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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Breast feeding: which contraceptive method?].

Contraception during breast feeding must take two points into account: the first physiological contraception due to anovulation which disappears at around the 9th week of lactation); the second pharmacological: any substance ingested by the mother during breast feeding is excreted in milk, chiefly by passive diffusion. All pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the transfer of progesterone or of estrogen when taking a contraceptive pill is extremely slight, being of the same order as that of natural hormones. When it is decided to use hormonal contraception, this should be started after the 6th week of lactation, when lipid profile has returned to normal and thromboembolic risk is identical to that of the population in general. As with all prescription during lactation, the drug should be taken as far as possible from the next feed. Barrier techniques (combining condoms and spermicides) are an elegant alternative to drug methods.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1996

Contraceptive methods: do Hispanic adolescents and their family planning care providers think about contraceptive methods the same way?

This article describes how a family planning clinic-based program to prevent repeat pregnancy among Hispanic adolescents in Los Angeles used qualitative research to understand client contraceptive behavior. Background information on Hispanic adolescent reproductive patterns and an overview of paths to motherhood among teen clients are provided to contextualize the results. Participants sorted contraceptive methods on perceived similarities and ranked them on effectiveness, safety, and use-preference. Multidimensional scaling was used to identify and compare conceptual models. Both providers and teens grouped methods by effectiveness and mode of action, but acceptability and ease of method use were also important for teens. Providers found participation a worthwhile educational experience that facilitated self-reflection about their own biases and better understanding of their clients' needs. This method could be applied in many clinical settings where education and counseling are important in treatment and where patients and providers are likely to have different conceptual models regarding therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contraceptive methods and adequacy of hormonal oral contraceptive use in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: 1992-1999].

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess contraceptive methods and the adequacy of oral contraceptive use by women aged 20 to 49 years in the city of Pelotas. The results were compared with another cross-sectional study performed in 1992. A sample was randomly selected, including 766 women aged 20 to 49 years. Some 495 of the sample (64.6%) used a contraceptive method, in the following order: oral contraceptives (55.4%), surgical sterilization (22.2%), condoms (10,5%), and IUD (7.7%). Among users of oral contraceptives, 62 (22.2%) had some contraindication. Incorrect use of contraceptive methods was associated with age but not with socioeconomic status. As compared to the previous study, there was a reduction in the use of oral contraceptives. Meanwhile, other methods such as surgical sterilization, condoms, and IUD were used more frequently than in 1992.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Barrier-method contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease.

The protective effect of barrier-method contraception against pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was examined by analyzing data from the Women's Health Study, a large multicenter case-control study. We compared the contraceptive methods used by 645 women hospitalized for initial episodes of PID with the contraceptive methods used by 2,509 control subjects reporting no history of PID. The risk of hospitalization for PID in women currently using barrier methods relative to women using all other methods and to women using no method of contraception was 0.6 (95% confidence limits, 0.5 to 0.9) for both comparisons. This protective effect was observed for both chemical and mechanical barrier methods, although it was not statistically significant for the former. The prevention of PID and its sequelae is one of the most important noncontraceptive benefits of barrier methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Contraceptive methods: potential for abuse.

Contraceptive technologies are one of the most extraordinary advances of the twentieth century, enabling women and men to prevent unwanted pregnancy. They have also been criticized for giving rise to abusive practices in the name of population control. Some people have even argued that contraceptive methods which have a potential for abuse should not be developed. We maintain that eliminating research on such methods does not address the problem of abuse. Abuse has been defined as the violation of the right to liberty and security of the person, which requires that an individual's free and informed consent be given before research is done on, or treatment is provided to, that individual. A number of international guidelines on the ethical conduct of research involving human subjects, and on the provision of medical services, emphasise the importance of informed consent as part of informed decision-making of individuals. Irrespective of the contraceptive methods already available or under development, much public education is needed to ensure that investigators, health providers, users of services and research participants fully understand what informed consent means, what it implies and how it should protect people. Non-governmental organizations and others can use the various national and international mechanisms that exist to investigate cases of alleged abuse and to bring redress in such situations. The international community has a duty to foster and strengthen ethical practices in research and service provision of contraceptive methods.

Contraception↗
PubMed1998

[When there is no suitable contraceptive method].

Despite of the many possibilities there are some situations where no method of contraception seems to be suitable. The reasons for this may be medical and clear such as rise of blood pressure, which is an obstacle to using combination pills. Sometimes a question arises, whether the feelings are really caused by the contraceptive method, or does the woman possibly blame contraception for some other reason.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Costs and net health effects of contraceptive methods.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and contraceptive methods both have important health effects that include risks and benefits. The net impact of contraception on women's health has not been reported previously. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cost-utility analysis using a Markov model evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation using the societal perspective for costs. The analysis compared 13 methods of contraception to nonuse of contraception with respect to healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Discounting was applied for future costs and health effects. The base-case analysis applies to women of average health and fertility, ranging from 15 to 50 years of age, who are sexually active in a mutually monogamous relationship; smoking rates observed in women of reproductive age were used. Sensitivity analysis extended the analysis to nonmonogamous status and smoking status. RESULTS: Compared with use of no contraception, contraceptive methods of all types result in substantial cost savings over 2 years, ranging from US$5907 per woman for tubal sterilization to US$9936 for vasectomy and health gains ranging from 0.088 QALYs for diaphragm to 0.147 QALYs for depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Compared with nonuse, even with a time horizon as short as 1 year, use of any method other than sterilization results in financial savings and health gains. Most of the financial savings and health gains were due to contraceptive effects. In a population of patients, even modest increases in the use of the most effective methods result in financial savings and health gains. CONCLUSIONS: Every method of contraception dominates nonuse in most clinical settings. Increasing the use of more effective methods even modestly at the expense of less effective methods will improve health and reduce costs. Methods that require action by the user less frequently than daily are both less costly and more effective than methods requiring action on a daily basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Reasons why sterilized women refused reversive contraceptive methods].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the representations of contraceptive methods within a group of sterilized women, aiming at understanding the reasons why they refused those methods. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study was carried out on 31 sterilized women, randomly selected from a list of patients attending the Family Planning Program of a university hospital. Data was collected through a semi-structured interview. Interview transcription was analyzed according to the Content Analysis method. RESULTS: Refusal to other contraceptive methods was based on representations formed from a mixture of technical information received at health service units, their previous experiences with contraceptive methods and information received in the social environment. Rejection of high efficacy methods (hormonal and IUD) was mostly based on their low innocuousness; refusal to fertility awareness methods (calendar calculation, Billings ovulation method) was due to their low efficacy; and rejection of barrier methods (condom, diaphragm) was due to a culturally patterned sexuality full of interdictions as well as to their low efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The option for female sterilization may be indicative of the refusal to the contraceptive alternatives offered by health services. Reproductive health professionals should increase in their practice the knowledge about personal, socio-economic and cultural factors that affect women's choice of a contraceptive method that could guarantee a better control over their own reproductive life.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Women and contraception: knowledge and use of contraceptive methods].

This article analyzes knowledge and use of contraceptive methods in women ages 10 to 49 years residing in the southern region of the city of São Paulo in 1992. A total of 1,157 childbearing-age women were studied, focusing on variables that might define them as to: knowledge in the use of contraceptive methods and reasons for choosing a given method. We observed that 86% of the women referred knowledge of some contraceptive method, while the most common was the pill (95.3%), followed by condoms (92.6%). Meanwhile, 14% of the interviewees denied knowledge of any contraceptive method. Of the sexually active women (66.4%), 34.9% reported never having used contraceptive methods. Of those who had, 35.3% used the pill, while 42.9% had resorted to sterilization. Only 5.2% used condoms. Despite the high level of knowledge concerning contraceptive methods, especially oral contraceptives and condoms, we observed limited use of same as compared to the high sterilization rate around the age of 27, thus leaving contraception limited to the pill and female sterilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of contraceptive methods by the Mossi in a rural health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso].

We investigated contraceptive practices in the rural health district of Kaya in Burkina Faso with the aim of a) comparing the sociodemographic and cultural characteristics of individuals who were well and poorly informed concerning contraceptive methods; b) analyzing the pattern of use of these contraceptive methods by the populations. We carried out a two-level cluster survey by the Hendersen method. For each household investigated, the chief, his wife (or one wife selected at random in polygamous families) and an adolescent (or one adolescent selected at random if there was more than one adolescent) were interviewed. Significantly more men than women were well informed concerning contraceptive methods. Similarly, a higher proportion of male adolescents than of female adolescents were well informed concerning contraceptive methods. The individuals who were well informed concerning contraceptive methods differed from those who were not well informed in terms of age, religion, level of education and radio listening habits. The prevalence of use of contraceptive methods in this study was found to be 4 to 36%, depending on the group studied. The majority of individuals expressed an intention to use contraceptive methods in the future: 59 to 78%, depending on the group studied. The contraceptive methods chosen for current and future use were, in order: the pill, condoms and contraceptive implants and the intrauterine device. Current patterns of contraceptive use favor, in decreasing order of preference, abstinence, the pill, condoms and contraceptive implants. There was also a strong tendency for individuals to experiment with diverse contraceptive methods. Thus, in the future, there is likely to be a trend towards the abandoning of abstinence in favor of the pill, condoms and contraceptive implants. Of these newer methods, condoms are likely to be the least popular and their relegation to a lower level of importance is likely to have disastrous consequences in terms of the prevention of HIV transmission by the sexual route. The results of this study indicate that information campaigns concerning contraceptive methods should be refocused on women and adolescent girls, condom promotion and maintaining the use of the methods chosen in the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods in rural Sereer, Senegal].

This paper presents results from a retrospective survey carried out in a rural setting in Senegal (on 804 20-to-69-year-old men and 1,039 15-to-54-year-old women), and aims at improving the understanding of contraceptive knowledge and practice. Contraceptive knowledge was measured through spontaneous and recognized contraceptive methods; contraceptive practice was measured through the past and present use of contraception. The gap between spontaneously-cited methods and recognized methods is important. While about 80% of men and 70% of women had ever heard about any contraceptive method, only 46% of men and 23% of women could spontaneously mention a specific contraceptive method (respectively 33% and 17% mentioned a modern method). Analyses have shown that individual characteristics such as age, education, migration are all determinants of contraceptive knowledge. Married men and women are more likely to know about methods such as the pill, intra-uterine device (IUD) and injections, as a result of family planning campaigns, which have focused on these methods and targeted married women. Nevertheless, contraceptive practice is still low. Only 16% of men and 4% of women have ever used any method. Contraceptive prevalence (current use) of women is only 1.9% for all methods and 1.5% for modern methods. The more widespread use of condoms by young men (about 30% of single men have ever used a condom, against only 7% of ever married men) reflects its recent diffusion associated with a decrease in male age at first intercourse. The low contraceptive use by women reveals their lack of accessibility to contraception. Young generations are not able to find an adequate answer to their needs in the villages, where family planning still targets marital contraception. Recommendations are formulated in order to integrate adolescents more fully in policy programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Predicting contraceptive method usage among women in west Scotland.

Users of the six major methods of contraception are compared across a broad range of variables using data from a community sample. Differences between the groups were apparent for a range of socioeconomic and reproductive variables, and current users of the various methods also differed in their past use of contraception. Users of barrier methods fared particularly well. Few differences were observed for current health status or for the sociocultural variables examined, although users of natural methods differed from all others in their religious affiliation and commitment. Discriminant analysis showed that the most predictive variables distinguishing women who had opted for permanent methods of contraception (female sterilization and vasectomy) were the woman's stated reason for using her current method and her past contraceptive patterns; the inclusion of social, health and reproductive indicators did little to improve the prediction. It is argued that heightened expectations for contraceptive efficacy in the face of increasing concerns about long-term health consequences have contributed to the increased use of permanent methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on previous use of contraceptive methods among pregnant teenagers].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to previous contraceptive methods used among pregnant teenagers as well as to outline some sociodemographic characteristics and sexual practices. METHODS: An observational study associated to the KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices) survey was carried out in 156 pregnant teenagers aged 19 years or more. A structured questionnaire was applied before their first prenatal visit from October 1999 to August 2000. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed using Pearson's and Yates' chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS: The adolescents had an average age of 16.1 years and most were in their first pregnancy (78.8%). Average age of menarche was 12.2 years and their first sexual intercourse was at the age of 14.5 years. Condoms (99.4%) and oral contraceptives (98%) were the most common contraceptive methods known. Of all, 67.3% were not using any contraceptive method before getting pregnant. The main reason reported for not using any contraceptive method was wanting to get pregnant (24.5%). The older ones who reported having religious beliefs and had a higher socioeconomic status had better knowledge on contraceptive methods. Teenagers who had had previous pregnancies reported more often use of contraceptive methods before getting pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: The pregnant teenagers showed to have adequate knowledge of contraceptive methods and agreed to use them throughout their teenage years. Religion, age group, and socioeconomic status were directly related to their knowledge on contraceptive methods, and multiple pregnancies brought more awareness on that. Of all, 54% had used any contraceptive on first sexual intercourse but their use decreased over time and shortly after their first intercourse the studied teenagers got pregnant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of various contraceptive methods and time of conception in a community-based population.

AIMS: To investigate the association between method of contraception and time to conception in a normal community-based population. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, survey. SETTING: Large comprehensive ambulatory women's health center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One thousand pregnant women at their first prenatal obstetrics visit were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire. The return to fertility was analyzed by type of contraceptive method, duration of use, and other sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Response rate was 80% (n=798). Mean age of the patients was 29.9+/-5 years. Seventy-five percent had used a contraceptive before trying to conceive: 80% oral contraceptives, 8% intrauterine device, and 7% barrier methods. Eighty-six percent conceived spontaneously. Contraceptive users had a significantly higher conception rate than nonusers in the first 3 months from their first attempt at pregnancy. Type of contraception was significantly correlated with time to conception. Pregnancy rates within 6 months of the first attempt was 60% for oral contraceptive users compared to 70 and 81% for the intrauterine device and barrier method groups, respectively. There was no correlation between time to conception and parity or duration of contraceptive use. Other factors found to be significantly related to time to conception were older age of both partners and higher body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Contraception use before a planned pregnancy does not appear to affect ease of conception. Type of method used, although not duration of use, may influence the time required to conceive.

Adult↗