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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Effects and side effects of oral drugs used in common cold (author's transl)].

A report about effects and side effects of common cold remedies that are taken orally is presented. There are advantages and disadvantages in the use of either locally administered nose drops or orally taken cold remedies, which are compared to each other from the pharmacological point of view. Based on the experience of a great toxicological center and a pediatric clinic, the clinical symptoms of poisoning as a result of accidental ingestion are described and contraindications are pointed out. It is concluded that, especially in children, the dosage of both oral and local drugs should not exceed the recommended amount.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Ascorbic acid for the common cold. A prophylactic and therapeutic trial.

Three hundred eleven employees of the National Institutes of Health volunteered to take 1 gm of ascorbic acid or lactose placebo in capsules three times a day for nine months. At the onset of a cold, the volunteers were given an additional 3 gm daily of either a placebo or ascorbic acid. One hundred ninety volunteers completed the study. Dropouts were defined as those who missed at least one month of drug ingestion. They represented 44% of the placebo group and 34% of those taking ascorbic acid. Analysis of these data showed that ascorbic acid had at best only a minor influence on the duration and severity of colds, and that the effects demonstrated might be explained equally well by a break in the double blind.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[The antiallergic effect of Balkis. A rhino-manometric study].

The antiallergic and decongestive effects of the common cold preparation Balkis was tested by rhinomanometry in human volunteers usually suffering from allergic rhinitis after oral treatment. The nasal irritation in these patients was induced by administration of the specific allergen. This kind of test is especially appropriate for the control of drugs in cases of ordinary colds, as the test conditions are reproducible in symptomatically similar cases. The rhinomanometrical control of the respiratory resistance was carried out before and after an allergenic exposal as well as before and after administration of Balkis and allergenic exposal in 30 patients (17 females, 13 males; 9-49 years old). It is shown that Balkis had a good to satisfactory antiallergic effect in 67% of all cases. In 33% of the cases the antiallergic effect was not evident. This result confirms objectively the good antiallergic effect of this common cold preparation by oral administration. Balkis was well tolerated in all of the 30 patients. The symptoms of slight fatigue which appeared in 1/3 of all cases were only transitory.

Chlorpheniramine↗
PubMed1977

Therapeutic efficacy of inosiplex (Isoprinosine) in rhinovirus infection.

Inosiplex (Isoprinosine), the paracetamidobenzoic acid salt of inosine dimethylaminoisopropanol, has shown antiviral activity in cell culture and in animals. Controlled challenge studies using the drug in a prophylactic fashion, however, have been disappointing. In vitro studies, as well as uncontrolled clinical trials, have suggested that the drug might be more effective when used therapeutically. We therefore undertook to test inosiplex in a controlled, double-blind, therapeutic study of volunteers challenged with rhinovirus. Thirty-nine volunteers were randomly divided into groups receiving either inosiplex or placebo tablets. Drug or placebo was started either at the time of, or 48 hours after challenge with rhinovirus Type 21. Illness was assessed in terms of the classical common cold symptoms, and infection was also determined by viral isolation from daily nasal wash specimens and by serum antibody rises. Five of 19 volunteers in the inosiplex group became ill, whereas 14 of 20 in the placebo group were sick (p less than 0.01). There was no difference between the control and inosiplex groups in the number of volunteers from whom rhinovirus was isolated. There was, however, a reduction in the duration of virus shedding in the inosiplex group. Seroconversion was also slightly less common in the inosiplex group. Immunologic studies suggest that inosiplex stimulates the lymphocyte mitogenic response. The results suggest that inosiplex exerts significant therapeutic benefits in rhinovirus infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Measurements of the prevalence of viral infections.

Viral diseases exert their major impact through morbidity, impairment of personal health, loss of time at work and school, and cost of medical care. Relatively few of the known viruses cause a significant number of deaths; influenza, childhood viral pneumonia, and hepatitis are the only viral diseases causing more than 1,000 deaths per year. Data based on the National Health Interview Survey of the National Center for Health Statistics show that the common cold annually causes 35.6 acute illnesses per 100 persons. The data reported by the National Therapeutic Disease Index (on the basis of visits by patients to a sample of 1,500 private physicians) show that influenza and other acute respiratory conditions account for about one-third of all visits to physicians. Nearly all viruses first infect humans in infancy and childhood, with a relatively low fatality rate but with frequent episodes of illness.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2025

The transcriptional and translational landscape of HCoV-OC43 infection.

The coronavirus HCoV-OC43 circulates continuously in the human population and is a frequent cause of the common cold. Here, we generated a high-resolution atlas of the transcriptional and translational landscape of OC43 during a time course following infection of human lung fibroblasts. Using ribosome profiling, we quantified the relative expression of the canonical open reading frames (ORFs) and identified previously unannotated ORFs. These included several potential short upstream ORFs and a putative ORF nested inside the M gene. In parallel, we analyzed the cellular response to infection. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes were transcriptionally and translationally induced beginning 12 and 18 hours post infection, respectively. By contrast, conventional antiviral genes mostly remained quiescent. At the same time points, we observed accumulation and increased translation of noncoding transcripts normally targeted by nonsense mediated decay (NMD), suggesting NMD is suppressed during the course of infection. This work provides resources for deeper understanding of OC43 gene expression and the cellular responses during infection.

Humans↗
PubMed2024

A RNA Dodecahedral Cage Inside a Human Virus Plays a Dual Biological Role in Virion Assembly and Genome Release Control.

Human rhinoviruses (RV) are among the most frequent human pathogens. As major causative agents of common colds they originate serious socioeconomic problems and huge expenditure every year, and they also exacerbate severe respiratory diseases. No anti-rhinoviral drugs or vaccines are available so far. Antiviral drug design may benefit from an understanding of the role during the infectious cycle of the interactions in the virion between the capsid and the viral nucleic acid. The genomic RNA inside the human RV virion forms a dodecahedral cage made of 30 double-stranded RNA elements that interact with equivalent sites at the capsid inner wall. RNA dodecahedral cages also occur in distantly related insect and plant viruses. However, the functional role(s) of the interactions between any dodecahedral cage and the capsid remained to be established. Here we describe an extensive structure-function mutational analysis of the capsid-RNA dodecahedral cage interface in the RV virion, to dissect the role of the interactions between the capsid and the cage-forming RNA duplexes in: (i) infection by RV; (ii) virus biological fitness; (iii) virion assembly; (iv) virion stability; and (v) viral RNA uncoating. The results reveal that the capsid-bound dsRNA dodecahedral cage in the human RV virion is a multifunctional structural element. Two structurally overlapping subsets of RNA duplex-capsid interactions promote virus infectivity and biological fitness by respectively facilitating virion assembly or restraining the untimely, unproductive uncoating of the viral RNA genome. These results provide new insights into virion morphogenesis and genome uncoating, and have implications for antiviral drug design.

RNA, Viral↗
PubMed2024

Rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells uncovers the non-ciliated subset as a likely driver of genetic susceptibility to childhood-onset asthma.

Asthma is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies have shown that in children, wheezing during rhinovirus infection (a cause of the common cold) is associated with asthma development during childhood. This has led scientists to hypothesize there could be a causal relationship between rhinovirus infection and asthma or that RV-induced wheezing identifies individuals at increased risk for asthma development. However, not all children who wheeze when they have a cold develop asthma. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genetic variants contributing to asthma susceptibility, with the vast majority of likely causal variants being non-coding. Integrative analyses with transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets have indicated that T cells drive asthma risk, which has been supported by mouse studies. However, the datasets ascertained in these integrative analyses lack airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, large-scale transcriptomic T cell studies have not identified the regulatory effects of most non-coding risk variants in asthma GWAS, indicating there could be additional cell types harboring these "missing regulatory effects". Given that airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against rhinovirus, we hypothesized they could be mediators of genetic susceptibility to asthma. Here we integrate GWAS data with transcriptomic datasets of airway epithelial cells subject to stimuli that could induce activation states relevant to asthma. We demonstrate that epithelial cultures infected with rhinovirus significantly upregulate childhood-onset asthma-associated genes. We show that this upregulation occurs specifically in non-ciliated epithelial cells. This enrichment for genes in asthma risk loci, or 'asthma heritability enrichment' is also significant for epithelial genes upregulated with influenza infection, but not with SARS-CoV-2 infection or cytokine activation. Additionally, cells from patients with asthma showed a stronger heritability enrichment compared to cells from healthy individuals. Overall, our results suggest that rhinovirus infection is an environmental factor that interacts with genetic risk factors through non-ciliated airway epithelial cells to drive childhood-onset asthma.

Preprint↗
PubMed1978

Drug interactions with antihypertensive drugs.

Drug interactions with antihypertensive drugs can be either beneficial or hazardous. The hazardous interactions are relatively infrequent but must be shown so they can be avoided. Those of most importance involve interaction with guanethidine-type agents and tricyclic antidepressants, amphetamine-type anorexiants or phenolpropanolamine-type common cold remedies; combined use of potassium retaining diuretics with potassium supplements; and incautious use of diuretics with cardiac glycosides. The beneficial interactions are the basis for modern antihypertensive therapy and can be of major help if logically applied to therapeutic problems.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Measurement of transport in mucous membrane in the human nose with Cr-51-labeled resin beads].

The mucociliary transport of the human nasal mucosa was studied by using very small resin beads tagged with 51Cr. Several modifications of previous methods were introduced, e.g. kind of nuclide, particle size, pH, mode of application, measuring technique and reduction of local irradiation. Finally arrangements implying exact measurements of transport not only horizontally but also vertically or obliquely were obtained. No mucociliary transport was demonstrated in five of nine subjects with a common cold 10 days before or one week after the investigation. Xylometazolin as a nasal spray diminished the mucociliary transport significantly. In addition, the effects on mucociliary transport caused by homolateral or contralateral experimental nasal obstruction as well as by tobacco smoking were studied in healthy subjects. Finally, patients with various diseases: pollen allergy in free intervals, chronic rhinitis, septal deviation or perforation, and condition after laryngectomy were also investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Antigenic relationships of common rhinovirus types from disabling upper respiratory illnesses.

The frequency of the common cold has been though to be due to the existence of more than 89 different serologic types of rhinoviruses. However, in the civilian and military population studied in this area from 1962 through 1970, types 1A, 1B, 2, 23, 29, 30 and 31 accounted for 81 percent of 487 rhinoviruses isolated from individuals with respiratory illnesses. Antigenic relationships between these types and others have been demonstrated by neutralization in WI-38 cell cultures and by immunodiffusion. Types 1A and 1b, 2 and 49, 23 and 30, 29 and 44 and others are related. With specific animal antisera, heterotypic antibody titers are minimal. However, following natural infection in man with one of these related types, antibody responses to the other was almost equal to the homotype and could predictably provide cross-protection. Even with inactive T13 rhinovirus vaccine in man, protective levels of neutralizing antibody to T41 were produced. It is clear that the rates of rhinovirus colds would be greatly increased if more than 89 immunologic distinct types actually existed. An effective vaccine could be easily prepared by selection of a few appropriate types, such as 1A, 2, 23, 29 and 31.

Adolescent↗