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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Compomers--a new bracket bonding generation in orthodontics?

Compomers are a new class of materials. With the compomer Dyract Ortho., specifically for bracket bonding, and with Prime & Bond 2.0, a one-component primer for enamel and dentin, DeTrey/Dentsply has developed alternative new materials. The aim of this in vitro study was to test the tensile bonding strength of these materials with different kinds of brackets. Twelve test groups, each with 30 prepared bovine incisors, were formed. Two primers, Prime & Bond 2.0 and PSA, were used. 50% of all teeth were first etched will 36% phosphoric acid. Three types of brackets--metal, ceramic and silan ceramic--were bonded with the compomer Dyract Ortho. For 90 teeth forming a control group, the composite Concise was used. When conditioning the enamel with 36% phosphoric acid, the compomer Dyract Ortho showed a similar tensile bonding strength to the composite Concise. This was not the case if metal brackets were used. Metal brackets had significantly less tensile bonding strength (p < 0.001). The interface of the compomer with the bracket was the main failure site. There was insufficient retention between the compomer and the foil mesh of the bracket base because of the strong consistency of the compomer. Without enamel etching, Dyract Ortho produced an acceptable result only in combination with the primer Prime & Bond 2.0 and silan ceramic brackets. As insufficient data are available to date, the use of compomers in clinical practice cannot yet be recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A comparative clinical trial of a compomer and a resin adhesive for orthodontic bonding.

The study aimed to compare the survival time and cariostatic potential of a compomer to that of a resin adhesive when used to bond stainless steel orthodontic brackets to labial segment teeth only. The effect of the patients' sex, age at the start of treatment and presenting malocclusion on bracket survival time was assessed also. Forty-five consecutive patients who attended for fixed appliance therapy were randomly selected. Four hundred twenty-six brackets were bonded (213 with compomer and 213 with resin adhesive) with a split mouth design; the right or left side allocation of compomer in either arch was alternated. Color transparencies of the maxillary incisors, mandibular incisors, or both, and transparencies of the canines, were taken before treatment. At the debond stage, the transparencies were projected (20x) and assessed by an experienced examiner, who used a caries index. The survival time distributions for brackets bonded with each bonding agent were not significantly different (P = .74, paired Prentice-Wilcoxon test; P = .75, Akritas test), with bracket failure rates of 17% and 20% recorded for compomer and resin adhesive, respectively. Neither the patients' sex (P = .85) nor malocclusion (P = .26) appear to affect significantly bracket survival, but patient age was identified as a useful prognostic indicator of bracket survival (P < .001). On average, there was more decalcification related to brackets bonded with resin adhesive than with compomer (P = .0075). Survival time distributions of brackets bonded with compomer or resin adhesive appear comparable, but decalcification was reduced significantly by bonding with compomer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Fluoride release from glass-ionomer and compomer restorative materials: 6-month data.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the daily fluoride release of two glass ionomers (Ketac-Fil and ChemFil Superior) and two compomers (Compoglass and Dyract Restorative) over 6 months. METHODS: A pilot study evaluated the time taken for sample solutions to equilibrate to establish an appropriate time period for sample solution storage between fluoride ion measurements. In the main study storage water replacement and fluoride ion determination was made daily using a specific ion electrode, TISAB buffer and standard solutions for calibration. RESULTS: Equilibration of fluoride concentration in aqueous solution occurred in under 48 h for all materials. Total fluoride released (microgram mm-2) after 6 months by Ketac-Fil (30.6, s.d. 4.9) was significantly greater than ChemFil Superior (12.7, s.d. 2.5), Compoglass (10.4, s.d. 1.0) and Dyract Restorative (7.7, s.d. 1.7) (P < 0.05). Daily fluoride release at 24 h and 10 days was significantly higher for the glass ionomers than the compomers (P < 0.05). After 40 days the daily fluoride release (microgram mm-2) from ChemFil Superior (0.05, s.d. 0.01) was not significantly different from Compoglass (0.04, s.d. 0.01) and Dyract Restorative (0.03, s.d. 0.00) (P > 0.05). Daily fluoride release from Ketac-Fil remains significantly higher than the compomers at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Specimens stored in water equilibrate rapidly, suggesting the rate at which storage water is changed may alter the relative fluoride release rates of materials. This important fact is often overlooked. Fluoride release from the glass ionomers is initially higher than for the compomers. Fluoride release from glass ionomers falls rapidly to approach levels released by compomers. Compomers produce no initial burst of fluoride and levels of release remain relatively constant.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1999

Esthetic compomer restorations in posterior teeth using a new all-in-one adhesive: case presentation.

UNLABELLED: Compomers have continually gained in importance since their introduction in 1993, especially because of their ease of handling. The main indications are cervical lesions, Class III restorations, and restorations in the primary dentition. To extend the indications of compomers to esthetic Class I and II restorations in the permanent dentition, improvements in wear resistance and bond strength need to be accomplished. Studies have shown an improved bond strength and less marginal gap formation between compomers and enamel and dentin with acid etching of the tooth before application of conventional mild self-etching adhesives. Newly formulated, improved self-etching adhesives with a higher demineralization potential recently have been developed. The objective of this case presentation is to demonstrate step-by-step the clinical procedure for the application of a newly developed self-etching adhesive with high demineralization potential in combination with a compomer material in occlusal cavities. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Improved self-etching adhesives provide a faster and simplified application technique and allow effective conditioning and priming of enamel and dentin in one step, without waiving sufficient bond strengths. With limited indications, compomers are used in combination with these self-etching primers to restore occlusal cavities in posterior teeth. Evidence-based dentistry requires exact scientific data to evaluate whether this new trend results in benefits for patients. However, until clear evidence from controlled clinical studies supports the use of improved compomer systems in Class I and II cavities in the permanent dentition, dentists should be careful with this indication.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed2000

In vitro study of enamel and dentin marginal integrity of composite and compomer restorations placed in primary teeth after diamond or Er:YAG laser cavity preparation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of laser vs diamond instruments on Class II and Class V cavity margins in primary teeth with SEM after restoration with composite and compomer materials and subsequent thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class V cavities with margins completely located in enamel were prepared in 36 extracted primary teeth to examine the restoration-enamel interface. Eighteen cavities were prepared with an Er:YAG laser operated at 3 Hz, 300 mJ/pulse, and 18 with a spherical fine diamond bur. In 24 primary teeth, Class II cavities with cervical proximal margins located in dentin were prepared for examination of the restoration-dentin interface. All Class II cavities were prepared with a conventional cylindrical diamond bur. In 12 cavities, the margins located in dentin were conditioned with an Er:YAG laser (1 Hz, 100 mJ/pulse). All cavities were restored with a fine hybrid composite resin or a compomer material. RESULTS: SEM examination of Class V cavities after thermocycling (between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C, 2500 cycles) revealed over 90% "perfect" margins in all composite fillings and in those compomer restorations applied after conventional preparation and acid etching. Compomer restorations placed without acid etching revealed a significantly superior marginal integrity in laser-prepared cavities (81% perfect margins) vs conventionally prepared cavities (60% perfect margins). SEM analysis of the dentinal margins of both compomer and composite restorations in Class II cavities showed mean percentages of perfect marginal adaptation ranging from only 13% to 66%. CONCLUSION: Er:YAG laser treatment can be recommended for composite restorations in Class V cavities in primary teeth. Compomer restorations can be placed after conventional preparation of Class V cavities and acid etching or after laser preparation. Dentin bonding in Class II cavities in primary teeth is not sufficient and cannot be improved with Er:YAG laser pretreatment.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biocompatability of compomer restorative systems on nonexposed dental pulps of primate teeth.

This study evaluated the histologic response of total-etched and nonetched compomer restored cavity preparations. One hundred fifteen class 5 cavity preparations were placed in the teeth of four healthy adult monkeys at 7, 27, and 90 days. A 37% H3PO4 was applied for 10 seconds and rinsed in total-etched preparations. No statistical differences were seen in inflammatory reactions among total-etched or nonetched compomers at 7, 27, and 90 days. There were no statistical differences in inflammatory cell responses among all compomer systems in regard to time intervals. Pulpal responses of compomers were greater than IRM at each time period. Pulp responses were associated with stained bacteria in 32 of 89 compomer teeth. No necrotic pulps were seen in any teeth. Statistical data show a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between bacterial presence and pulpal inflammation. IRM pulps showed no inflammation or bacterial staining. Compomers are biologically compatible with pulp tissues when bacteria are excluded.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Long-term effects of four extraction media on the fluoride release from four polyacid-modified composite resins (compomers) and one resin-modified glass-ionomer cement.

It was the aim of the present experiments to evaluate the fluoride leaching of four compomers and one resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (gic) into aqueous media over a 1-year period. Various extraction/equilibrium solutions were applied to simulate important intraoral parameters. Specimens of Dyract, Compoglass F, F2000, one experimental compomer, and the resin-modified gic Fuji II LC were stored for 366 days in distilled water (I), acidic medium (pH 4.2) (II), neutral medium (pH 7.0) (III), or solution III supplemented with 1.6 u/mL porcine liver esterase (IV). Equilibrium media were changed and fluoride concentration was measured every 48 h (first 30 d), thereafter each week (twice), then every 14 d (three times), and finally every 28 d up to a total period of 1 year. Data were statistically analyzed for significant differences by means of Scheffe' tests (p < 0.05). The gic and the compomers leached significantly more fluoride into the acidic solution in the initial phase compared to the other media (p < 0.05). Cumulative fluoride release from all materials (except experimental compomer) was elevated because of esterase activity (p <0.05). Measurable but low quantities of fluoride were segregated into all media during the 1-year period. But no significantly different long-term fluoride release into the various media from the investigated materials was found. The data indicate that plaque-associated organic acids or salivary hydrolases may increase initial fluoride release from resin-modified gics or compomers in the oral cavity. Because long-term fluoride release from all materials decreased to low concentrations within a 30-day period, their caries preventive effect remains questionable.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of various storage media on surface hardness and structure of four polyacid-modified composite resins ("compomers").

It was the purpose of this study to determine surface microhardness and structure of four poly-acid modified composite resins ("compomers") after 1-year storage in water and various solutions. Specimens of the compomers Dyract (DY), Compoglass F (CG), an experimental compomer (EC), and of F2000 (F) were stored at 37 degrees C for 1 year in distilled water, acidic buffer (pH 4.2), neutral buffer (pH 7.0), and neutral buffer supplemented with 1.6 u/ml porcine liver esterase. Then the specimens were kept dry for 3 days further. Continuously dry-stored samples (37 degrees C) served as controls. Surface microhardness (Vickers) was read at baseline (prior to wet storage), after 24 h and 144 h, then every 30 days up to 1 year and after the further 3 days of dry storage. Surface roughness (Ra) was determined at baseline, after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and, finally, after the further 3 days. In addition, randomly selected control and experimental specimens were investigated by SEM. Data were statistically analyzed by a three-factor ANOVA using Scheffé tests (P<0.05). Vickers hardness of all experimental samples dropped significantly due to wet storage (P<0.000) during the first month. However, the type of storage medium did not influence microhardness significantly. Surface roughness was not altered by wet storage except for compomer F, which revealed pronounced surface cracks in the SEM. Altogether, our findings point out that surface microhardness and structure of the investigated compomers were not significantly deteriorated by the tested intraoral conditions, such as humidity, pH-fluctuation, or the action of hydrolytic salivary enzymes.

Acids↗
PubMed2001

Effect of enamel pretreatments on bond strength of compomer.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various enamel surface treatments on the bond strength of a compomer to enamel. METHODS: Ground bovine enamel specimens were divided into four groups. A compomer (F2000, 3M) was bonded to the specimens using different enamel surface treatments. Two groups examined the effect of application of the F2000 self-etching primer/adhesive (3M) with respect to static or dynamic priming. A third examined use of the primer/adhesive after phosphoric acid etching, and the fourth (control) group provided bond strength of the compomer to phosphoric acid etched enamel with a resin bonding system (Single Bond, 3M). Shear bond strengths for the specimens were measured after 24h storage in water at 37 degrees C. Effects of the various surface treatments on enamel were examined by SEM. RESULTS: Significant differences in bond strength of compomer to enamel were found that were related to the various surface pretreatments. Dynamic priming resulted in higher enamel bond strengths than static priming, and the best bond strengths were obtained when the enamel was etched with phosphoric acid. SEM analysis showed that depth of etch and resin penetration was also directly related to the bond strengths measured. SIGNIFICANCE: Bond strength of compomer to enamel is significantly affected by the method of pretreatment of the enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2000

Dentin shear bond strength of compomers and composites.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths and fracture characteristics of two compomers bonded with a single step bonding agent with two modern composites, a microfil and hybrid, bonded with a fourth generation bonding agent. METHODS: Freshly extracted human third molars were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface to expose midcoronal dentin, prepared with 320-grit surface finish, and bonded (N = 11 samples/group) following manufacturer's directions with the compomers (Dyract, DeTrey Konstanz, Germany or Compoglass, Vivadent, Schaan Liechtenstein) or the dentin bonding agent SMP+ (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M Dental Products, St. Paul MN) with Silux Plus or Z100 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN). The samples were tested using a single plane lap shear bond strength test at 5 mm/min until failure. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with Scheffe multiple comparison testing. Fracture surfaces of the debonded surfaces were examined using SEM to determine the failure mode of each specimen. RESULTS: Bond strengths for the compomers were 12.7 +/- 2.9 MPa for Dyract and 8.9 +/- 4.1 MPa for Compoglass and were not significantly different. Bond strengths for the dentin bonded composites were significantly stronger than the compomer Compoglass, but were not different from one another, despite the use of different composites. The averages values for SMP + /Silux Plus and SMP + /Z100 were 15.7 +/- 4.5 MPa and 15.2 +/- 5.6 MPa, respectively. SEM analysis showed that all materials exhibited mixed failure patterns. Compoglass specimens exhibited 5 of 11 failures classified as adhesive, while each of the other materials showed only 1 of 11 adhesive failures. SIGNIFICANCE: Compomers have undergone rapid development over the last several years, but their bond strengths have not yet reached the same level as modern dentin bonded composites. Difference in composite filler type and amount had little influence on the bond strength determined in this work.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shear bond strengths produced by composite and compomer light cured orthodontic adhesives.

OBJECTIVES: To test the shear bond strengths obtained when orthodontic brackets were bonded ex vivo using a composite resin and a compomer orthodontic adhesive. METHODS: Specimens were tested in a special jig made to fit an Instron testing machine. After debonding, the adhesive remaining on bracket bases and enamel surfaces was mapped. RESULTS: Bond strengths ranged from 8 to 23 MPa with the composite resin producing higher strengths than the compomer for similar combinations of variables. Bond strength was increased by longer curing and a longer debond interval and was higher for brackets with mesh bases than undercut bases. More compomer remained on the enamel surface after debonding than did the composite resin. CONCLUSION: The compomer produced bond strengths within the range considered to be clinically acceptable in other studies. If it was clinically successful as an orthodontic adhesive a compomer would confer the advantage that fluoride release would help to minimize the onset of early caries around bonded brackets.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1999

The influence of configuration factors on cavity adaptation in compomer restorations.

The effect of configuration factor (C-factor) on cavity adaptation was investigated in three compomer and one resin composite restorations. Eighty-four cylindrical dentin cavities (C-factor: approximately 2.5, 3.0 or 4.0) prepared on flat coronal dentin surfaces were filled with the materials in combination with their proprietary adhesive systems. Cavity adaptation was microscopically examined after 15 minutes storage in water at the top surface and at other four sites along the cavity walls. Additionally, indentation testing was performed for each material at 20 minutes and 24 hours after irradiation. Regression analysis revealed no relationship between C-factor and gap dimension in compomer restorations at any of the measuring sites, while a logarithmic relation was found only at the cavity floor of the composite fillings. All materials showed maturation of mechanical properties. The elastic component of the indentation was smaller in compomers than in the composite. It was concluded that C-factor had no influence on the cavity adaptation for compomer restorations. This might be due to reduced stress generation at the bonding interface caused by relatively low mechanical properties immediately after curing, less elasticity, and water absorption in compomers.

Compomers↗
PubMed1999

Marginal adaptation of compomers in Class I and V cavities in primary molars.

PURPOSES: To evaluate in primary molars (1) the adaptation of three compomers in Class I and V cavities at the cavosurface margins and inside the cavity, and (2) the effect of cavity etching on such adaptation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The three compomers used were Compoglass, Dyract and Hytac. Sixty exfoliated primary molars were divided for the three compomers, which were subdivided into Class I and V (10 each) and subdivided again into etched and non-etched (5 each). Standard Class I and Class V cavities with the gingival margins at cementum were prepared. The cavities were restored with the three compomers used with or without etching the cavity. The restored cavities were finished and polished. The cavosurface margins were inspected under the light microscope. Then the restored teeth were sectioned into two halves. The cut halves were fixed in glutaraldehyde and the cut surfaces smoothed, polished and inspected under the light microscope for adaptation of the restorative material inside the cavities. One halve of each molar was prepared for SEM. RESULTS: The three compomers showed good adaptation at the cavosurface margin except the non-etched Class V cavities restored with Dyract. Compoglass and Dyract were well adapted inside the cavity better than Hytac. Cavity angles were common sites for adhesive pooling for all materials. SEM examination showed good adaptation of the restorative at enamel and cementum interface especially in etched cavities. The dentin-restorative interface showed consistent hybrid layer with resin tags in the etched cavities. However this layer was inconsistent in the non-etched cavities.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of adhesives on the inhibition of secondary caries around compomer restorations.

This study evaluated the effect of adhesives on the inhibition of secondary caries around compomer restorations in vitro. Two adhesive systems with a Bis-GMA resin, Scotch bond Multi-purpose (MP) and Single Bond (SB), and one adhesive system with no Bis-GMA resin, F2000 compomer primer/adhesive (PA), were used prior to placement of the compomer (F2000), and non-fluoride releasing resin composite (Z100) was used as a control. Class V cavities prepared on extracted human premolars were restored with various combinations of materials: F2000/MP, F2000/SB, F2000/PA, Z100/MP, Z100/SB and Z100/PA. The restored teeth were incubated in bacterial medium containing sucrose with Streptococcus mutans for two weeks after storage for 14 days. On microradiographs, the radio-opaque layers adjacent to the F2000 restorations were thick and clear, while the layers in the Z100 restorations were unclear. In the F2000 restorations, the mean thickness of the radio-opaque layers in the PA group was significantly greater than that of the MP and SB groups. In fluoride-releasing measurement, F2000 coated with PA showed a significantly higher amount of fluoride release than MP and SB, and no significant difference in the amount of fluoride release from uncoated F2000. These results indicated that applying an adhesive without Bis-GMA resin to compomer restoration has no suppressive effect on the fluoride release from compomer and might be beneficial for inhibiting secondary caries in vitro.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Marginal adaptation of commercial compomers in dentin cavity.

The dentin cavity adaptation and setting characteristics of four commercial compomers were evaluated by measuring the wall-to-wall contraction gap width in the cylindrical dentin cavity and measuring the compressive strength for a maximum of 14 days after setting. The dentin cavity wall was pretreated by the dentin adhesives according to each manufacturer's instructions or the experimental contraction gap-free dentin bonding system. Complete marginal integrity was obtained in only one compomer and two resin composites which were combined with the experimental dentin bonding system. The compressive strength of two resin composites and two compomers ten minutes after setting was comparable to that after 14 days which indicated that the compomers exhibited setting characteristics as rapidly as the resin composite. It was concluded that a high efficacy dentin bonding system is required for commercial compomers to prevent gap formation during irradiation caused by the rapid setting shrinkage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on regional bond strengths of compomers to dentine.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the regional bond strengths of compomers to dentine. METHODS: Thirty freshly extracted molars were ground flat to expose the dentine and randomly divided into two groups for bonding: no hydrostatic pressure and hydrostatic pressure of 15cm H(2)O. Xeno CF, Dyract AP and F 2000 were applied to dentine surfaces pretreated by the respective bonding systems following the manufactures' instructions, and then restored with Clearfil AP-X. After 24h storage in water, the teeth were sectioned into 0.7-mm thick slabs and visually divided into three regional subgroups: the region communicating with the pulp through dentinal tubules (pulp horn); the region between the pulp horns (center); and the region between the pulp horn and DEJ (periphery). The specimens were trimmed to a cross-sectional area of 1mm(2) and subjected to the micro-tensile bond test. The data were analyzed by one- and three-way ANOVA, and Fisher's PLSD (p<0.05). RESULTS: There were no significant regional differences of bond strengths for all the compomers tested (p>0.05). However, hydrostatic pressure significantly decreased the bond strength of F 2000 to all regions (p<0.05), while the bond strength of Dyract AP significantly decreased only at the pulp horn region (p<0.05). On the other hand, the bond strengths of Xeno CF seemed not to be affected by hydrostatic pressure (p>0.05). For Dyract AP and F 2000, the fracture modes were affected by hydrostatic pressure, while, for Xeno CF, there were no significant differences between the fracture modes with non- or positive hydrostatic pressure. SIGNIFICANCE: Simulated pulpal pressure of 15cm H(2)O had a greater influence on the bond strengths of compomers to dentine than did dentine regions. Therefore, when measuring the bond strengths of compomers to dentine under the simulated in vivo conditions, the wetness of the dentine surface, as well as the intrinsic properties of each material should be seriously considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Clinical evaluation of paired compomer and glass ionomer restorations in primary molars: final results after 42 months.

OBJECTIVES: To undertake a clinical trial comparing the efficiency of a compomer restoration with a glass ionomer restoration in the management of caries in primary molar teeth. DESIGN: Subjects were admitted to the trial if they required at least one pair of restorations in primary molar teeth. SETTING: Department of Child Dental Health, Newcastle Dental Hospital and School. SUBJECT: Twenty nine children, aged 4-9 years, had 56 pairs of restorations placed between January 1995 and November 1997. METHOD: The durability of the restorations was assessed during a 42-month follow-up period using modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Survival analysis and the McNemar paired test were used to compare the performance of the two restorative materials. RESULTS: The compomer restorations had a higher mean survival time (42 months, SE 1.40) compared with 37 months (SE 1.90) for the glass ionomer restorations and this was significant at the 5% level. The compomer also performed significantly better in terms of anatomical form, marginal integrity, cavo surface discoloration and maintenance of interproximal contact. CONCLUSIONS: The present trial demonstrated that Dyract compomer performed significantly better than Chemfil Superior a glass ionomer cement for all modified United States Public Health Service criteria over a period of 42 months.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory evaluation of a compomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement for orthodontic bonding.

The mean shear debonding force of stainless steel orthodontic brackets with microetched bases bonded with either a compomer or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement was assessed. In addition, the amount of cement remaining on the enamel surface following bracket removal was evaluated. Finally, survival time of orthodontic brackets bonded with these materials was assessed following simulated mechanical stress in a ball mill. Debonding force and survival time data were compared with those obtained for brackets bonded with a chemically cured resin adhesive, a light-cured resin adhesive, and a conventional glass ionomer cement. There were no significant differences in mean shear debonding force of brackets bonded with the compomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, chemically cured resin adhesive, or the light-cured resin adhesive. Brackets bonded with a conventional glass ionomer cement had a significantly lower mean shear debonding force than that recorded for the other materials. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) mode score indicated that significantly less cement remained on the enamel following debonding of brackets cemented with resin-modified or conventional glass ionomers compared with other adhesives. The median survival time for brackets cemented with the compomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, chemically cured resin, or light-cured resin were significantly longer than for brackets cemented with conventional glass ionomer. The compomer and the resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive appear to offer viable alternatives to the more commonly used resin adhesives for bracket bonding.

Acid Etching, Dental↗