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13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Influence of age, sex, and oral contraceptives on human blood cholinesterase activity.

We estimated cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activities in erthrocytes and plasma of 443 men, 188 women not taking oral contraceptives, and 70 women who were taking oral contraceptives. Men in the first six decades of life had higher plasma cholinesterase activity than did women who were not taking oral contraceptives, and these women had higher plasma cholinesterase activity than women taking oral contraceptives. After the age of 60 there was no intersex difference. Activity of erythrocytes from the oral contraceptive group was higher than in the other groups, men had the lowest activity, and there was an increased activity with age in both sexes until the age of 60. These findings suggest that there is no single "normal" value for cholinesterase activity for adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Interactive effects of behavior and reproductive hormones on sex differences in risk for coronary heart disease.

It is well known that women in the United States, as in most industrialized countries in the world, are protected from coronary heart disease (CHD), relative to men. It is thought that this protection is by and large due to the effects of female reproductive hormones (i.e., estrogens) on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and blood pressure, although women's relatively low rates of cigarette smoking are also thought to play a role. However, epidemiological studies that statistically adjust for sex differences in lipids, blood pressure, and smoking status cannot explain sex differences in CHD morbidity and mortality. Also, inconsistent with a simple main-effect model of reproductive hormones are data showing elevated risk of myocardial infarction and stroke among women who use oral contraceptives. Men who are prescribed estrogens have elevated risk of CHD, and case-control studies show that male CHD patients have elevated estradiol, compared to controls. This article suggests that simple main-effect models of female protection from CHD are inadequate. It argues that reproductive hormones are important determinants of protection from CHD, in interaction with behavioral characteristics. It also demonstrates that reproductive hormones can influence behavioral characteristics and that behavioral characteristics can influence the effects of reproductive hormones on CHD risk factors.

Arousal↗
PubMed1988

Male contraception.

To share contraceptive measures between partners is a goal which should be reached in the future. The possibilities on the male side are still limited in comparison with the techniques available for women. During the last 20 years many efforts have been undertaken to study and evaluate possible methods for fertility control in the male, based on interaction with the hormonal axis, sperm maturation and sperm transport. The requirements for such a method in the male are the same as in female: high efficacy, little or almost no side-effects, high practicability and compliance and the possibility for easy reversibility in a high percentage of men. Despite their increasing acceptability worldwide, the existing male methods, condom and vasectomy, do not fully meet these requirements and therefore a search for alternative male methods is warranted. At present, the following medical approaches to male fertility control have been tested or are under consideration: (i) selective inhibition of FSH: antibodies, inhibin; (ii) inhibition of pituitary-gonadal axis: steroids such as testosterone, progestin-testosterone combinations, LHRH analogues with and without testosterone substitution; and (iii) selective inhibition of spermatogenesis by gossypol, a phenolic compound from cotton plant. Whether one of these methods will reach the desired goal for male fertility control has yet to be determined.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medicine in China.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

China↗
PubMed1985

Effect of gossypol on erythrocyte membrane function: specific inhibition of inorganic anion exchange and interaction with band 3.

The effects of gossypol on membrane functions of the human erythrocyte were studied. Gossypol (10 microM) had no effect on spontaneous hemolysis, osmotic fragility, cell volume, cholinesterase activity, hexose transport, ouabain-sensitive inorganic cation transport, ouabain-insensitive inorganic cation transport and nucleoside transport. Conversely, 10 microM gossypol inhibited inorganic anion transport by approximately 90% for three different substrates, i.e., phosphate, sulfate and chloride. Inhibition of inorganic anion transport was specific as 10 microM gossypol had no effect on the eight aforementioned membrane-related functions of the human erythrocyte. Inhibition inorganic anion transport was characterized using sulfate as the substrate and had the following features: it was potent, with a Ki of approximately 3 microM; it was rapid, with onset occurring in less than 1 min; it was potently blocked by physiological concentrations of albumin and plasma with 50% blocking achieved at 0.03% (w/v) albumin; it occurred by a noncompetitive kinetic mechanism; it was independent of medium Ca++, Mg++ or pH. Gossypol was bound to human erythrocytes and cell membranes isolated from erythrocytes. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid is a potent inhibitor of anion transport and can be covalently bound to band 3. Covalently bound 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid blocked a fraction of gossypol binding to erythrocyte membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of women who stop using contraceptives.

A relatively new multivariate life-table technique has permitted the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on first-year contraceptive failure rates to be determined to a greater degree of precision than was possible in the past. This technique is employed in this article to determine the one-year rates of contraceptive discontinuation among currently married U.S. women, using data from the 1973 and 1976 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG). The results indicate that poor women, black women and younger women are all relatively more likely to stop using contraceptives for reasons other than method-switching or the desire to become pregnant, as are women who have not completed high school, Catholic women and those who have never had a birth. Of all methods, the IUD is associated with the lowest rate of discontinuation. Pill users over age 30 are more likely to stop using their method than are comparable women using the IUD, diaphragm or condom. Women relying on spermicides are generally most likely to cease using a method. Finally, the subgroups of women who are most likely to stop using a particular method also are generally the groups that are most likely to experience contraceptive failures, while those that are least likely to discontinue use are also least likely to fail. Two exceptions are women who rely on rhythm and those who use the pill. The former experience relatively high rates of failure but are relatively less likely to stop using the method, and the latter have relatively high rates of discontinuation despite a low rate of failure.

Adolescent↗