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Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fractions were isolated from papain digests of comb and wattle tissues of 52-wk-old Single Comb White Leghorn roosters and the chemical composition of each fraction was examined. Total GAG concentrations were greater in the comb than in the wattle tissue with the ratio of hyaluronic acid to sulfated GAG being similar between the two tissues. L-iduronosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate was the predominant disaccharide unit in the sulfated GAG fraction.
Comb and wattle tissues, which consist of layers of epidermis, dermis and central connective tissue, are known to contain sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate-dermatan sulphate copolymers. Little is known about distribution of these CAGs in each tissue. The objective of this study was to localise sulphated GAGS in the comb and wattle tissues from mature roosters. Monoclonal antibodies 6D6, CS-56 and AH12 specific to dermatan sulphate proteoglycan (decorin), chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate, respectively, were used. In both tissues, 6D6 epitope was found to be more concentrated in the superficial layer of dermis and the central connective tissue than in the intermediate layer of dermis containing fibromucoid tissue. The staining pattern for 6D6 epitope was similar to that for collagen fibres. In contrast, CS-56 epitope was uniformly distributed in most parts of the dermis and the central connective tissue. The stratum germinativum in the epidermis was the major tissue showing positive staining with AH12, haematoxylin and safranin-O.
Galactosaminoglycans from mature rooster comb and wattle tissues were separated into five fractions by ethanol precipitation. An average of 90% total uronic acid was recovered in Fractions I to III. Fractions I and II were dermatan sulfate with relatively high proportions of L-iduronic acid (61 to 80%), but this uronic acid was a minor component (30%) in Fraction III, in which D-glucuronic acid was the major uronic acid. Digestion with testicular hyaluronidase suggested that most if not all of the galactosaminoglycans in Fractions I to III were copolymers containing both L-iduronic acid and D-glucuronic acid. Fractions IV and V contained much lower proportions of L-iduronic acid and showed broader electrophoresis bands than did Fraction III.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from the rooster comb and wattle by digestion with papain and analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion. The results indicated that the concentration of GAG uronic acid is approximately two-fold greater (P less than .01) in the comb than in the wattle. In both tissues, hyaluronic acid was the major GAG, with a small proportion of dermatan sulfate.
The current study was undertaken to examine the reactivity of anti-chondroitin sulfate monoclonal antibody, CS-56, to the comb and wattle galactosaminoglycans containing varying proportions of L-iduronic acid. Galactosaminoglycans were isolated from mature rooster comb and wattle tissues and were separated into four fractions (I, II, III, and IV), which were precipitable with 18, 25, 40, and 50% ethanol, respectively. Each fraction was examined using an ELISA technique. The results demonstrated presence of CS-56 epitope in galactosaminoglycans from both tissues. Most (> 99%) of the epitope were found in Fractions III and IV, which were galactosaminoglycans rich in D-glucuronic acid. Fractions I and II, which were dermatan sulfates rich in L-iduronic acid, showed little or very weak antigenicities.
Glycosaminoglycan fractions isolated from either comb or wattle tissue were examined using ELISA for their antigenicities to AH12, a monoclonal antibody recognizing keratan sulfate. The results showed a positive antibody binding to a sulfated glycosaminoglycan fraction from either tissue. The treatment of the same fraction with keratan sulfate degrading enzyme, keratanase, or endo-beta-galactosidase resulted in a decrease in its antigenicity. These findings indicated the presence of AH12 epitope (keratan sulfate disaccharide) in both tissues.
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Studies were undertaken to determine the presence of lesions and immuno-fluorescent (IF) antigen of Marek's disease (MD) in the comb, wattles and skin overlaying the shank of MD affected birds. Lesions were more common in the comb than in the wattles and shanks, and were characterized by degeneration of epithelial lining cells and accumulation of lympho-reticular cells around the blood vessels of the dermis. Diffuse infiltration of these cells replacing varialbe areas of dermis were also seen in some cases. Immunofluorescent antigen was mostly confined to epidermal epithelium and was detected in comb from majority of cases, and the frequency of detection of IF antigen was similar to the presence of MD lesions in these tissues. This study indicates that the presence of lesions and viral antigen (If) of MD in these cutaneous appendages might play a significant role in epidemiology and diagnosis of this disease.
Posthatching differentiation of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) and the effect of heat exposure (38 degrees C) and cold acclimation (2-3 degrees C) on AVA density were studied in naked skin areas (eyelids, comb, wattles) of chickens. The AVAs were identifiable in the newly hatched chick, but they were extremely simple. The number of cell layers in the wall of the AVAs increased from two at hatching to four to five in the 5-month-old chickens. The density of the AVAs increased significantly during posthatching maturation. Cold acclimation of the chickens increased the density of AVAs by a factor of 2.1-3.2. Daily heat exposure also increased the density of AVAs significantly in the eyelids but had no effect in the other skin areas. Heat and cold had only minor effect on the vascularity of the skin; the only significant change recorded was a slight increase in the number of blood vessels in the wattles of the cold-acclimated chickens.
Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been reported to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and also to act as a xenoestrogen on the reproductive system of many species. In our previous study, a high dose of BPA disturbed the growth of the comb and testes of male chickens. In this study, the exposure of relatively low doses of BPA on the growth of the male chicken phenotypes was investigated. White Leghorn male chicks were orally administered various doses of BPA (2 microg to 200 mg/kg) from 2 weeks of age, and thereafter the comb, wattle and testes were examined at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 weeks of age. Although the body weight showed no significant difference among the birds of all ages, the growth of above organs was significantly affected in the chicks even with a minimal dose of 2-microg BPA. These inhibitory effects appeared in a dose-dependent manner. Histologically, the growth of the testes was negatively affected by exposure to over 20-microg/kg BPA: namely, the development of seminiferous tubuli and spermatogenesis were severely inhibited. The mRNA expressions of ERalpha and the aromatase gene (p450arom) increased in the testes in a dose-dependent manner after BPA administration. Accordingly, even low doses of BPA delayed the growth of the male chicken phenotype either by a direct effect or by an indirect response resulting in an increase in both of the endogenous estrogen levels and hyper-sensitivity to estrogen.
The presence of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone receptors in the lungs, the comb, the wattle, and the ear lobes of the cock was demonstrated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. All these tissues exhibited saturable 'in vitro' binding of dihydrotestosterone in the 8-11S region of the gradient. When 0.5 M KCl was added to the lung, wattle, and comb cytosol and to the gradients, the radioactive dihydrotestosterone migrated in the 4-5S region. These studies suggest that the mechanism of action of androgens in the head appendages of the cock and in other target tissues is similar.
The incorporation of radioactivity from D-[1-14C]glucosamine and D-[1-14C]galactosamine into the tissues of skin, comb, wattle, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, ovaries, egg yolk, infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland, and vagina of the White Leghorn laying hens was studied for different time intervals up to 120 h. A total of 28 laying hens were involved in this experimentation. The radioactivity was measured in the above whole tissue, the acetone extracts, the acetone-extracted tissues, the mucopolysaccharide-peptide complex (MPS-P), and in individual glycosaminoglycan (GAG) isolated from skin, comb, liver, kidney, and egg yolk. The radioactivities of the expired CO2 of the eggs and of the excreted urine and faeces were also measured in some cases. There was an increase in 14C associated with MPS-P with increasing time of experiment in all the tissues studied except in the case of the liver. The rate of increase of radioactivity was dependent on the tissue. A useful scheme for the study of the speed of the formation of GAG is to consider the acetone extract and the acetone-extracted tissue as macrocompartments from where the GAG draw hexosamines for their formation.
Mucopolysaccharide-peptide complexes (MPS-P) from skin, comb, wattle, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, ovaries, egg yolk, infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland, and vagina of the White Leghorn laying hens were isolated after extraction with acetone, papain hydrolysis, and cetyl pyridinium chloride precipitation. They were analyzed for characteristic components of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and carbohydrate parts of glycoproteins and for amino acids. The infrared spectra of the MPS-P were studied for detection of the GAG present. The MPS-P were submitted to cellulose acetate electrophoresis for detection of GAG and to column chromatography on an anionic resin for quantitative determination of GAG.