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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Assessing consequences of substance use: psychometric properties of the inventory of drug use consequences.

Negative consequences are an important component of the substance use change process, yet no standardized measure exists to assess consequences of use. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences, a self-report measure assessing drinking and drug use consequences. Participants (N=252) were assessed at entry into outpatient substance abuse treatment. Items loaded strongly on 1 factor, and internal consistency of the total scale was high. Fifteen items with the highest correlations with the total scale were chosen to represent the construct. The shortened measure exhibited good internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and detected change over time and may be the measure of substance use consequences that is lacking in the field.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effects of brain injury on choice and sensitivity to remote consequences: deficits in discriminating response-consequence relations.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: One characteristic of some decision-making deficits is a failure to respond adaptively to consequences that follow choices. This investigation examined the sensitivity of choice to remote consequences with a high overall reinforcement rate and proximal consequences with a low overall reinforcement rate. METHODS: Three control and three subjects with brain injury made repeated choices between two reinforcement schedules: a fixed time schedule (FT) that delayed reinforcement by 12 seconds, and a progressive time schedule (PT) that progressively increased reinforcement delay by 2 seconds with each consecutive choice and reset to 0 seconds with each choice of the fixed schedule. Switching to the FT schedule at PT 6 seconds maximized overall reinforcement rate. RESULTS: Subjects with brain injury were less sensitive to contingencies and earned less reinforcement relative to controls because switching occurred at lengthy PT delays (delays far exceeding 6 seconds). CONCLUSIONS: Some deficits in decision-making and adaptation following injury may reflect a reduction in sensitivity to contingencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Costs and consequences of drug use: a comparison of health care utilization and social-psychological consequences for clinical and nonclinical adolescents and their families.

A retrospective (case control) design was used to compare adolescents in treatment for alcohol and drug problems and their families with adolescents and families not in treatment to determine: (1) the extent to which adolescents' drug-using behavior was associated with greater physical and mental health services utilized by the adolescent and his/her family members over a period of 3 years; and (2) costs incurred for a health maintenance organization and social-psychological consequences for the individuals and their families. On the average, those families with an adolescent with alcohol and/or drug problems use more health services, resulting in greater costs to the prepaid health plan than the costs for families with adolescents not in treatment or not using drugs. For both the adolescents and other family members, significant differences between groups were found for utilization of mental health services, but not for services for physical health. Consequences of drug use--relational, health related, and social/legal--were greatest for adolescents in treatment. Adolescents whose drug use was similar to those in treatment, but who were not in treatment, also experienced drug-related consequences; this group can be considered at high risk for alcohol and drug problems that, in the future, may require treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term consequences of CNS treatment for childhood cancer, Part II: Clinical consequences.

Survival of children with brain tumors has improved over the past 20 years due in part to advances in surgery, radiation, and most recently chemotherapy. The long-term adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy on these children is the subject of this report. In Part I, we reviewed the pathologic consequences of radiation, including leukoencephalopathy, radiation necrosis, and radiation myelopathy as well as the oncogenic effects of both radiation and chemotherapy. Part II addresses the long-term consequences of radiation and chemotherapy on intellectual and endocrine function. Risk factors for the development of both endocrinopathies and intellectual dysfunction include age at the time of radiation, volume and dose of radiation, site of tumor, and use of adjuvant chemotherapy, in particular methotrexate. Early recognition of these complications and treatment, where indicated, will measurably improve the quality-of-life of children treated for brain tumors. The national cancer groups are currently attempting to limit these long-term adverse effects by taking risk factors into account when formulating new treatment regimens.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

[The awareness of health consequences of active and passive smoking and access to information about these consequences in the population of pregnant women].

Despite of significant progress in the area of perinatal care, there have been numerous perinatal complications still existing. The health status of mother and newborn is affected by many factors, namely: socio-economical; medical prior to pregnancy and medical through the pregnancy; dietary customs, substance use, including tobacco smoking; health service quality; and risk factors that may occur through fertilization. The active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke in utero have been linked to numerous gestation and delivery complications, including low birth weight, preterm delivery and low Apgar score. In this survey, the awareness of health consequences of active and passive smoking in the population of pregnant women and access to the information of this consequence was assessed. Among of women smoking through their pregnancies, the only 19.7% got the information from their doctors about harmful effect of active and passive smoking, and 16.5% of respondents declared self-awareness on health effects of exposure to the tobacco smoke.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Measuring psychological consequences of screening: adaptation of the psychological consequences questionnaire into Dutch.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of a Dutch adaptation of an originally Australian instrument measuring the psychological impact of breast cancer screening. METHODS: The three subscales (emotional, physical, social) of the Psychological Consequences Questionnaire (PCQ) underwent formal linguistic and cultural translation. A total of 524 women under intensive surveillance because of increased breast cancer risk were asked to complete the questionnaire at 2 months prior to screening, at the day of the screening visit preceding the screening, and 1-4 weeks after screening. Acceptability, score distribution, internal consistency, scale structure, responsiveness to change and construct validity were analysed. RESULTS: Response rates were high (98-94%) and there were very few missing answers and non-unique answers. All scales had Cronbach's alphas > 0.70. The physical and social subscale showed ceiling effects. The item-own scale correlations were only slightly higher than the corresponding item-other scale correlations. Factor analysis showed that the assumed three separate subscales were replicated in our study. Pre- and post-screening effect sizes for the emotional scale were larger than for the other two scales. All PCQ scales correlated with the scales of two other psychological measures (p <or= 0.01). The emotional scale and the total PCQ score were able to differentiate between subgroups varying in affective risk perception (p <or= 0.01). CONCLUSION: The Dutch PCQ is useful in measuring psychological impact among women under intensive surveillance because of high breast cancer risk.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Special article: physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Consequences on the esophageal function. 1999.

Pneumonectomy is associated with gross anatomic and physiologic changes of the esophagus. So far, only a few studies have examined the influences of anatomic changes of the esophagus and the resulting physiologic consequences. When pneumonectomy is performed without pulmonary replacement, the esophagus is displaced to the side of pneumonectomy and posteriorly. Indentation of the esophagus by the trachea, bronchus, or aortic arch and dilatation at various levels are present. After pneumonectomy, the peak amplitude of esophageal peristaltic contractions is reduced. This feature is more pronounced in patients who are more than 60 years old and in patients who had their pneumonectomy performed more than 6 years ago. Injury of the vagal nerves, local ischemia, scarring of the esophagus and mediastinum after surgery, and disturbance of the autonomic nervous systems are the major reasons leading to esophageal dysmotility and delayed gastric emptying. Despite the severe morphologic and physiologic changes of the esophagus observed after pneumonectomy, few patients complain of gastrointestinal symptoms after pneumonectomy. Esophageal functional abnormalities may be present in patients with lung cancers before pneumonectomy because of a close anatomic relationship between the esophageal vagal nerve supply and the pulmonary hilum, making the vagal nerves susceptible to disturbances by the tumors or by involved hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. After pneumonectomy, esophageal dysmotility is exaggerated. After recipient pneumonectomy for thoracic organ transplantation, esophageal dysmotility and delayed gastric emptying are common, but their relationship to gastroesophageal reflux, chronic aspiration, or subsequent development of bronchiectasis and obliterative bronchiolitis is controversial. To reduce the incidence of esophageal dysmotility after pneumonectomy, every effort should be made during surgery to prevent direct injury of the esophagus or the vagal nerves. A prospective study involving a larger patient population is needed to precisely define the problem and its management.

Esophageal Motility Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Consequences on the pulmonary function.

The cardiac sequelae following pneumonectomy should be anticipated by a thorough preoperative evaluation of cardiac risk factors, and any identified significant risk should be evaluated and corrected. The most common cardiac complication following pneumonectomy is atrial dysrhythmia. The possible causes, significant correlates, and rationale for prophylaxis are discussed. With a large portion of the pulmonary vascular bed removed by pneumonectomy, the possibility and consequences of right ventricular dysfunction are outlined. Finally, the rare but catastrophic occurrence of cardiac herniation is described.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed2001

Consequences of contamination of the spacecraft environment: immunologic consequences.

Long-term space voyages pose numerous known and unknown health hazards, to the human immune system. Well-studied clinical examples of secondary immunodeficiencies created on Earth, lead one to predict that the conditions of prolonged space flight would weaken the human immune responses that normally hold infection and cancer in check. From evidence gathered from humans flown for prolonged periods in space and from human models of space flight studied on Earth it is reasonable to suspect that space travelers to the planet Mars would experience a weakening of immunity. Subtle defects of immune cell structure and function have been observed in astronauts, such as weakening of specific T-lymphocyte recall of specific antigens. Ground-based models also have demonstrated alterations of immune function, such as the elevation of neuroendocrine immune system messengers, interleukin-6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor in sleep deprivation. Since severe immune compromise the clinical consequences of reactivation of latent virus infections and the development of cancer, has yet to be seen in space flight or in the Earth models, it is extremely important to begin to quantify early changes in immunity to predict the development of immune system collapse with poor clinical outcomes. This approach is designed to validate a number of surrogate markers that will predict trouble ahead. Inherent in this research is the development of countermeasures to reduce the risks of infection and cancer in the first humans going to Mars.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1993

Dextrorphan attenuates the behavioral consequences of ischemia and the biochemical consequences of anoxia: possible role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism and ATP replenishing action in its cerebroprotecting profile.

The acute anti-ischemic and anti-anoxic effects of dextrorphan (DX) were compared with those of dizocilpine (MK-801) in a variety of animal models, and in vivo and in vitro testings under anoxic conditions. DX reduced the incidence of death in ischemic mice and improved the rotarod performance of mice with brain ischemia. The ischemically-impaired memory of mice treated with DX markedly improved, as shown in the step-through type passive avoidance test, Morris water maze and in the habituation of exploratory behavior test. MK-801 likewise improved the water maze performance of the ischemically-impaired mice, but to a lesser extent. The step-through type passive avoidance performance of ischemic mice was not improved by MK-801. In the passive avoidance task with normal mice, DX, like MK-801, produced anterograde amnesia at doses higher than those needed to attenuate the behavioral effects of ischemia. DX, intravenously or centrally administered, markedly and dose-dependently reduced the incidence of death in mice receiving potassium cyanide (KCN). DX lessened the reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased lactate contents in mice dosed with KCN and also lessened the reduction in ATP in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation reactions caused by KCN (0.58 mmol/l), whereas MK-801 failed to show any effect on ATP formation pathways in vivo and in vitro, and failed to protect mice against KCN-induced lethal toxicity in vivo. In the in vitro studies, DX increased the adenylate kinase activity of the rat brain homogenate. DX was found to be a cerebroprotectant with anti-ischemic and anti-anoxic actions, the effects probably stemming from its N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonistic property in cooperation with its ATP replenishing action.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term consequences of CNS treatment for childhood cancer, Part I: Pathologic consequences and potential for oncogenesis.

The pathologic changes associated with the treatment of cancer of the nervous system are reviewed. Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic findings of these abnormalities are described, followed by discussion of the known histopathologic features. For the most part, pathologic effects are primary vascular and/or demyelinating. We review each of these effects at all levels of the neural axis. This review concludes with a discussion of the risk of developing second malignancies. Although this complication is infrequent, the likelihood that survivors of childhood cancer will develop a second malignancy is 10 times that of age-matched controls. This phenomenon in part relates to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and host susceptibility. These qualifications not withstanding, most studies implicate central nervous system radiation with and without chemotherapy as the primary etiology for second malignancies.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1990

Mechanisms and consequences of the impaired trans-sulphuration pathway in liver disease: Part II. Clinical consequences and potential for pharmacological intervention in cirrhosis.

The liver is actively involved in the metabolism of the sulphur-containing essential amino acid, methionine. Methionine is transformed into S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) and then into sulphur-containing metabolites (cysteine, taurine and glutathione) via the trans-sulphuration pathway. Liver disease may affect the trans-sulphuration pathway and decrease the clearance of methionine, which leads to increased fasting methionine concentrations in blood and reduced formation of cysteine and glutathione. There is evidence that this defect, located at the level of SAMe-synthetase, may cause nutritional defects and contribute to negative nitrogen balance whenever non-essential sulphur-containing amino acids are not supplied in adequate amounts. In addition, cirrhotic patients may be at increased risk of hepatotoxicity after treatment with substances which are detoxified via glutathione. The SAMe-synthetase block may be overcome by administration of oral or intravenous SAMe, which improves the fasting amino acid profile and increases the hepatic glutathione concentration. Controlled studies on long term SAMe treatment in patients with cirrhosis are needed to confirm this possible beneficial effect.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

Physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Consequences on the pulmonary function.

When pneumonectomy is done in children, there is some speculation that lung growth occurs. In the adult population, volume response is incomplete and attributable to alveolar distention rather than multiplication. Stretch is widely regarded as the initial stimulus for compensatory growth. The authors review data pertaining to the physiology of the various adjustments that occur after pneumonectomy gathered both from observations on human response and from experimental findings in animals. Mechanisms and mediators of this adaptive response are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Consequences on the esophageal function.

Esophageal and upper gastrointestinal dysmotility occur after both pneumonectomy without pulmonary replacement and recipient pneumonectomy for thoracic organ transplantation. After pneumonectomy without pulmonary replacement, there is a shift of the esophagus to the side of pneumonectomy and disturbance of esophageal peristalis. After recipient pneumonectomy for thoracic organ transplantation, esophageal dysmotility and delayed gastric emptying are common. Injury of the vagal nerves, local ischemia, postoperative scarring of the esophagus and mediastinum, and disturbance of the autonomic nervous systems are the major causes of the abnormality. To reduce the incidence of esophageal dysmotility after pneumonectomy, every effort should be made during surgery to prevent direct injury of the esophagus or the vagal nerves.

Esophageal Motility Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Physiologic consequences of pneumonectomy. Long-term consequences of pneumonectomy done in children.

Lung resections in children are performed for a variety of reasons including congenital malformations, infections, bronchiectasis, and tumors. There are no long-term reports on pneumonectomy alone in children, but those on lung resection as a group state that children tolerate these operations well, with mild sequelae if any, and that the majority of them in adulthood can perform non-physically demanding jobs adequately. The authors' findings concur with the reports that younger patients can endure pulmonary resections with minimal functional limitations.

Adolescent↗