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Results for “Contraceptive Devices, Female”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Internet availability of contraceptives.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the accessibility of contraceptive supplies over the Internet. METHODS: We performed an Internet search with the use of search engines and key words. We posed as consumers purchasing both prescription and over-the-counter contraceptive supplies. The number of clicks or web pages accessed, costs, shipping time, barriers to access, and prescription requirements were compared for selected birth control supplies. RESULTS: More than 200 web sites were visited to locate at least one site where we could purchase each selected product. Contraceptive supplies, including male and female condoms, spermicides, vaginal sponges, intrauterine devices (IUDs), diaphragms, and cervical caps, were easily obtained without a prescription from foreign web sites. Oral contraceptive pills (OCs) were readily available online in November 1999; some sites had discontinued sales by February 2000, but OCs could still be purchased with no prescription in August 2000. None of the four prescription sites supplied physician or prescriber credentials. The contraceptive costs varied by vendor and product. A type of copper IUD could be purchased for less than $50.00, whereas a single package of emergency contraceptive pills cost $141.00 from one vendor because of prescription and shipping fees. Some emergency contraceptive pills ordered arrived after 72 hours or did not arrive and the purchase was not refunded. A levonorgestrel IUD was shipped without difficulty in December 1999, but a second device, ordered in February 2000, was temporarily impounded by United States Customs. CONCLUSION: This method of contraceptive purchase is accessible, expensive, erratically regulated, and rapidly changing.

Contraceptive Agents↗
PubMed1999

Review of newer contraceptive agents.

Advances in contraceptive technology have made birth control more effective, convenient, and safe. We review the newer products and some under development, including the latest oral contraceptives, injectable progesterone, subdermal progestin implants, progesterone-releasing IUDs, emergency contraception, and male contraception.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1980

Spontaneous foetal losses in women using different contraceptives around the time of conception.

Spontaneous losses between the 5th and 27th weeks of pregnancy were measured in a prospective study of 32 123 women whose contraceptive history around the time of conception was known. Diaphragm use prior to conception was associated with a significant reduction in second-trimester losses, after taking into account the effects of age, parity, race, marital status, alcohol use, and previous spontaneous or induced abortions. Women who used oral contraceptives and stopped them more than one month prior to their LMP experienced a deficit of first-trimester losses but conceptions occurring immediately after stopping the pill were followed by a small but nonsignificant increase in spontaneous abortions. After oral contraceptive failures there was an increase in first-trimester losses, but no change in the incidence of second-trimester ones. IUD failures were followed by a significant two-fold increase in the risk of both first and second-trimester losses: no differences were detected between the different brands.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1994

Methods of contraception and rates of genital infections.

Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and candidiasis are the most common genital infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the various methods of contraception with regard to the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vulvo-vaginitis over a period of four years. We also evaluated in the same period the rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and vulvo-vaginitis between users and non users of contraceptional methods and the relationship between ages of patients and types of contraceptives. Finally we considered the change of contraceptive use with regard to age among two different periods. The IUD users showed a significant increase of B.V., T.v. and other bacteria and a decrease of the negatives compared to OC users. Barrier contraceptive users had a reduction (0.01 > p > 0.001) of B.V. and an increase (p < 0.001) of the negatives compared to IUD users. OC users had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in candidiasis, B.V. together with a reduction of the negatives compared to non users group. IUD users had a significant (p < 0.001) increase of B.V. and vulvo-vaginitis from other bacteria, and the reduction of the negatives. Teenagers use OC much more than adults, but less IUD (p < 0.001). The use of OC has increased and the use of IUD decreased among adults (p < 0.001). The barrier methods were seen to be statistically reduced.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Contraception].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Contraception and the adolescent female.

Although most teenagers have some knowledge of birth control methods, most sexually active adolescents do not use one consistently. Some young women are too apathetic or irresponsible to use birth control, even if the method is available. However, most teenagers do not want to become pregnant. If factual information is given, the method is easily accessible and is acceptable to them, and if they have come to terms with their own sexuality, most young women will accept the responsibility of preventing an unwanted pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relationship between contraceptive method and vaginal flora.

This study was undertaken to assess whether the vaginal flora was affected by the method of contraception, and in particular as to whether the incidence of vaginal candidiasis increased when oral contraceptives were used. One thousand and two consecutive vaginal or cervical swabs from women attending a family planning centre were cultured. Candida albicans was isolated from 13% of women using no contraception, 16% using oral contraceptives, and from 9%, 19% and 18% of those using diaphragms, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) and condoms respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Women using an IUCD had significantly more Gram-positive cocci cultured than women in any other group, while those using diaphragms had significantly more Gram-negative bacilli. Our clinical impression that the use of oral contraceptives led to an increase in vaginal candidiasis, was not confirmed by this study.

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal↗
PubMed1980

Contraception in the adolescent: current concepts for the pediatrician.

An overview is presented of the major methods of contraception available to the sexually active adolescent. Emphasis is given to the combined birth control pill, while the literature describing absolute and relative contraindications to oral contraception is reviewed. It is noted that adolescents with chronic illness must also be evaluated for contraceptive needs. Other methods covered include the intrauterine device, barrier methods (diaphragm, condom, and vaginal contraceptives), injectable contraceptives, postcoital contraception, and methods under current investigation. The approach to each patient must be individualized, based on her coital activity, understanding of alternatives, medical status, and what method is chosen.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive perceptions and method choice among young single women in the United States.

Data from a national survey of young unmarried women are used to analyze the relationship of perceptions of method characteristics to the acceptability of methods for use and to the actual contraceptive choice. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression analyses are employed to assess the effects of perceptions on method acceptability and on actual use. Methods that were seen as having more highly positive attributes were also seen as more acceptable, and were used by a greater proportion of the women in the sample, even though the overwhelming popularity of the pill overshadowed all other methods. It was concluded that perceptual factors can help predict who will use a particular method and that this can be potentially useful to family planning service providers in influencing method choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Barrier contraception: a comprehensive overview.

The barrier class of contraceptives used either alone or with supplementary spermicidal agents includes the most ancient of methods for the control of human fertility. Modern innovations have effected marked improvement in their efficacy and acceptability, so that they have become key means of controlling fertility in the world today. The traditional diaphragms and condoms decreased in popularity to some extent when methods such as the OCs and IUDs became available for general use. However, the plain or medicated barriers are regaining their rightful position in our contraceptive armamentarium as more and more questions are being raised about the real or potential adverse side effects of systemic and intrauterine contraceptives. There is evidence throughout the world of the growing popularity and use of locally acting mechanical and/or spermicidal contraceptive methods. Their impact upon the increasing world population can be expected to become even greater when the true need for the control of fertility becomes more generally recognized and appreciated.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Barrier contraceptive practice and male infertility as related factors to breast cancer in married women. Preliminary results.

A case-control study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that a reduced exposure to human seminal factors in the early reproductive life of women is a risk factor in breast cancer. The relative risk of exposure to the hypothetical semen-factor deficiency is 4.7 times greater for breast-cancer patients than for the controls. The risk of developing breast cancer within the same population in the U.S.A. is estimated as 5 times greater for women who use barrier methods (condom and other) than for women who use non-barrier contraceptive methods (diaphragm and other). The reduction of the incidence of breast cancer by eliminating the barrier contraceptive techniques would be not less than 50% in married women in the population.

Adult↗