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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

Isolation and serological differentiation of a herpesvirus from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus, L. 1758).

An infectious agent was isolated from the liver of bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus, L. 1758). The agent was sensitive to chloroform and its multiplication was inhibited by 5-iodine-2-deoxy-uridine. It passed filters with a pore diameter of 220 nm and more but not 100 nm filters. Electron microscopic examination revealed numerous nucleocapsids with hollow capsomeres and few enveloped particles in the supernatant fluids of infected cultures. The nucleocapsids were calculated to have 162 capsomeres on their surface. Using the plaque reduction method for neutralization tests no serological cross reactions could be detected between the quail isolate and sera against Marek's disease virus, turkey herpes-virus (HV), duck enteritis HV, infectious laryngotracheitis HV, amazon parrot HV, great horned owl HV, eagle owl HV, snowy owl HV, falcon HV, pigeon HV, Lake Victoria Cormorant HV, and stork HV. The isolate from bobwhite quail did only cross-react with antiserum against crane HV. It is concluded that the isolated virus is a member of the avian herpesvirus group and it is proposed to tentatively term it herpesvirus colinum (from Colinus virginianus = bobwhite quail).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Toxic interactions between fungicides that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis and phosphorothioate insecticides in the male rat and bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

The potential for toxic interactions between ergosterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides (EBIFs), used in U.S. agriculture or clinically, and phosphorothioate insecticides was assessed in adult male rats and adult male bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) by measuring inhibition of plasma butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) following fungicide and insecticide treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) were administered corn oil or the following EBIFs: propiconazole (400 mg/kg/day), vinclozolin (400 mg/kg/day), clotrimazole (100 mg/kg/day), or ketoconazole (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 days by oral gavage. Forty-eight hours following the final dose, a single bolus of parathion (0.4 mg/kg in corn oil) or malathion (150 mg/kg in corn oil) or corn oil alone was given po. The rats were terminated 12 hr following parathion or 4 hr following malathion dosing. Significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of BChE was observed with parathion and malathion only following clotrimazole treatment. In contrast, when a similar experiment was performed in bobwhite quail dosed with 12 mg/kg malathion following EBIF treatment, significant BChE inhibition was observed following treatment with vinclozolin or ketoconazole, but not with propiconazole or clotrimazole. Induction of cytochrome P450 in rat and quail liver by EBIFs was accompanied by enhanced oxidative desulfuration of malathion, parathion, and diazinon to toxic oxon products. Increased detoxication via oxidative dearylation/esterolytic clevage also occurred. However, while enhanced acute in vivo insecticide toxicity was observed in both species with a number of EBIF-phosphorothioate combinations, EBIF-induced oxidative activation of phosphorothioates by liver microsomes in vitro was not a good predictor of this effect.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Effects of water restriction during growth and adulthood on renal function of bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus.

Renal function and osmoregulation were studied in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) raised with unrestricted water (chronically unrestricted group) or restricted water (chronically restricted group). There was no difference in urine concentrating ability between adult and juvenile (3.5 or 7.5 week-old) quail. A filtration marker (polyethylene glycol) was infused into adult quail via osmotic minipumps and responses to the following regimens studied: ad libitum water intake, short-term (4-day) water restriction, and acute (1-day) dehydration (withdrawal of all drinking water). Chronically restricted quail had higher urine-to-plasma ratios of polyethylene glycol and lower urine flow rates during short-term restriction. A greater proportion of the reduction in urine flow rate during dehydration was attributable to enhanced tubular reabsorption, rather than reduced rates of filtration, in chronically restricted than in chronically unrestricted birds. Chronically restricted birds also had higher maximum urine-to-plasma ratios of polyethylene glycol (but not higher urine osmolality). These differences occurred in the face of arginine vasotocin concentrations that were not different in the two groups of birds (approximately 15 pg.ml-1 during hydration, and 45 pg.ml-1 during water restriction or dehydration). These observations suggest that chronically restricted quail have an enhanced responsiveness of tubular reabsorption to dehydration, a finding consistent with previous observations of tubule hypertrophy and hyperplasia in these birds (Goldstein and Ellis 1991). Despite this, no difference was found in medullary cAMP levels, either basal or arginine vasotocin- or forskolin-stimulated, in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Proliferative responses of splenocytes from wild and domestic northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) to T- and B-cell mitogens.

Baseline information on the functional responses expected for assays used to assess immunocompetence in the Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) are largely unavailable. Our primary objective was to develop an in vitro lymphoproliferative response assay for assessing cell-mediated immunocompetence in the Northern bobwhite. Culture conditions were optimised for domestic Northern bobwhites and field tested on splenocytes from wild-caught quail. Results indicated that increasing cell concentration and media volume in culture, as well as decreasing concentrations of serum in media, improved splenocyte responses to Con A stimulation. Optimum culture conditions were attained with 1 million cells per well cultured in 200 microliters of AIM-V serum-free media for 72 h. Five micrograms concanavalin A (Con A) or 2.5 micrograms Salmonella typhimurium mitogen (STM) per well provided maximum stimulation as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Stimulation indices of splenocyte cultures of wild-caught Northern bobwhites to 5 micrograms Con A were approximately four-fold greater than levels observed for domestic quail (P = 0.0055). Alternatively, stimulation indices of splenocyte cultures obtained from wild-caught and domestic Northern bobwhites to 2.5 micrograms STM per well were not different (P = 0.3938).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Temperature regulation in adult quail (Colinus virginianus) during acute thermal stress.

1. Evaporative heat loss, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and internal body temperature were measured in unanesthetized, unrestrained bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) at specific ambient temperatures (Ta). 2. No significant change in body temperature occurred at any Ta tested, but metabolic heat production (H) increased from 42.17 W/m2 at Ta 35 degrees C to 102.89 W/m2 at Ta 10 degrees C. 3. Evaporative heat loss (E) increased approximately two-fold from Ta 10-35 degrees C, with E/H increasing exponentially over the same temperature range. 4. No significant change in thermal insulation occurred from Ta 10-30 degrees C. 5. Combined convective and radiative heat transfer for the bobwhite was 2.96 W/m2 X C from Ta 10-35 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hazard evaluation for northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) exposed to chlorpyrifos-treated turf and seed.

This study evaluated the toxicity effects of chlorpyrifos on bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) kept in 27 field-exposed large pens arranged over turf in a randomized block design with nine blocks of three pens (16 adult birds per pen). Nine pens were treated with one application of 3.4 kg active ingredient (ai) per hectare followed by a second 3.4 -kg ai/ha application 2 weeks later, nine pens with one 6.7 -kg ai/ha application, and nine pens with formulation blank. In addition, the seed fed to the birds in the two chemically treated pens was also treated with chlorpyrifos. Mean residue in the grass samples from the first 3.4-kg treatment pens ranged from 306+/-95 ppm on day 0 to 18+/-8 ppm on day 14 after treatment. The second 3.4 -kg ai/ha treatment grass residues ranged from 361+/-167 ppm on day 0 to 38+/-24 ppm on day 14 after treatment. Grass residues from the 6.7-kg treatment pens ranged from 903+/-310 ppm on day 0 to 9+/-8 ppm on day 30 after treatment. Half-lives were approximately 2 days and 10 days for grass and seeds, respectively. Whereas the incidence of behavioral deficits was significantly (P = 0.0156) higher in the 6.7-kg pens (five females, one male), two of the females could have been the same bird because they were both seen in the same pen on days 23 and 24 after treatment. There was no significant difference in mortality, brain acetylcholinesterase activity, or any other measured parameter among any of the treatments. We conclude that application of chlorpyrifos to turf at 3.4 and 6.7 kg ai/ha is not expected to have chronic deleterious effects on populations of bobwhite quail grazing on treated grass or seeds, provided there is an abundant supply of seeds for the quail to eat.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1985

The effect of methyl parathion on susceptibility of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to domestic cat predation.

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) that received either 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl o-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) treatment were investigated as to their susceptibility to predation by a cat (Felis domesticus) predator. Four hours after receiving methyl parathion (MP), physical activity levels were monitored in quail and included the number of seconds spent still, walking, running, or flying before and after a cat was introduced into an experimental arena. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity for each quail on experiment was determined. Quail that were captured exhibited significantly greater inhibition of brain ChE activity and spent significantly more time being still than noncaptured birds. Birds receiving MP at 8 mg/kg spent more seconds being still than those in other treatment groups and had ChE activity reduced to 42.8% of normal activity. There was a tendency for quail at increasing treatment levels to be more susceptible to capture by the cat predator. The neurological and behavioral effects of methyl parathion may have important ecological ramifications.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the kidney of the bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus): induction and inhibition by ergosterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides.

Metabolism of testosterone and the alkoxyresorufins was examined in kidney microsomes from male Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and was compared with that in kidney microsomes prepared from the male rat. In addition, cross-reactivity studies were conducted with a number of antibodies prepared against cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes purified from rat and trout liver. The effects of treatment with the fungicides: propiconazole, vinclozolin, clotrimazole and ketoconazole were examined. While kidney microsomes from both quail and rat catalyzed testosterone metabolism at multiple positions, the pattern of hydroxylated metabolites differed. Treatment with vinclozolin resulted in significant induction of testosterone 2 beta- and 15 beta-hydroxylase activity in quail kidney accompanied by increases in expression of P450 enzymes cross-reactive with antibodies raised against a CYP 3A-like protein in teleost fish. In contrast, ketoconazole treatment resulted in inhibition of testosterone hydroxylation at positions 15 beta- and 6 alpha-. Propiconazole and vinclozolin significantly induced a CYP 1A1 cross-reactive P450 enzyme in quail kidney 2-3-fold unaccompanied by significant increases in alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity. These activities were significantly inhibited by ketoconazole treatment. Quail kidney microsomes also expressed high levels of a CYP 4A1 cross-reactive apoprotein which was inducible 3-4-fold by ketoconazole. Thus, quail kidney possesses cytochrome P450 enzymes related to forms found in mammalian gene families 1, 3 and 4. Fungicide treatment results in mixed patterns of induction and inhibition of kidney P450 enzymes different from those previously reported in quail liver.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Intersensory redundancy facilitates prenatal perceptual learning in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos.

Information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across sensory modalities (intersensory redundancy) selectively recruits attention and facilitates perceptual learning in human infants. This comparative study examined whether intersensory redundancy also facilitates perceptual learning prenatally. The authors assessed quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos' ability to learn a maternal call when it was (a) unimodal, (b) concurrent but asynchronous with patterned light, or (c) redundant and synchronous with patterned light. Chicks' preference for the familiar over a novel maternal call was assessed 24 hr following hatching. Chicks receiving redundant, synchronous stimulation as embryos learned the call 4 times faster than those who received unimodal exposure. Chicks who received asynchronous bimodal stimulation showed no evidence of learning. These results provide the first evidence that embryos are sensitive to redundant, bimodal information and that it can facilitate learning during the prenatal period.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Enhanced prenatal auditory experience facilitates species-specific visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus).

Premature stimulation of a later developing sensory system is known to impact the functioning of earlier developing sensory systems. For example, exposure to premature (prenatal) visual experience results in a decline in species-typical auditory responsiveness in several precocial bird species. The present study examined the influence of experiential enhancement of an earlier developing sensory system on a later developing modality. Specifically, the influence of enhanced prenatal auditory stimulation on subsequent postnatal auditory and visual functioning of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) chicks was assessed. Results indicate that birds receiving exposure to increased amounts of unaltered, species-typical embryonic vocalizations before hatching show species-typical auditory responsiveness at both 12 hr and 24 hr after hatching, but exhibit an accelerated pattern of species-typical visual responsiveness by 24 hr of age. These findings suggest that enhancement of an earlier developing sensory system can facilitate the development of a later developing sensory system and serve to demonstrate the dynamic nature of early perceptual organization.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Social experience with siblings fosters species-specific responsiveness to maternal visual cues in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus).

We examined the role of visual and social experience with siblings in the development of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) chicks' preference for species-specific maternal visual cues. Chicks were reared in 1 of 4 conditions: group, isolation, partial isolation, and heterospecific group. They were tested in simultaneous choice tests with species-typical and species-atypical audiovisual stimuli. Results revealed that only subjects that were reared in a group with same-aged conspecifics preferred the visual features of a bobwhite hen model. Subjects in the other 3 conditions did not exhibit species-specific visual preference. The findings suggest that visual experience and direct social interaction with siblings facilitate the development of bobwhite chicks' species-specific responsiveness to static maternal visual cues and illustrate the important influence of experience with conspecifics in the development of early perceptual preferences.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Type of prenatal sensory experience affects prenatal auditory learning in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

This study examined the effects of specific types of prenatal auditory stimulation on the auditory learning capacity of bobwhite embryos (Colinus virginianus) incubated in either communal or isolation conditions. Results revealed that socially incubated embryos could learn an individual bobwhite maternal call, whereas embryos denied physical and tactile stimulation as a result of isolation incubation failed to demonstrate prenatal auditory learning of the maternal call. In contrast, embryos exposed to bobwhite chick contentment calls in the period prior to hatching demonstrated prenatal auditory learning, whether they were incubated socially or in isolation. Socially incubated and isolation-incubated embryos exposed to bobwhite chick distress calls failed to learn the individual maternal call, indicating that the type of sensory stimulation the developing organism encounters prenatally is important in fostering normal perceptual learning ability.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Timing of presentation of prenatal auditory stimulation alters auditory and visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus).

One group of bobwhite quail embryos (Colinus virginianus) was exposed to 10 min/hr of bobwhite chick contentment calls immediately followed by 10 min/hr of bobwhite chick distress calls. A 2nd group of embryos was exposed to the same auditory stimulation but in the opposite order of presentation. Postnatal testing revealed that chicks exposed prenatally to the bobwhite chick contentment call and distress call (in either order of presentation) continued to respond to maternal auditory cues into later stages of postnatal development compared with unmanipulated chicks. Chicks exposed prenatally to the contentment call followed by the distress call showed an accelerated pattern of visual responsiveness to maternal cues, whereas chicks exposed prenatally to the distress call followed by the contentment call showed deficits in the normal pattern of perceptual visual responsiveness, suggesting that the auditory stimulation precocial avian embryos encounter 1st is influential in directing early intersensory development.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

Modified sensory features of social stimulation alter the perceptual responsiveness of bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus).

This study examined the sensory features of postnatal social experience that bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus) require to maintain species-typical responding to maternal auditory-visual cues. Chicks were reared in 1 of 3 conditions after hatching: altered tactile, auditory, or visual experience with siblings. Findings revealed that altered tactile, auditory, or visual experience during the first 36 or the first 72 hr following hatching modified chicks' preferential responding to species-specific maternal cues. During the second 36 hr, altered tactile or auditory experience disrupted chicks' perceptual development, whereas altered visual experience did not affect species-typical responsiveness. Results indicate that (a) timing of early postnatal visual experience can affect early filial responsiveness to maternal cues and (b) normal sensory experience derived from early social interaction affects species-typical perceptual development.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prenatal experience and postnatal perceptual preferences: evidence for attentional-bias in bobwhite quail embryos (Colinus virginianus).

Previous studies have indicated that concurrent multimodal sensory stimulation can interfere with prenatal perceptual learning. This study further examined this issue by exposing 3 groups of bobwhite quail embryos (Colinus virginianus) to (a) no supplemental stimulation, (b) a bobwhite maternal call, or (c) a maternal call paired with a pulsating light in the period prior to hatching. Experiments differed in terms of the types of stimuli presented during postnatal preference tests. Embryos receiving no supplemental stimulation showed no preference between stimulus events in all testing conditions. Embryos receiving exposure to the unimodal maternal call preferred the familiar call over an unfamiliar call regardless of the presence or absence of pulsating light during testing. Embryos exposed to the call-light compound preferred the familiar call only when it was paired with the light during testing. These results suggest that concurrent multimodal stimulation does not interfere with prenatal perceptual learning by overwhelming the young organism's limited attentional capacities. Rather, multimodal stimulation biases what information is attended to during exposure and subsequent testing.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Early visual experience affects postnatal auditory responsiveness in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

Results from 6 experiments suggest perinatal visual experience interferes with postnatal auditory responsiveness in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Light- or dark-reared control chicks responded similarly to bobwhite maternal Calls A or B following hatching. Light-reared chicks that experienced 10 min/hr of Call A or B from hatching until testing preferred the familiar call at Days 2-4, but dark-reared chicks preferred the familiar call at all ages. Increased amounts of exposure to maternal calls during postnatal Days 1-2 led to auditory responsiveness deficits in light-reared chicks. Similarly, embryos exposed to 10 min/hr of prenatal visual cues required 48 hr of postnatal Call A or B exposure to demonstrate auditory discrimination. These findings highlight the linkages between developing auditory and visual systems during infancy.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Modified prenatal sensory stimulation influences postnatal behavioral and perceptual responsiveness in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus).

Asynchronous bimodal stimulation during prenatal development elicits higher levels of behavioral and physiological arousal in precocial avian embryos than does unimodal sensory stimulation. To investigate whether the increased arousal associated with prenatal bimodal stimulation has enduring effects into postnatal development, bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos received no supplemental stimulation, unimodal auditory stimulation, or bimodal (audiovisual) stimulation prior to hatching. Embryos exposed to concurrent bimodal stimulation demonstrated greater levels of behavioral activity and failed to use maternal visual cues to successfully direct species-specific perceptual preferences following hatching. These results provide initial evidence that asynchronous bimodal sensory stimulation during prenatal development can have enduring effects on early postnatal behavioral arousal and perceptual responsiveness and suggest that developmental limitations on prenatal sensory stimulation play an important role in the emergence of species-typical behavior.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Prenatally elevated physiological arousal interferes with perceptual learning in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos.

Neonatal studies suggest elevated arousal can negatively influence perceptual and cognitive processes during early development. The authors explored this issue during the prenatal period by pharmacologically elevating physiological arousal in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos during exposure to a maternal call, then assessing preference for the familiar call following hatching. Embryos receiving norepinephrine showed a prenatal elevation in heart rate and failed to demonstrate a preference for the familiar call following hatching. Embryos not receiving norepinephrine showed no elevation in heart rate and demonstrated a preference for the familiar call. These results indicate elevated arousal can interfere with perceptual learning during the prenatal period and provide additional evidence for an optimal window of arousal necessary to foster species-typical perceptual functioning during early development.

Acoustic Stimulation↗