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PubMed1986

Connections of the parahippocampal cortex in the cat. V. Intrinsic connections; comments on input/output connections with the hippocampus.

The present report is the last in a series of papers on the connectivity of the parahippocampal cortex in the cat, which in this species is considered to be composed of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Injections of anterogradely transported tritiated amino acids and the retrograde tracers HRP, WGA-HRP, fast blue, or nuclear yellow were placed within the limits of the parahippocampal cortex. An analysis was made of the resulting pattern of anterograde labeling and of the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons within the parahippocampal cortex. It appears that within the parahippocampal cortex of the cat a framework exists, which is composed of longitudinal and transverse connections, organized according to three principles: Medially directed projections originate mostly in superficial layers, whereas laterally directed fibers come from deep layers. The longitudinal connections span the entire rostrocaudal extent of the parahippocampal cortex, whereas the mediolateral extent of the transverse connections is in general more restricted. Based on the organization of these longitudinal and transverse connections four longitudinal zones are recognized. The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEA) projects both within the entorhinal cortex and to the perirhinal cortex, whereas the intrinsic projections of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEA) are confined to the entorhinal cortex. These results are discussed in conjunction with the main organizational features of the afferent and efferent connections of the parahippocampal cortex of the cat. The premise is made that the cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions of the cortex can be grouped into four areas, each with its own set of fiber connections and subserving different functional roles. A lateral area, constituted by the perirhinal areas 35 and 36, and the caudally adjacent postsplenial cortex, serves as a peripheral area through which the rest of the parahippocampal cortex--i.e., LEA and MEA, and ultimately the hippocampal formation--reciprocally communicates with extensive neocortical, subcortical, and thalamic regions associated with higher-order behavior. The medial part of LEA, constituted by the ventrolateral (VLEA) and ventromedial (VMEA) divisions, has reciprocal connections with the hippocampal formation and with the cortex, partly via the perirhinal cortex, and is connected with a number of subcortical structures such as the amygdala and the striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease. I. Early clinical manifestation in a large cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases compared with cohorts of well established connective tissue disease.

We identified a cohort of 410 patients with connective tissue disorders (CTD) of less than or equal to 1 year duration among the participating clinics of the Cooperative Systematic Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases Program. Fifty-seven had rheumatic arthritis (RA), 57 systemic lupus erythematosus, 37 poly/dermatomyositis, 46 scleroderma, and 213 early undifferentiated CTD, including patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, unexplained polyarthritis or at least 3 CTD manifestations such as rashes, myalgias, etc. Baseline clinical data are now being reported. The followup of these patients may prove to be valuable in understanding these diseases. To our knowledge no similar cohort of patients is available for further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Anatomical mapping of retino-tectal connections in developing and metamorphosed Xenopus: evidence for changing connections.

Neural connections between the eye and optic tectum in Xenopus laevis were anatomically traced by observing the tectal location of Wallerian degeneration after discrete retinal lesion. These retinotectal connections were mapped in postmetamorphic frogs and tadpoles at stage 51, the stage at which retinal axons have grown into about the rostral one-half of the tectum. The course of the experimental degeneration was the same in frogs and tadpoles, but degeneration proceeded faster in the younger animals. In the frogs, connections were ordered, with nasal retina mapping to the caudal part of the tectum and temporal retina mapping to the rostral tectum. In the tadpoles, within the innervated area at the rostral tectum, the retino-tectal connections were generally organized as in the adults, with the temporal retina mapping to the rostral part of the innervated tectum and nasal retina mapping primarily to the caudal part. But a portion of the nasal fibers consistently mapped to the far rostral tectum as well. Electron microscopic observations showed degenerating synaptic terminals at both rostral and caudal portions of the innervated tectum after lesion of just the nasal retina. Degeneration was not seen in control animals. These results indicate that some fibers (particularly from nasal retina) may shift their terminals caudally on the tectum to match tectal growth and produce the adult pattern of connections. If there is such connection readjustment, the 'aberrant' connections from nasal retina in tadpoles may be an indication of this process.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Total cavopulmonary connection: a logical alternative to atriopulmonary connection for complex Fontan operations. Experimental studies and early clinical experience.

To understand better the contribution of a right atrium in a valveless atriopulmonary connection, we performed some basic hydrodynamic studies. Pulsation of a valveless chamber in a simple continuous flow circuit was found to generate turbulence and thereby to increase resistance to net forward flow. Visualization of flow through cavities and around corners and measurements of energy losses across nonpulsatile cavities, corners, and stenoses indicated the importance of streamlining. These studies suggested ways in which hydrodynamic designs of the Fontan circulation might be improved. In parallel with these in vitro studies, we have developed a modified approach to Fontan reconstruction that entails exclusion of most or all of the right atrium (total cavopulmonary connection). The operation consists of three parts: (1) end-to-side anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the undivided right pulmonary artery; (2) construction of a composite intraatrial tunnel with the use of the posterior wall of the right atrium; and (3) use of a prosthetic patch to channel the inferior vena cava to the enlarged orifice of the transected superior vena cava that is anastomosed to the main pulmonary artery. The operation was performed in 20 patients between March 1987 and March 1988. The diagnoses were double-inlet ventricle (11 patients), hypoplastic systemic or pulmonary ventricle (seven patients), and absent right atrioventricular connection (two patients). There were two early deaths and one late death. None of the deaths was related to the actual procedure but rather to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (two patients) or systemic ventricular failure (one patient). Total cavopulmonary connections have the following advantages: (1) They are technically simple and reproducible in any atrioventricular arrangement and are away from the atrioventricular node; (2) most of the right atrial chamber remains at low pressure, which reduces the risk of early or late arrhythmias; (3) reduction of turbulence prevents energy losses and should minimize the risk of atrial thrombosis; (4) postoperative cardiac catheterization performed in 10 patients confirmed these favorable flow patterns with minimal gradients throughout the connections. These encouraging early results support the continuing use of total cavopulmonary connection, at least for patients with a nonhypertrophied right atrium.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1992

Influence of synaptic identity on single-Ia-afferent connectivity and EPSP amplitude in the adult cat: homonymous versus heteronymous connections.

1. This study makes use of the pattern of synaptic connections between motoneurons and Ia afferents of triceps surae muscles in the cat to test the relative importance of synaptic identity, neuronal size, and neuronal topography as determinants of Ia-afferent connectivity and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitude. 2. The synaptic actions of single-Ia medial gastrocnemius (MG) afferents were measured by intracellular recording in MG and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) motoneurons. The spike-triggered averaging technique was used to measure EPSPs generated by homonymous or heteronymous Ia afferents and motoneurons, i.e., neurons supplying the same or different muscles, respectively. In agreement with earlier studies, the pooled sample showed that the number of functional connections and the size of EPSPs were both significantly greater for homonymous than for heteronymous neurons. 3. Afferent conduction velocity, motoneuron conduction velocity, rheobase current, and position of the motoneuron relative to the spinal cord afferent entry were all correlated with EPSP amplitude, but the amplitude difference between homonymous and heteronymous connections remained significant after the statistical removal analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of the contribution of these variables. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis showed that synaptic identity explained the greatest fraction of the variance in EPSP amplitude (9%), with significant but smaller fractions accounted for by rheobase current or motoneuron conduction velocity. 4. In a separate experiment, the monosynaptic affects from both homonymous and heteronymous single-Ia afferents were examined in each of 88 MG or LG motoneurons. The single-Ia afferents used in this portion of the study were sampled from both MG and LG muscles and selected for similar conduction velocities and spinal cord entry points.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1986

Double connections in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Three infants who underwent operation for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection had unobstructed drainage of all the pulmonary veins to both the coronary sinus and left vertical vein. In one patient the anatomy was demonstrated preoperatively and complete correction accomplished without difficulty, but in two patients the second connection was discovered only at postoperative reinvestigation. Arbitrary classification of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection into cardiac, supracardiac, infracardiac, and mixed types does not lend itself to description of such lesions and may obscure their clinical importance. For these less common variants of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, a more detailed and precise definition of morphology facilitates accurate surgical repair.

Cardiac Catheterization↗

PubMed1989

[Reconsideration of the bilaminar zone in the retrodiscal connective tissue of the TMJ. 2. Fibrous structure of the retrodiscal connective tissue and relation between those fibers and the disk].

The fibrous structure of the retrodiscal connective tissue was investigated histologically in order to reconfirm what Rees calls the bilaminar zone. Eleven TMJs were taken from the fresh cadavers. The sections, obtained from six materials with condyle protruded, were observed mainly. The Results were as follows: The retrodiscal area was composed of the collagen fibers originating into this area from the petrotympanic fissure, from the conjunctive area of the posterior wall of the fossa with the lateral wall of the articular cavity, and from the conjunctive area of the posterior slope of the auricular tubercle with the lateral wall of the articular cavity. In the superficial layer of the retrodiscal area, these fibers crossed each other, and a few fibers jointed with these fibers from the superficial layer of the disk and from the posterior wall of the articular fossa. The arrangement of these fibers had various directions, however most of fibers tended to run medio-laterally. The fiber bundles containing many elastic fibers ran into the retrodiscal area from the petrotympanic fissure. Although these fibers connected the most medial side of the disk with the medial side of the posterior wall of the articular fossa, they had many branches composing the retrodiscal area as stayed above. The fibers were very wavy, in spite of the protruded position of the disk. So these fibers were not considered to have a role in pulling back the disk in the retruded phase of the mouth closing. New findings as to the retrodiscal connective tissue were obtain in this research. They were different from Ree's description.

Cartilage, Articular↗

PubMed1978

Pattern separability and the effect of the number of connections in a random neural net with inhibitory connections.

It has been claimed that pattern separation in cerebellar cortex plays an important role in controlling movements and balance for vertebrates. A number of the neural models for cerebellar cortex have been proposed and their pattern separability has been analyzed. These results, however, only explain a part of pattern separability in random neural nets. The present paper is intended to study an extended theory of pattern separability in a new model with inhibitory connections. In addition to this, the effect of the number of connections on pattern separability is cleared up. It is also shown that the signal from the inhibitory connections has crucial importance for pattern separability.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1991

Discordant atrioventricular connection and concordant ventriculoarterial connection in situs inversus: isolated ventricular noninversion.

A case of discordant atrioventricular (AV) connection and concordant ventriculoarterial (VA) connection (with aortomitral fibrous continuity and tricuspid pulmonary discontinuity) in situs inversus (I, D, I) is reported because of its rarity. This segmental combination with abnormally related great arteries in the absence of anomalies of venous connections and/or splenic anomalies is extremely rare.

Female↗

PubMed1989

Univentricular atrioventricular connection to a dominant left ventricle with a concordant ventriculo-arterial connection.

Double inlet left ventricle with concordant ventriculo-arterial connection, first described by Holmes, is an unusual cardiac malformation which includes a right-sided rudimentary right ventricle and, frequently, subpulmonary stenosis. We have now encountered six patients, aged 1 month to 13 years, with this basic combination. In 5 cases, cross-sectional echocardiography, using parasternal, apical and subcostal views was diagnostic. Subpulmonary stenosis was seen in two of them. The sixth case shown to have atresia of the left atrioventricular valve, a concordant ventriculo-arterial connection, a left-sided rudimentary right ventricle, mild subpulmonary stenosis and a right-sided aorta. The combination of the left atrioventricular valve, left-sided rudimentary right ventricle and a concordant ventriculo-arterial connection has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported. Cross-sectional echocardiography always provided the correct morphologic diagnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

"Meaning" connections and causal connections in the human sciences: the poverty of hermeneutic philosophy.

In much of psychoanalytic theory and therapy, Freud repeatedly inferred a causal connection between thematically kindred events by relying on the kinship between their thematic contents. This paper strongly endorses his search for causal explanations. But it argues in detail that (1) his causal inferences from thematic connections rest on an important fallacy, which undermines major etiologic conclusions in psychoanalysis; (2) a related, weighty inferential error is damaging to the Freudian theory of transference, when it infers the pathogenic role of an early childhood scenario from the thematic reenactment (recapitulation) of that scenario in the adult patient's interactions with the analyst, and with other people. Both arguments draw on subject matter in psychoanalysis, physics, evolutionary biology, common-sense psychology, history, and medicine to arrive at a fundamental caveat for all of the sciences: Even when the thematic kinship (or so-called "meaning connection") between events is indeed of very high degree, this fact itself does not license the inference of a causal linkage between these events. A corollary of this result is that we must reject the accusation of Karl Jaspers and the hermeneutic philosophers that Freud's own conception of the psychoanalytic enterprise suffered from a "scientistic self-misunderstanding."

Defense Mechanisms↗

PubMed1978

[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). 2. Fiber connections of the mammillary bodies in cattle].

1. In the present information the course of fibre pathways which are connected with the mammillary body of the cattle is described in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal, 4 horizontal series, stained by the combined cell-fibre-method after KLUVER and BARRERA and by the method for myelined fibres after HEIDENHAIN). 2. The mammillary body of cattle is connected with four main fibre systems. These are the fornix and the mamillary peduncle as well as the mamillo-thalamic and the mamillo-tegmental tracts. 3. The fornix system first of all represents a rich myelined fibre connection between the hippocampus and the mamillary body. But also fornix fibres entering the poor-myelined regions of the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon have been demonstrated. 4. The mamillary peduncle ascending from the mesencephalon can be traced to the lateral mamillary nucleus. 5. The mamillo-thalamic tract of cattle has its origin in the mamillary body with the mamillotegmental tract associated to a common principal mamillary tract and passes to the complex of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the mamillo-tegmental tract branching off from it curves into the mesencephalon.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Study of the connections of supposed diencephalic connections of the limbic system of the lizard using the technic of axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase].

Connections of the anterior thalamic (n. dorsolateralis anterior, n. dorsomedialis) and habenular nuclei in lizards Ophisaurus apodus were studied by means of HRP administration into these nuclei. It was shown that all nuclei have overlapping locations of afferent sources (basotelencephalic structures, nuclei of anterior and hippocampal commissures, lateral area of the hypothalamus, superior raphe nucleus) and overlapping projectional zones (mammillary complex, ventral tegmental area). Besides common connections, specific ones for separate nuclei were revealed: for n. dorsolateralis anterior-reciprocal connection with dorsolateral hypothalamic nucleus, for habenular nuclei-projection to the interpeduncular nucleus, for n. dorsomedialis-projection to the dorsal hypothalamic area. No mammillary afferents were found for the anterior thalamic nuclei. All the nuclei studied are considered as diencephalic relay links of pathways which can be compared with dorsal (for habenular nuclei) and ventral (for anterior thalamic nuclei) pathways of the limbic system in mammals.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Connective tissue activation. XIII. Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in human connective tissue cells by peptide mediators from lymphocytes and platelets.

CTAP-I from lymphocytes and CTAP-III from platelets markedly stimulated 35SO4= incorporation into chondroitin 4/6 sulfate and dermatan sulfate synthesized by human synovial, dermal, and cartilage connective tissue cells in vitro. These agonists promoted synthesis of the GAG carbon chain as well as sulfate incorporation. Both RNA and protein synthesis were required for these mediators to be effective in stimulating synthesis of connective tissue matrix components. A major part of the capacity of normal serum to stimulate sulfate incorporation into GAG's may reside in CTAP-III.

Blood Platelets↗

PubMed1987

Connective tissue activation. XXXII. Structural and biologic characteristics of mesenchymal cell-derived connective tissue activating peptide-V.

Connective tissue activating peptide-V (CTAP-V) is a single-chain, mesenchymal cell-derived anionic protein with large and small molecular forms (Mr of 28,000 and 16,000, respectively), as defined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins have similar specific activities with respect to stimulation of hyaluronic acid and DNA formation in human synovial fibroblast cultures. S-carboxymethylation or removal of sialic acid residues did not modify CTAP-V biologic activity. Rabbit antibodies raised separately against each of the purified CTAP-V proteins reacted, on immunodiffusion and on Western blot, with each antigen and neutralized mitogenic activity. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the CTAP-V proteins, determined by 2 laboratories, confirmed their structural similarities. The amino-terminal sequence through 37 residues was demonstrated for the smaller protein. The first 10 residues of CTAP-V (28 kd) were identical to the N-terminal decapeptide of CTAP-V (16 kd). The C-terminal sequence, determined by carboxypeptidase Y digestion, was the same for both CTAP-V molecular species. The 2 CTAP-V peptides had similar amino acid compositions, whether residues were expressed as a percent of the total or were normalized to mannose. Reduction of native CTAP-V protein released sulfhydryl groups in a protein:disulfide ratio of 1:2; this suggests that CTAP-V contains 2 intramolecular disulfide bonds. Clearly, CTAP-V is a glycoprotein. The carbohydrate content of CTAP-V (16 kd) and CTAP-V (28 kd) is 27% and 25%, respectively. CTAP-V may have significance in relation to autocrine mechanisms for growth regulation of connective tissue cells and other cell types.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1985

Microthread-like filaments connecting the epithelial basal lamina with underlying fibrillar components of the connective tissue in the rat trachea. A real anchoring device?

The structural relationship between the basal lamina and the underlying reticular tissue was studied, with special attention to the relationship among basal lamina-associated anchoring fibrillar (AF) arcs (Kawanami et al. 1978, 1979) and other fibrillar components, in the epithelium-denuded trachea of the rat. Quantitative analysis of a large number of AF arcs reveals that the majority of the AF arcs has no other fibrillar components of passage. This suggests that most AF arcs do not serve as a real anchoring device, connecting the basal lamina with the underlying reticular tissue, as has so far been suggested by Kawanami et al. (1978). Ruthenium-red staining reveals the presence of a unique meshwork of microthread-like filaments connecting the undersurface of the basal lamina or the AF arcs with the underlying fibrillar components with a remarkable continuity, suggesting that the filaments act as a real anchoring device; these filaments link, instead of the AF arcs, the basal lamina, to the subjacent reticular tissue. Various enzymatic treatments of the filaments indicate that their chemical nature is probably non-collagenous (glyco)protein without glycosaminoglycan moieties.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Connective tissue polypeptides in serum: new parameters of connective tissue synthesis and degradation in liver fibrosis].

With the invention of drugs that effectively and specifically inhibit excessive collagen synthesis in the liver, a growing interest in serum assays that assess fibrogenesis, i.e. the de novo formation and fibrolysis, i.e. the removal of connective tissue in the liver, may be anticipated. Several serum assays for connective tissue polypeptides fulfil the criteria of sensitivity and specificity for chronic liver diseases. The aminoterminal procollagen type III peptide (PIIINP) correlates with hepatic fibrogenesis, whereas the propeptides of basement membrane collagen (PIVNP and PIVCP) and the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin reflect the enhanced turnover of basement membranes of the sinusoids as well as of proliferating bile ducts and blood vessels in active fibrosis. Circulating collagen type VI results from degradation of interstitial microfilaments and undulin appears to be released upon remodeling of the hepatic architecture. Combined measurement of selected parameters may allow a non-invasive assessment of the balance between fibrogenesis and fibrolysis on a day-to-day basis, especially in the light of potential antifibrotic therapy.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1989

[A comparative study of the biological behavior of gastric cancer from the view of the amount of connective tissue in the cancerous tissue--a correlation between the amount of connective tissue and the metastatic pattern].

Differences between advanced gastric cancer of the medullary type (med.: 138 cases) and the scirrhous type (sci: 164 cases) with regard to the amount of connective tissue that was cancerous have been studied clinicopathologically. A correlation was found between med and liver metastasis, and sci and peritoneal dissemination in metastatic types, whereas no correlation was observed in other factors except between med and a localized type, sci and infiltrating type in gross type. The study of tumorigenicity in nude mice showed remarkable difference between med (86.7%) and sci. (0%). These results indicate that there is definite relationship between the amount of connective tissue and the biological behavior of a gastric cancer.

Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous↗