire for a particular family size are the most significant determinants of this perception. Finally, Malaysian women's recognition of the contraceptive effect of nursing does not influence either the duration of their breastfeeding or their adoption of contraception. Malaysian women may not be abandoning breastfeeding to adopt contraception. More probably, breastfeeding declines and contraceptive prevalence increases with modernization.
Adolescent↗
Barrier contraceptive methods and preeclampsia.
Recent investigations have suggested that women who use barrier methods of contraception may be at increased risk for preeclampsia. We used data from two prospective pregnancy studies to examine the relationship between contraceptive use before conception and preeclampsia. The preeclampsia rates among women using barrier contraceptives were not significantly higher than the rates in women using nonbarrier contraceptives or the rates in women using no contraceptives in either study. The odds ratios for preeclampsia in barrier contraceptive users in the two studies were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.71 to 1.12) and 0.85 (95% Cl, 0.49 to 1.45) compared with nonbarrier contraceptive users and 0.91 (95% Cl, 0.71 to 1.16) and 0.81 (95% Cl, 0.48 to 1.35) compared with women using no contraceptives. After adjusting for other risk factors, we found no association between preeclampsia and barrier contraceptive use. Additional studies are needed to resolve this issue; however, we would recommend that women not be advised to avoid barrier contraceptives unless more data linking their use to preeclampsia appear.
Adolescent↗
Escherichia coli bacteriuria and contraceptive method.
We evaluated the effects of contraceptive method on the occurrence of bacteriuria and vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli in 104 women who were evaluated prior to having sexual intercourse, the morning after intercourse, and 24 hours later. After intercourse, the prevalence of E coli bacteriuria increased slightly in oral contraceptive users but dramatically in both foam and condom users and diaphragm-spermicide users. Twenty-four hours later, the prevalence of bacteriuria remained significantly elevated only in the latter two groups. Similarly, vaginal colonization with E coli was more dramatic and persistent in users of diaphragm-spermicide and foam and condoms. Vaginal colonization with Candida species, enterococci, and staphylococci also increased significantly in diaphragm-spermicide users after intercourse. We conclude that use of the diaphragm with spermicidal jelly or use of a spermicidal foam with a condom markedly alters normal vaginal flora and strongly predisposes users to the development of vaginal colonization and bacteriuria with E coli.
Adult↗
Sociodemographic determinants of contraceptive method choice in Sri Lanka: 1975-82.
The determinants of contraceptive method choice in Sri Lanka are examined during a period in which contraceptive prevalence increased by over 60% and involved substantial use of sterilization and traditional methods. Data are from the 1975 World Fertility and 1982 Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys. Polytomous logistic regression is used to model four current contraceptive choices: non-use, use of a traditional method, use of a modern temporary method and use of sterilization. The analysis shows, in 1975 and 1982, strong socioeconomic as well as demographic effects on whether any method is used. However, in both years the type of method chosen is primarily a function of demographic considerations related to the couple's family-building stage rather than social status, implying that in Sri Lanka there are few socioeconomic barriers limiting access to different contraceptive methods. The family planning programme, however, has emphasized sterilization rather than birth spacing methods.
Age Factors↗
[Contraceptive methods and their efficiency].
On the basis of the present investigations concerning the employment of contraceptive methods in Denmark and the knowledge of the efficacies of these methods, the annual number of legal terminations of pregnancy performed in Denmark are assessed. A considerable proportions of the unwanted pregnancies may be explained by defective high efficacy of the contraceptive methods employed.
Abortion, Legal↗
Adolescent contraceptive method choices.
This article analyzes determinants of contraceptive method choices among adolescent women in the United States. By using data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, we examined factors that differentiate users of various methods early in the sexual careers of teenaged women. We find that patterns of method choice not only vary by race and region within the United States but also change over the teenager's life course. In addition, among teenagers who did not use a method at first sex, the likelihood of adopting a method soon thereafter was low for both whites and blacks and was unaffected by social structural characteristics.
Adolescent↗
Contraceptive methods in the McCune-Albright syndrome.
We describe the case of a woman with McCune-Albright syndrome who had a pathological bone fracture while being treated with an oral contraceptive. In this syndrome the bone lesions contain estrogen and progesterone receptors. The possibility of progression of the bone lesions during pregnancy is well-known. We judge the use of oral contraceptives to be dangerous in this syndrome; the affected women must be orientated towards alternative contraceptive methods.
Adult↗
Contraceptive method choice in the Philippines, 1973-83.
Contraceptive use and method mix were analysed using Philippines national survey data of 1973, 1978, and 1983. The analyses suggest that the reported decline in contraceptive prevalence between 1978 and 1983 was due to under-reporting of use in 1973 and 1983. The shifts in contraceptive method mix were also partly from under-reporting of rhythm and other methods in 1973 and 1983. Nevertheless, the determinants of method choice were similar in all three sets of data. Filipino couples were making rational choices in terms of their contraceptive goals, access, evaluation, and competence. Modifications in the directions and magnitude of the relationships in determining method choice also occurred, partly reflecting the increased use of sterilization by older, higher parity women.
Adult↗
Life table analysis of the effectiveness of contraceptive methods using an APL computer program.
An APL computer program has been developed to perform life table analysis without the tedium and error associated with manual computation. Life table analysis is proposed as the standard method of reporting and analysing the effectiveness of contraceptive methods of all types.
Computers↗
Pregnancies associated with sperm concentrations below 10 million/ml in clinical studies of a potential male contraceptive method, monthly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone esters.
A potential male contraceptive approach was evaluated in clinical trials involving monthly injections of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and either subdermal implants of testosterone propionate or monthly injections of testosterone enanthate. Pregnancies occurred in partners of 9 men with recent sperm counts of 10 million/ml or below. In 5 of the 9 instances, the sperm counts were less than 1 million/ml. It appears that male contraceptive methods involving spermatogenic suppression may require attainment and maintenance of azoospermia. The pregnancy rate cannot be calculated, because the extent of other contraceptive use is uncertain. There were no spontaneous abortions. 6 pregnancies were carried to term, and all progeny were normal, based on physical examination at birth or 3 months after birth.
Contraceptive Agents, Male↗